The Age-of-Information (AoI) metric has been widely studied in the theoretical communication networks and queuing systems literature. However, experimental evaluation of its applicability to complex real-world time-sensitive systems is largely lacking. In this work, we develop, implement, and evaluate an AoI-based application layer middleware that enables the customization of WiFi networks to the needs of time-sensitive applications. By controlling the storage and flow of information in the underlying WiFi network, our middleware can: (i) prevent packet collisions; (ii) discard stale packets that are no longer useful; and (iii) dynamically prioritize the transmission of the most relevant information. To demonstrate the benefits of our middleware, we implement a mobility tracking application using a swarm of UAVs communicating with a central controller via WiFi. Our experimental results show that, when compared to WiFi-UDP/WiFi-TCP, the middleware can improve information freshness by a factor of 109x/48x and tracking accuracy by a factor of 4x/6x, respectively. Most importantly, our results also show that the performance gains of our approach increase as the system scales and/or the traffic load increases.
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通信系统是自主UAV系统设计的关键部分。它必须解决不同的考虑因素,包括UAV的效率,可靠性和移动性。此外,多UAV系统需要通信系统,以帮助在UAV的团队中提供信息共享,任务分配和协作。在本文中,我们审查了在考虑在电力线检查行业的应用程序时支持无人机团队的通信解决方案。我们提供候选无线通信技术的审查{用于支持UAV应用程序中的通信。综述了这些候选技术的性能测量和无人机相关的频道建模。提出了对构建UAV网状网络的当前技术的讨论。然后,我们分析机器人通信中间件,ROS和ROS2的结构,界面和性能。根据我们的审查,提出了通信系统中每层候选解决方案的特征和依赖性。
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Search and rescue, wildfire monitoring, and flood/hurricane impact assessment are mission-critical services for recent IoT networks. Communication synchronization, dependability, and minimal communication jitter are major simulation and system issues for the time-based physics-based ROS simulator, event-based network-based wireless simulator, and complex dynamics of mobile and heterogeneous IoT devices deployed in actual environments. Simulating a heterogeneous multi-robot system before deployment is difficult due to synchronizing physics (robotics) and network simulators. Due to its master-based architecture, most TCP/IP-based synchronization middlewares use ROS1. A real-time ROS2 architecture with masterless packet discovery synchronizes robotics and wireless network simulations. A velocity-aware Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) technique for ground and aerial robots using Data Distribution Service (DDS) publish-subscribe transport minimizes packet loss, synchronization, transmission, and communication jitters. Gazebo and NS-3 simulate and test. Simulator-agnostic middleware. LOS/NLOS and TCP/UDP protocols tested our ROS2-based synchronization middleware for packet loss probability and average latency. A thorough ablation research replaced NS-3 with EMANE, a real-time wireless network simulator, and masterless ROS2 with master-based ROS1. Finally, we tested network synchronization and jitter using one aerial drone (Duckiedrone) and two ground vehicles (TurtleBot3 Burger) on different terrains in masterless (ROS2) and master-enabled (ROS1) clusters. Our middleware shows that a large-scale IoT infrastructure with a diverse set of stationary and robotic devices can achieve low-latency communications (12% and 11% reduction in simulation and real) while meeting mission-critical application reliability (10% and 15% packet loss reduction) and high-fidelity requirements.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
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Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
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近年来,物联网设备的数量越来越快,这导致了用于管理,存储,分析和从不同物联网设备的原始数据做出决定的具有挑战性的任务,尤其是对于延时敏感的应用程序。在车辆网络(VANET)环境中,由于常见的拓扑变化,车辆的动态性质使当前的开放研究发出更具挑战性,这可能导致车辆之间断开连接。为此,已经在5G基础设施上计算了云和雾化的背景下提出了许多研究工作。另一方面,有多种研究提案旨在延长车辆之间的连接时间。已经定义了车辆社交网络(VSN)以减少车辆之间的连接时间的负担。本调查纸首先提供了关于雾,云和相关范例,如5G和SDN的必要背景信息和定义。然后,它将读者介绍给车辆社交网络,不同的指标和VSN和在线社交网络之间的主要差异。最后,本调查调查了在展示不同架构的VANET背景下的相关工作,以解决雾计算中的不同问题。此外,它提供了不同方法的分类,并在雾和云的上下文中讨论所需的指标,并将其与车辆社交网络进行比较。与VSN和雾计算领域的新研究挑战和趋势一起讨论了相关相关工程的比较。
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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我们提供了机器人智能系统和控制(RISC)LAB MULTIAGEGGENT测试,用于在室外环境中的可靠搜索和救援和空中运输。该系统包括三个多陆无人机(无人机)的团队,能够在室外场中自主搜索,拾取和运输随机分布的物体。该方法涉及基于视觉的物体检测和定位,具有我们的新颖设计,基于GPS的UAV导航和下降区的物体的安全释放。我们的合作策略可确保无人机之间安全的空间分离,我们可以使用已启用的通信共识,防止下落区域的冲突。所有计算都在每个UAV上执行。我们描述了系统的完整软件和硬件架构,并使用全面的户外实验展示其可靠的性能,并通过将我们的结果与最近的一些类似的作品进行比较。
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Filming sport videos from an aerial view has always been a hard and an expensive task to achieve, especially in sports that require a wide open area for its normal development or the ones that put in danger human safety. Recently, a new solution arose for aerial filming based on the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which is substantially cheaper than traditional aerial filming solutions that require conventional aircrafts like helicopters or complex structures for wide mobility. In this paper, we describe the design process followed for building a customized UAV suitable for sports aerial filming. The process includes the requirements definition, technical sizing and selection of mechanical, hardware and software technologies, as well as the whole integration and operation settings. One of the goals is to develop technologies allowing to build low cost UAVs and to manage them for a wide range of usage scenarios while achieving high levels of flexibility and automation. This work also shows some technical issues found during the development of the UAV as well as the solutions implemented.
