在许多现实世界中,只有不完整的测量数据可用于培训,这可能会带来学习重建功能的问题。实际上,通常不可能使用固定的不完整测量过程学习,因为测量运算符的无信息中没有信息。可以通过使用来自多个操作员的测量来克服此限制。尽管该想法已成功地应用于各种应用中,但仍缺乏对学习条件的精确表征。在本文中,我们通过提出必要和充分的条件来学习重建所需的基本信号模型,以指示不同测量运算符数量之间的相互作用,每个操作员的测量数量,模型的尺寸和尺寸之间的相互作用。信号。此外,我们提出了一个新颖且概念上简单的无监督学习损失,该损失仅需要访问不完整的测量数据,并在验证足够的条件时与受监督学习的表现达到相同的表现。我们通过一系列有关各种成像逆问题的实验,例如加速磁共振成像,压缩感测和图像介入,通过一系列实验来验证我们的理论界限,并证明了与以前的方法相比,提出的无监督损失的优势。
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深网络提供从医学成像到计算摄影的多重成像逆问题的最先进的性能。但是,大多数现有网络都是用清洁信号训练,这些信号通常很难或无法获得。近来的成像(EI)是最近的自我监督的学习框架,其利用信号分布中存在的组不变性,以仅从部分测量数据中学习重建功能。虽然EI结果令人印象深刻,但其性能随着噪音的增加而劣化。在本文中,我们提出了一种强大的成像(REI)框架,其可以学习从嘈杂的部分测量单独学习图像。该方法采用Stein的无偏见风险估算器(肯定)获得完全无偏见的训练损失,这是对噪声强大的。我们表明REI导致线性和非线性逆问题导致相当大的性能收益,从而为具有深网络的稳健无监督成像铺平了道路。代码可在:https://github.com/edongdongchen/rei。
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The goal of compressed sensing is to estimate a vector from an underdetermined system of noisy linear measurements, by making use of prior knowledge on the structure of vectors in the relevant domain. For almost all results in this literature, the structure is represented by sparsity in a well-chosen basis. We show how to achieve guarantees similar to standard compressed sensing but without employing sparsity at all. Instead, we suppose that vectors lie near the range of a generative model G : R k → R n . Our main theorem is that, if G is L-Lipschitz, then roughly O(k log L) random Gaussian measurements suffice for an 2/ 2 recovery guarantee. We demonstrate our results using generative models from published variational autoencoder and generative adversarial networks. Our method can use 5-10x fewer measurements than Lasso for the same accuracy.
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从早期图像处理到现代计算成像,成功的模型和算法都依赖于自然信号的基本属性:对称性。在这里,对称是指信号集的不变性属性,例如翻译,旋转或缩放等转换。对称性也可以以模棱两可的形式纳入深度神经网络中,从而可以进行更多的数据效率学习。虽然近年来端到端的图像分类网络的设计方面取得了重要进展,但计算成像引入了对等效网络解决方案的独特挑战,因为我们通常只通过一些嘈杂的不良反向操作员观察图像,可能不是均等的。我们回顾了现象成像的新兴领域,并展示它如何提供改进的概括和新成像机会。在此过程中,我们展示了采集物理学与小组动作之间的相互作用,以及与迭代重建,盲目的压缩感应和自我监督学习之间的联系。
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近年来,在诸如denoing,压缩感应,介入和超分辨率等反问题中使用深度学习方法的使用取得了重大进展。尽管这种作品主要是由实践算法和实验驱动的,但它也引起了各种有趣的理论问题。在本文中,我们调查了这一作品中一些突出的理论发展,尤其是生成先验,未经训练的神经网络先验和展开算法。除了总结这些主题中的现有结果外,我们还强调了一些持续的挑战和开放问题。
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Image reconstruction using deep learning algorithms offers improved reconstruction quality and lower reconstruction time than classical compressed sensing and model-based algorithms. Unfortunately, clean and fully sampled ground-truth data to train the deep networks is often unavailable in several applications, restricting the applicability of the above methods. We introduce a novel metric termed the ENsemble Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimate (ENSURE) framework, which can be used to train deep image reconstruction algorithms without fully sampled and noise-free images. The proposed framework is the generalization of the classical SURE and GSURE formulation to the setting where the images are sampled by different measurement operators, chosen randomly from a set. We evaluate the expectation of the GSURE loss functions over the sampling patterns to obtain the ENSURE loss function. We show that this loss is an unbiased estimate for the true mean-square error, which offers a better alternative to GSURE, which only offers an unbiased estimate for the projected error. Our experiments show that the networks trained with this loss function can offer reconstructions comparable to the supervised setting. While we demonstrate this framework in the context of MR image recovery, the ENSURE framework is generally applicable to arbitrary inverse problems.
