Most computational models of dependency syntax consist of distributions over spanning trees. However, the majority of dependency treebanks require that every valid dependency tree has a single edge coming out of the ROOT node, a constraint that is not part of the definition of spanning trees. For this reason all standard inference algorithms for spanning trees are suboptimal for inference over dependency trees. Zmigrod et al. (2021b) proposed algorithms for sampling with and without replacement from the dependency tree distribution that incorporate the single-root constraint. In this paper we show that their fastest algorithm for sampling with replacement, Wilson-RC, is in fact producing biased samples and we provide two alternatives that are unbiased. Additionally, we propose two algorithms (one incremental, one parallel) that reduce the asymptotic runtime of algorithm for sampling k trees without replacement to O(kn3). These algorithms are both asymptotically and practically more efficient.
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在有向图中跨越树的概率分布是自然语言处理,句法依赖树中依赖关系结构的基本模型。在NLP中,依赖树通常具有额外的根约束:只有一个边缘可以从根中散发出来。但是,文献中没有提出采样算法来解释这一其他约束。在本文中,我们适应了两个跨越树采样算法,以忠实地将依赖性树从图主体中采样,并将其从根约束中进行。 Wilson(1996)的采样算法的运行时间为$ \ mathcal {o}(h)$,其中$ h $是图的平均打击时间。 Colbourn(1996)的采样算法的运行时间为$ \ MATHCAL {O}(n^3)$,通常大于有向图的平均打击时间。此外,我们以Colbourn的算法为基础,并提出了一个新颖的扩展名,可以在$ \ Mathcal {o}(k n^3 + k^2 n​​)$ time中采样$ k $树。据我们所知,没有针对跨越树木的采样算法,而没有替换有向图的算法。
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在本文中,我们考虑了一个$ {\ rm u}(1)$ - 连接图,也就是说,每个方向的边缘都赋予了一个单位模量复杂的数字,该数字在方向翻转下简单地结合了。当时,组合laplacian的自然替代品是所谓的磁性拉普拉斯(Hermitian Matrix),其中包括有关图形连接的信息。连接图和磁性拉普拉斯人出现,例如在角度同步问题中。在较大且密集的图的背景下,我们在这里研究了磁性拉普拉斯的稀疏器,即基于边缘很少的子图的光谱近似值。我们的方法依赖于使用自定义的确定点过程对跨越森林(MTSF)进行取样,这是一种比偏爱多样性的边缘的分布。总而言之,MTSF是一个跨越子图,其连接的组件是树或周期根的树。后者部分捕获了连接图的角不一致,因此提供了一种压缩连接中包含的信息的方法。有趣的是,当此连接图具有弱不一致的周期时,可以通过使用循环弹出的随机行走来获得此分布的样本。我们为选择Laplacian的自然估计量提供了统计保证,并调查了我们的Sparsifier在两个应用中的实际应用。
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Kernel matrices, as well as weighted graphs represented by them, are ubiquitous objects in machine learning, statistics and other related fields. The main drawback of using kernel methods (learning and inference using kernel matrices) is efficiency -- given $n$ input points, most kernel-based algorithms need to materialize the full $n \times n$ kernel matrix before performing any subsequent computation, thus incurring $\Omega(n^2)$ runtime. Breaking this quadratic barrier for various problems has therefore, been a subject of extensive research efforts. We break the quadratic barrier and obtain $\textit{subquadratic}$ time algorithms for several fundamental linear-algebraic and graph processing primitives, including approximating the top eigenvalue and eigenvector, spectral sparsification, solving linear systems, local clustering, low-rank approximation, arboricity estimation and counting weighted triangles. We build on the recent Kernel Density Estimation framework, which (after preprocessing in time subquadratic in $n$) can return estimates of row/column sums of the kernel matrix. In particular, we develop efficient reductions from $\textit{weighted vertex}$ and $\textit{weighted edge sampling}$ on kernel graphs, $\textit{simulating random walks}$ on kernel graphs, and $\textit{importance sampling}$ on matrices to Kernel Density Estimation and show that we can generate samples from these distributions in $\textit{sublinear}$ (in the support of the distribution) time. Our reductions are the central ingredient in each of our applications and we believe they may be of independent interest. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms on low-rank approximation (LRA) and spectral sparsification, where we observe a $\textbf{9x}$ decrease in the number of kernel evaluations over baselines for LRA and a $\textbf{41x}$ reduction in the graph size for spectral sparsification.