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移动机器人和无人机的异构团队在对环境的自主探索方面提供了可观的好处。然而,尽管广泛讨论了此类系统的联合勘探方案,但它们仍未对无人机对接过程中外部条件变化和群体断层的适应性低。当一个代理商失去其位置信号时,我们提出了一种基于视觉的无人机群对接系统,以在移动平台上稳健地着陆。拟议的蜂鹰系统依靠基于视觉的检测来进行移动平台跟踪和导航其代理。群的每架无人机都带有RGB摄像头和APRILTAG3 QR代码标记。 Swarmhawk可以在两种操作模式之间切换,在全球无人机本地化的情况下充当均匀的群,或者在一个无人机或全球本地化故障中出现相机故障的情况下,将领导者的无人机指向其邻居。进行了两项实验,以通过静态和移动平台在全球和本地定位下评估Swarmhawk的性能。实验结果表明,静态移动平台上的群体着陆任务具有足够的准确性(均匀地层的4.2 cm误差为4.2厘米,领导者 - 追随者形成中的1.9厘米)和移动平台(同质地层中的6.9厘米和4.7 cm的误差为6.9 cm,在4.7 cm中的误差领导者追随者组)。此外,无人机在领导者追随者组中沿着复杂的轨迹(平均误差为19.4 cm)移动的平台上显示出良好的降落。拟议的蜂鹰技术可以潜在地应用于各种群情景中,包括复杂的环境勘探,检查和无人机交付。
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随着现代机器人技术的发展,自主代理现在能够托管复杂的算法,这使他们能够做出聪明的决定。但是,直接在现实世界中开发和测试这种算法是乏味的,可能导致浪费宝贵的资源。尤其是对于战场环境中的异质多机构系统,在确定系统的行为和可用性方面至关重要。由于必须在部署前模拟单独的范式(共模拟)模拟此类情况,因此这些模拟器之间的同步至关重要。旨在解决此问题的现有作品无法解决部署的代理之间的多样性。在这项工作中,我们建议\ textit {SynchroSim},这是一种集成的共模拟中间件,以模拟异质的多机器人系统。在这里,我们提出了一个速度差驱动的可调窗口大小方法,以减少数据包损耗概率。它考虑了部署代理的各个速度,以在它们之间传输数据之前计算合适的窗口大小。我们考虑了我们的算法特异性模拟器不可知论,但是为了实现结果,我们已将凉亭用作物理模拟器,而NS-3用作网络模拟器。此外,我们设计了算法,考虑到封闭的通信渠道内的感知行动循环,这是有争议的情况下的基本因素之一,在数据传输方面需要高保真度。我们在视线(LOS)和非视线(NLOS)方案的模拟和系统级别上均通过经验验证我们的方法。与基于固定的窗口大小的同步方法相比,我们的方法在减少数据包损耗概率($ \ $ 11 \%)和平均数据包延迟($ \ $ 10 \%)方面取得了显着改善。
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在过去的十年中,自动驾驶航空运输车辆引起了重大兴趣。这是通过空中操纵器和新颖的握手的技术进步来实现这一目标的。此外,改进的控制方案和车辆动力学能够更好地对有效载荷进行建模和改进的感知算法,以检测无人机(UAV)环境中的关键特征。在这项调查中,对自动空中递送车辆的技术进步和开放研究问题进行了系统的审查。首先,详细讨论了各种类型的操纵器和握手,以及动态建模和控制方法。然后,讨论了降落在静态和动态平台上的。随后,诸如天气状况,州估计和避免碰撞之类的风险以确保安全过境。最后,调查了交付的UAV路由,该路由将主题分为两个领域:无人机操作和无人机合作操作。