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我们提出了一种监督学习稀疏促进正规化器的方法,以降低信号和图像。促进稀疏性正则化是解决现代信号重建问题的关键要素。但是,这些正规化器的基础操作员通常是通过手动设计的,要么以无监督的方式从数据中学到。监督学习(主要是卷积神经网络)在解决图像重建问题方面的最新成功表明,这可能是设计正规化器的富有成果的方法。为此,我们建议使用带有参数,稀疏的正规器的变异公式来贬低信号,其中学会了正常器的参数,以最大程度地减少在地面真实图像和测量对的训练集中重建的平均平方误差。培训涉及解决一个具有挑战性的双层优化问题;我们使用denoising问题的封闭形式解决方案得出了训练损失梯度的表达,并提供了随附的梯度下降算法以最大程度地减少其。我们使用结构化1D信号和自然图像的实验表明,所提出的方法可以学习一个超过众所周知的正规化器(总变化,DCT-SPARSITY和无监督的字典学习)的操作员和用于DeNoisis的协作过滤。尽管我们提出的方法是特定于denoising的,但我们认为它可以适应线性测量模型的较大类反问题,使其在广泛的信号重建设置中适用。
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Discriminative features extracted from the sparse coding model have been shown to perform well for classification. Recent deep learning architectures have further improved reconstruction in inverse problems by considering new dense priors learned from data. We propose a novel dense and sparse coding model that integrates both representation capability and discriminative features. The model studies the problem of recovering a dense vector $\mathbf{x}$ and a sparse vector $\mathbf{u}$ given measurements of the form $\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}+\mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}$. Our first analysis proposes a geometric condition based on the minimal angle between spanning subspaces corresponding to the matrices $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ that guarantees unique solution to the model. The second analysis shows that, under mild assumptions, a convex program recovers the dense and sparse components. We validate the effectiveness of the model on simulated data and propose a dense and sparse autoencoder (DenSaE) tailored to learning the dictionaries from the dense and sparse model. We demonstrate that (i) DenSaE denoises natural images better than architectures derived from the sparse coding model ($\mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}$), (ii) in the presence of noise, training the biases in the latter amounts to implicitly learning the $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}$ model, (iii) $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ capture low- and high-frequency contents, respectively, and (iv) compared to the sparse coding model, DenSaE offers a balance between discriminative power and representation.
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在许多工程应用中,例如雷达/声纳/超声成像等许多工程应用中,稀疏多通道盲卷(S-MBD)的问题经常出现。为了降低其计算和实施成本,我们提出了一种压缩方法,该方法可以及时从更少的测量值中进行盲目恢复。提出的压缩通过过滤器随后进行亚采样来测量信号,从而大大降低了实施成本。我们得出理论保证,可从压缩测量中识别和回收稀疏过滤器。我们的结果允许设计广泛的压缩过滤器。然后,我们提出了一个由数据驱动的展开的学习框架,以学习压缩过滤器并解决S-MBD问题。编码器是一个经常性的推理网络,该网络将压缩测量结果映射到稀疏过滤器的估计值中。我们证明,与基于优化的方法相比,我们展开的学习方法对源形状的选择更为强大,并且具有更好的恢复性能。最后,在具有有限数据的应用程序(少数图)的应用中,我们强调了与传统深度学习相比,展开学习的卓越概括能力。
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Computational imaging has been revolutionized by compressed sensing algorithms, which offer guaranteed uniqueness, convergence, and stability properties. In recent years, model-based deep learning methods that combine imaging physics with learned regularization priors have been emerging as more powerful alternatives for image recovery. The main focus of this paper is to introduce a memory efficient model-based algorithm with similar theoretical guarantees as CS methods. The proposed iterative algorithm alternates between a gradient descent involving the score function and a conjugate gradient algorithm to encourage data consistency. The score function is modeled as a monotone convolutional neural network. Our analysis shows that the monotone constraint is necessary and sufficient to enforce the uniqueness of the fixed point in arbitrary inverse problems. In addition, it also guarantees the convergence to a fixed point, which is robust to input perturbations. Current algorithms including RED and MoDL are special cases of the proposed algorithm; the proposed theoretical tools enable the optimization of the framework for the deep equilibrium setting. The proposed deep equilibrium formulation is significantly more memory efficient than unrolled methods, which allows us to apply it to 3D or 2D+time problems that current unrolled algorithms cannot handle.