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这篇综述的目的是将读者介绍到图表内,以将其应用于化学信息学中的分类问题。图内核是使我们能够推断分子的化学特性的功能,可以帮助您完成诸如寻找适合药物设计的化合物等任务。内核方法的使用只是一种特殊的两种方式量化了图之间的相似性。我们将讨论限制在这种方法上,尽管近年来已经出现了流行的替代方法,但最著名的是图形神经网络。
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Graph clustering is a fundamental problem in unsupervised learning, with numerous applications in computer science and in analysing real-world data. In many real-world applications, we find that the clusters have a significant high-level structure. This is often overlooked in the design and analysis of graph clustering algorithms which make strong simplifying assumptions about the structure of the graph. This thesis addresses the natural question of whether the structure of clusters can be learned efficiently and describes four new algorithmic results for learning such structure in graphs and hypergraphs. All of the presented theoretical results are extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real-word datasets of different domains, including image classification and segmentation, migration networks, co-authorship networks, and natural language processing. These experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed algorithms are practical, effective, and immediately applicable for learning the structure of clusters in real-world data.
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结构分解方法,例如普遍的高树木分解,已成功用于解决约束满意度问题(CSP)。由于可以重复使用分解以求解具有相同约束范围的CSP,因此即使计算本身很难,将资源投资于计算良好的分解是有益的。不幸的是,即使示波器仅略有变化,当前方法也需要计算全新的分解。在本文中,我们迈出了解决CSP $ P $分解的问题的第一步,以使其成为由$ P $修改产生的新CSP $ P'$的有效分解。即使从理论上讲问题很难,我们还是提出并实施了一个有效更新GHD的框架。我们算法的实验评估强烈提出了实际适用性。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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In reasoning about sequential events it is natural to pose probabilistic queries such as "when will event A occur next" or "what is the probability of A occurring before B", with applications in areas such as user modeling, medicine, and finance. However, with machine learning shifting towards neural autoregressive models such as RNNs and transformers, probabilistic querying has been largely restricted to simple cases such as next-event prediction. This is in part due to the fact that future querying involves marginalization over large path spaces, which is not straightforward to do efficiently in such models. In this paper we introduce a general typology for predictive queries in neural autoregressive sequence models and show that such queries can be systematically represented by sets of elementary building blocks. We leverage this typology to develop new query estimation methods based on beam search, importance sampling, and hybrids. Across four large-scale sequence datasets from different application domains, as well as for the GPT-2 language model, we demonstrate the ability to make query answering tractable for arbitrary queries in exponentially-large predictive path-spaces, and find clear differences in cost-accuracy tradeoffs between search and sampling methods.
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我们提出了一个新的图形神经网络,我们称为AgentNet,该网络专为图形级任务而设计。 AgentNet的灵感来自子宫性算法,具有独立于图形大小的计算复杂性。代理Net的体系结构从根本上与已知图神经网络的体系结构不同。在AgentNet中,一些受过训练的\ textit {神经代理}智能地行走图,然后共同决定输出。我们提供了对AgentNet的广泛理论分析:我们表明,代理可以学会系统地探索其邻居,并且AgentNet可以区分某些甚至3-WL无法区分的结构。此外,AgentNet能够将任何两个图形分开,这些图在子图方面完全不同。我们通过在难以辨认的图和现实图形分类任务上进行合成实验来确认这些理论结果。在这两种情况下,我们不仅与标准GNN相比,而且与计算更昂贵的GNN扩展相比。
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已经引入了生成流量网络(GFlowNETS)作为在主动学习背景下采样多样化候选的方法,具有培训目标,其使它们与给定奖励功能成比例地进行比例。在本文中,我们显示了许多额外的GFLOWN的理论特性。它们可用于估计联合概率分布和一些变量未指定的相应边际分布,并且特别感兴趣地,可以代表像集合和图形的复合对象的分布。 Gflownets摊销了通常通过计算昂贵的MCMC方法在单个但训练有素的生成通行证中进行的工作。它们还可用于估计分区功能和自由能量,给定子集(子图)的超标(超图)的条件概率,以及给定集合(图)的所有超标仪(超图)的边际分布。我们引入了熵和相互信息估计的变体,从帕累托前沿采样,与奖励最大化策略的连接,以及随机环境的扩展,连续动作和模块化能量功能。
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在本文中,我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族,一个家庭用于选区结构,另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位(或神经元)分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法,可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式,即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成,并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如,在不了解地面实际结构的情况下,我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面,依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言,潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图,其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后,我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图,并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为,这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。
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The stochastic block model (SBM) is a random graph model with planted clusters. It is widely employed as a canonical model to study clustering and community detection, and provides generally a fertile ground to study the statistical and computational tradeoffs that arise in network and data sciences.This note surveys the recent developments that establish the fundamental limits for community detection in the SBM, both with respect to information-theoretic and computational thresholds, and for various recovery requirements such as exact, partial and weak recovery (a.k.a., detection). The main results discussed are the phase transitions for exact recovery at the Chernoff-Hellinger threshold, the phase transition for weak recovery at the Kesten-Stigum threshold, the optimal distortion-SNR tradeoff for partial recovery, the learning of the SBM parameters and the gap between information-theoretic and computational thresholds.The note also covers some of the algorithms developed in the quest of achieving the limits, in particular two-round algorithms via graph-splitting, semi-definite programming, linearized belief propagation, classical and nonbacktracking spectral methods. A few open problems are also discussed.