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研究界,工业和社会中地面移动机器人(MRS)和无人机(UAV)的重要性正在迅速发展。如今,这些代理中的许多代理都配备了通信系统,在某些情况下,对于成功完成某些任务至关重要。在这种情况下,我们已经开始见证在机器人技术和通信的交集中开发一个新的跨学科研究领域。该研究领域的意图是将无人机集成到5G和6G通信网络中。这项研究无疑将在不久的将来导致许多重要的应用。然而,该研究领域发展的主要障碍之一是,大多数研究人员通过过度简化机器人技术或通信方面来解决这些问题。这阻碍了达到这个新的跨学科研究领域的全部潜力的能力。在本教程中,我们介绍了一些建模工具,从跨学科的角度来解决涉及机器人技术和通信的问题所需的一些建模工具。作为此类问题的说明性示例,我们将重点放在本教程上,讨论通信感知轨迹计划的问题。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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纳米大小的无人机具有探索未知和复杂环境的巨大潜力。它们的尺寸很小,使它们敏捷且安全地靠近人类,并使他们能够穿过狭窄的空间。但是,它们的尺寸很小和有效载荷限制了板载计算和传感的可能性,从而使完全自主的飞行极具挑战性。迈向完全自主权的第一步是可靠的避免障碍,这在通用的室内环境中被证明在技术上具有挑战性。当前的方法利用基于视觉或一维传感器来支持纳米无人机感知算法。这项工作为基于新颖的毫米尺寸64像素多区域飞行时间(TOF)传感器和通用的无模型控制策略提供了轻巧的避免障碍系统。报告的现场测试基于Crazyflie 2.1,该测试由定制的多区TOF甲板扩展,总质量为35克。该算法仅使用0.3%的车载处理能力(210US执行时间),帧速率为15fps,为许多未来应用提供了绝佳的基础。运行提出的感知系统(包括抬起和操作传感器)所需的总无人机功率不到10%。在通用且以前未开发的室内环境中,提出的自动纳米大小无人机以0.5m/s的速度达到100%可靠性。所提出的系统释放出具有广泛数据集的开源,包括TOF和灰度摄像头数据,并与运动捕获中的无人机位置地面真相结合在一起。
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本文介绍了设计,开发,并通过IISC-TCS团队为穆罕默德·本·扎耶德国际机器人挑战赛2020年挑战1的目标的挑战1硬件 - 软件系统的测试是抓住从移动和机动悬挂球UAV和POP气球锚定到地面,使用合适的操纵器。解决这一挑战的重要任务包括具有高效抓取和突破机制的硬件系统的设计和开发,考虑到体积和有效载荷的限制,使用适用于室外环境的可视信息的准确目标拦截算法和开发动态多功能机空中系统的软件架构,执行复杂的动态任务。在本文中,设计了具有末端执行器的单个自由度机械手设计用于抓取和突发,并且开发了鲁棒算法以拦截在不确定的环境中的目标。基于追求参与和人工潜在功能的概念提出了基于视觉的指导和跟踪法。本工作中提供的软件架构提出了一种操作管理系统(OMS)架构,其在多个无人机之间协同分配静态和动态任务,以执行任何给定的任务。这项工作的一个重要方面是所有开发的系统都设计用于完全自主模式。在这项工作中还包括对凉亭环境和现场实验结果中完全挑战的模拟的详细描述。所提出的硬件软件系统对反UAV系统特别有用,也可以修改以满足其他几种应用。
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我们考虑一个用于边缘计算应用程序的智能传感器网络,该网络采样了感兴趣的信号,并将更新发送到基站进行远程全局监视。传感器配备了传感和计算,并且可以在传输前在板载上发送原始数据或处理它们。边缘的有限硬件资源产生基本的潜伏期 - 准确性权衡:原始测量值不准确,但及时,而计算延迟后准确的处理更新可用。同样,如果传感器在板载处理需要数据压缩,则无线通信引起的延迟可能会更高。因此,需要决定何时传感器应传输原始测量或依靠本地处理以最大程度地提高整体网络性能。为了解决这个传感设计问题,我们对一个嵌入计算和通信延迟的估计理论优化框架进行建模,并提出一种基于强化学习的方法,以在每个传感器上动态分配计算资源。我们提出的方法的有效性是通过数值模拟的验证,该案例研究是由无人机和自动驾驶车辆驱动的案例研究。
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