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CSGM框架(Bora-Jalal-Price-Dimakis'17)表明,深度生成前沿可能是解决逆问题的强大工具。但是,迄今为止,此框架仅在某些数据集(例如,人称和MNIST数字)上经验成功,并且已知在分布外样品上表现不佳。本文介绍了CSGM框架在临床MRI数据上的第一次成功应用。我们在FastMri DataSet上培训了大脑扫描之前的生成,并显示通过Langevin Dynamics的后验采样实现了高质量的重建。此外,我们的实验和理论表明,后部采样是对地面定语分布和测量过程的变化的强大。我们的代码和型号可用于:\ URL {https://github.com/utcsilab/csgm-mri-langevin}。
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Countless signal processing applications include the reconstruction of signals from few indirect linear measurements. The design of effective measurement operators is typically constrained by the underlying hardware and physics, posing a challenging and often even discrete optimization task. While the potential of gradient-based learning via the unrolling of iterative recovery algorithms has been demonstrated, it has remained unclear how to leverage this technique when the set of admissible measurement operators is structured and discrete. We tackle this problem by combining unrolled optimization with Gumbel reparametrizations, which enable the computation of low-variance gradient estimates of categorical random variables. Our approach is formalized by GLODISMO (Gradient-based Learning of DIscrete Structured Measurement Operators). This novel method is easy-to-implement, computationally efficient, and extendable due to its compatibility with automatic differentiation. We empirically demonstrate the performance and flexibility of GLODISMO in several prototypical signal recovery applications, verifying that the learned measurement matrices outperform conventional designs based on randomization as well as discrete optimization baselines.
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在压缩感应中,目标是从线性测量系统不确定的系统中重建信号。因此,需要有关关注信号及其结构的先验知识。此外,在许多情况下,该信号在测量之前具有未知的方向。为了解决此类恢复问题,我们建议使用Equivariant生成模型作为先验,该模型将定向信息封装在其潜在空间中。因此,我们表明,具有未知取向的信号可以通过这些模型的潜在空间的迭代梯度下降来恢复,并提供额外的理论恢复保证。我们构建一个模棱两可的变量自动编码器,并将解码器用作压缩传感的生成性先验。我们在收敛和潜伏期方面讨论了拟议方法的其他潜在收益。
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深度神经网络端对端训练有素,将(嘈杂)图像映射到干净的图像的测量值非常适合各种线性反问题。当前的方法仅在数百或数千张图像上进行训练,而不是在其他领域进行了数百万个示例。在这项工作中,我们研究是否可以通过扩大训练组规模来获得重大的性能提高。我们考虑图像降解,加速磁共振成像以及超分辨率,并在经验上确定重建质量是训练集大小的函数,同时最佳地扩展了网络大小。对于所有三个任务,我们发现最初陡峭的幂律缩放率已经在适度的训练集大小上大大减慢。插值这些缩放定律表明,即使对数百万图像进行培训也不会显着提高性能。为了了解预期的行为,我们分析表征了以早期梯度下降学到的线性估计器的性能。结果正式的直觉是,一旦通过学习信号模型引起的误差,相对于误差地板,更多的训练示例不会提高性能。
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在过去的几年中,深层神经网络方法的反向成像问题产生了令人印象深刻的结果。在本文中,我们考虑在跨问题方法中使用生成模型。所考虑的正规派对图像进行了惩罚,这些图像远非生成模型的范围,该模型学会了产生类似于训练数据集的图像。我们命名这个家庭\ textit {生成正规派}。生成常规人的成功取决于生成模型的质量,因此我们提出了一组所需的标准来评估生成模型并指导未来的研究。在我们的数值实验中,我们根据我们所需的标准评估了三种常见的生成模型,自动编码器,变异自动编码器和生成对抗网络。我们还测试了三个不同的生成正规疗法仪,关于脱毛,反卷积和断层扫描的逆问题。我们表明,逆问题的限制解决方案完全位于生成模型的范围内可以给出良好的结果,但是允许与发电机范围的小偏差产生更一致的结果。
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The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.
