普通射线照相被广泛用于检测总髋关节置换（THR）植入物的机械松动。目前，X光片是由医疗专业人员手动评估的，这可能是差的，并且观察者内部可靠性和准确性较低。此外，手动检测THR植入物的机械松动需要经验丰富的临床医生，这些临床医生可能总是很容易获得，可能导致诊断延迟。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新型的，全自动和可解释的方法，用于使用深卷积神经网络（CNN）从纯X线照片中检测THR植入物的机械松动。我们使用五倍交叉验证对40名患者进行了40名患者的CNN培训，并将其性能与大量板认证的骨科医生（AFC）进行了比较。为了提高对机器结局的信心，我们还实施了显着图，以可视化CNN在哪里进行诊断。 CNN在诊断植入物的机械松动方面优于骨科医生，其敏感性明显高于敏感性（0.94），其特异性相同（0.96）（0.96）。显着图显示，CNN着眼于临床相关的特征以进行诊断。此类CNN可用于自动放射植入物的机械松动，以补充从业者的决策过程，提高其诊断准确性，并释放它们以进行以患者为中心的护理。

One of the major errors affecting GNSS signals in urban canyons is GNSS multipath error. In this work, we develop a Gazebo plugin which utilizes a ray tracing technique to account for multipath effects in a virtual urban canyon environment using virtual satellites. This software plugin balances accuracy and computational complexity to run the simulation in real-time for both software-in-the-loop (SITL) and hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) testing. We also construct a 3D virtual environment of Hong Kong and compare the results from our plugin with the GNSS data in the publicly available Urban-Nav dataset, to validate the efficacy of the proposed Gazebo Plugin. The plugin is openly available to all the researchers in the robotics community. https://github.com/kpant14/multipath_sim

延迟的诊断联合性不稳定会导致踝关节的显着发病和关节炎的加速变化。使用3D体积测量值，重量计算机断层扫描（WBCT）已显示出有希望的早期和可靠检测分离出的集团不稳定性的潜力。尽管据报道这些测量值高度准确，但它们也依赖于经验，耗时，并且需要一种特定的3D测量软件工具，该工具导致临床医生仍然对传统的诊断方法表现出更大的兴趣。这项研究的目的是通过使用WBCT扫描来自动化3D体积解剖结构的3D体积评估来提高准确性，加速分析时间并减少观察者间偏置。我们使用了先前收集的单侧联合不稳定性患者的WBCT扫描进行了回顾性研究。评估了144个双侧踝WBCT扫描（48个不稳定，96个对照）。我们开发了三个深度学习（DL）模型，用于分析WBCT扫描以识别集团不稳定性。这三个模型包括两个最先进的模型（模型1-3D卷积神经网络[CNN]和具有长短期内存[LSTM]的模型2-CNN）和一个新的模型（模型3-差分差异我们在这项研究中介绍的CNN LSTM）。模型1未能分析WBCT扫描（F1得分= 0）。模型2仅错误分类两种情况（F1得分= 0.80）。模型3的表现优于模型2，并实现了几乎完美的性能，在对照组中仅误导了一个情况（F1得分= 0.91），因为不稳定，而比模型2更快。

签名的网络使我们能够对双方的关系和互动进行建模，例如朋友/敌人，支持/反对等。这些交互通常在真实数据集中是暂时的，在这些数据集中，节点和边缘会随时间出现。因此，学习签名网络的动态对于有效预测未来联系的符号和强度至关重要。现有的作品模型签名网络或动态网络，但并非都在一起。在这项工作中，我们研究了动态签名的网络，在这些网络中，链接都随时间签名和演变。我们的模型使用内存模块和平衡聚合（因此，名称SEMBA）学习了签名的链接的演变。每个节点都维护两个单独的内存编码，以实现正相互作用和负相互作用。在新边缘的到来时，每个交互节点汇总了此签名的信息，并利用平衡理论。节点嵌入是使用更新的内存生成的，然后将其用于训练多个下游任务，包括链接标志预测和链接权重预测。我们的结果表明，SEMBA的表现优于所有基准，即通过获得AUC增长8％，而FPR降低了50％。关于预测签名权重的任务的结果表明，SEMBA将平方误差降低了9％，同时降低了KL-Divergence对预测签名权重的分布的减少69％。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

We derive a set of causal deep neural networks whose architectures are a consequence of tensor (multilinear) factor analysis. Forward causal questions are addressed with a neural network architecture composed of causal capsules and a tensor transformer. The former estimate a set of latent variables that represent the causal factors, and the latter governs their interaction. Causal capsules and tensor transformers may be implemented using shallow autoencoders, but for a scalable architecture we employ block algebra and derive a deep neural network composed of a hierarchy of autoencoders. An interleaved kernel hierarchy preprocesses the data resulting in a hierarchy of kernel tensor factor models. Inverse causal questions are addressed with a neural network that implements multilinear projection and estimates the causes of effects. As an alternative to aggressive bottleneck dimension reduction or regularized regression that may camouflage an inherently underdetermined inverse problem, we prescribe modeling different aspects of the mechanism of data formation with piecewise tensor models whose multilinear projections are well-defined and produce multiple candidate solutions. Our forward and inverse neural network architectures are suitable for asynchronous parallel computation.