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近年来,深度学习在图像重建方面取得了显着的经验成功。这已经促进了对关键用例中数据驱动方法的正确性和可靠性的精确表征的持续追求,例如在医学成像中。尽管基于深度学习的方法具有出色的性能和功效,但对其稳定性或缺乏稳定性的关注以及严重的实际含义。近年来,已经取得了重大进展,以揭示数据驱动的图像恢复方法的内部运作,从而挑战了其广泛认为的黑盒本质。在本文中,我们将为数据驱动的图像重建指定相关的融合概念,该概念将构成具有数学上严格重建保证的学习方法调查的基础。强调的一个例子是ICNN的作用,提供了将深度学习的力量与经典凸正则化理论相结合的可能性,用于设计被证明是融合的方法。这篇调查文章旨在通过提供对数据驱动的图像重建方法以及从业人员的理解,旨在通过提供可访问的融合概念的描述,并通过将一些现有的经验实践放在可靠的数学上,来推进我们对数据驱动图像重建方法的理解以及从业人员的了解。基础。
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由学习的迭代软阈值算法(Lista)的动机,我们介绍了一种适用于稀疏重建的一般性网络,从少数线性测量。通过在层之间允许各种重量共享度,我们为非常不同的神经网络类型提供统一分析,从复发到网络更类似于标准前馈神经网络。基于训练样本,通过经验风险最小化,我们旨在学习最佳网络参数,从而实现从其低维线性测量的最佳网络。我们通过分析由这种深网络组成的假设类的RadeMacher复杂性来衍生泛化界限,这也考虑了阈值参数。我们获得了对样本复杂性的估计,基本上只取决于参数和深度的数量。我们应用主要结果以获得几个实际示例的特定泛化界限,包括(隐式)字典学习和卷积神经网络的不同算法。
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在本文中,我们提出了预测的梯度下降(PGD)算法,以通过嘈杂的非线性测量值进行信号估计。我们假设未知的$ p $维信号位于$ l $ -Lipschitz连续生成模型的范围内,具有有限的$ k $二维输入。特别是,我们考虑了两种情况,即非线性链接函数是未知或已知的情况。对于未知的非线性,类似于\ cite {liu2020循环},我们做出了次高斯观察结果的假设,并提出了线性最小二乘估计器。我们表明,当没有表示误差并且传感向量为高斯时,大约是$ o(k \ log l)$样品足以确保PGD算法将线性收敛到使用任意初始化的最佳统计率的点。对于已知的非线性,我们假设单调性如\ cite {yang2016sparse}中,并在传感向量上做出更弱的假设并允许表示误差。我们提出了一个非线性最小二乘估计器,该估计量可以保证享有最佳的统计率。提供了相应的PGD算法,并显示出使用任意初始化将线性收敛到估算器。此外,我们在图像数据集上提出了实验结果,以证明我们的PGD算法的性能。
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基于分数的扩散模型为使用数据分布的梯度建模图像提供了一种强大的方法。利用学到的分数函数为先验,在这里,我们引入了一种从条件分布中进行测量的方法,以便可以轻松地用于求解成像中的反问题,尤其是用于加速MRI。简而言之,我们通过denoising得分匹配来训练连续的时间依赖分数函数。然后,在推论阶段,我们在数值SDE求解器和数据一致性投影步骤之间进行迭代以实现重建。我们的模型仅需要用于训练的幅度图像,但能够重建复杂值数据,甚至扩展到并行成像。所提出的方法是不可知论到子采样模式,可以与任何采样方案一起使用。同样,由于其生成性质,我们的方法可以量化不确定性,这是标准回归设置不可能的。最重要的是,我们的方法还具有非常强大的性能,甚至击败了经过全面监督训练的模型。通过广泛的实验,我们在质量和实用性方面验证了我们方法的优势。
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