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随机块模型(SBM)是一个随机图模型,其连接不同的顶点组不同。它被广泛用作研究聚类和社区检测的规范模型,并提供了肥沃的基础来研究组合统计和更普遍的数据科学中出现的信息理论和计算权衡。该专着调查了最近在SBM中建立社区检测的基本限制的最新发展,无论是在信息理论和计算方案方面,以及各种恢复要求,例如精确,部分和弱恢复。讨论的主要结果是在Chernoff-Hellinger阈值中进行精确恢复的相转换,Kesten-Stigum阈值弱恢复的相变,最佳的SNR - 单位信息折衷的部分恢复以及信息理论和信息理论之间的差距计算阈值。该专着给出了在寻求限制时开发的主要算法的原则推导,特别是通过绘制绘制,半定义编程,(线性化)信念传播,经典/非背带频谱和图形供电。还讨论了其他块模型的扩展,例如几何模型和一些开放问题。
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这项正在进行的工作旨在为统计学习提供统一的介绍,从诸如GMM和HMM等经典模型到现代神经网络(如VAE和扩散模型)缓慢地构建。如今,有许多互联网资源可以孤立地解释这一点或新的机器学习算法,但是它们并没有(也不能在如此简短的空间中)将这些算法彼此连接起来,或者与统计模型的经典文献相连现代算法出现了。同样明显缺乏的是一个单一的符号系统,尽管对那些已经熟悉材料的人(如这些帖子的作者)不满意,但对新手的入境造成了重大障碍。同样,我的目的是将各种模型(尽可能)吸收到一个用于推理和学习的框架上,表明(以及为什么)如何以最小的变化将一个模型更改为另一个模型(其中一些是新颖的,另一些是文献中的)。某些背景当然是必要的。我以为读者熟悉基本的多变量计算,概率和统计以及线性代数。这本书的目标当然不是​​完整性,而是从基本知识到过去十年中极强大的新模型的直线路径或多或少。然后,目标是补充而不是替换,诸如Bishop的\ emph {模式识别和机器学习}之类的综合文本,该文本现在已经15岁了。
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Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that avoids the random walk behavior and sensitivity to correlated parameters that plague many MCMC methods by taking a series of steps informed by first-order gradient information. These features allow it to converge to high-dimensional target distributions much more quickly than simpler methods such as random walk Metropolis or Gibbs sampling. However, HMC's performance is highly sensitive to two user-specified parameters: a step size and a desired number of steps L. In particular, if L is too small then the algorithm exhibits undesirable random walk behavior, while if L is too large the algorithm wastes computation. We introduce the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS), an extension to HMC that eliminates the need to set a number of steps L. NUTS uses a recursive algorithm to build a set of likely candidate points that spans a wide swath of the target distribution, stopping automatically when it starts to double back and retrace its steps. Empirically, NUTS perform at least as efficiently as and sometimes more efficiently than a well tuned standard HMC method, without requiring user intervention or costly tuning runs. We also derive a method for adapting the step size parameter on the fly based on primal-dual averaging. NUTS can thus be used with no hand-tuning at all. NUTS is also suitable for applications such as BUGS-style automatic inference engines that require efficient "turnkey" sampling algorithms.
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结构节点嵌入,向量捕获图中每个节点的局部连接信息,在数据挖掘和机器学习中具有许多应用程序,例如网络对齐和节点分类,群集和异常检测。为了分析有向图的分析,例如交易图,通信网络和社交网络,在结构节点嵌入中捕获定向信息的能力是非常需要的,嵌入式提取方法的可伸缩性也是如此。然而,大多数现有方法仅为无向图设计。因此,我们提出了DigraphWave - 一种可扩展的算法,用于在有向图上提取结构节点嵌入。 DigraphWave嵌入由压缩扩散模式特征组成,它们的增强是两倍,以增加其区分能力。通过证明扩散初始化节点的局部附近的热量上的下限,建立了理论上是合理的扩散时间尺度值,而DigraphWave仅留下两个易于解释的超级标准:嵌入式维度和邻域分辨率指定器。在我们的实验中,两种嵌入的增强功能(称为换位和聚集)被证明会导致对自动形态身份分类的宏F1得分显着提高,而DigraphWave优于所有其他结构性嵌入碱基。此外,digraphwave要么胜过或匹配真实图形数据集上所有基准的性能,在网络对齐任务中显示出特别大的性能增益,同时也可以扩展到具有数百万节点和边缘的图形,比以前的速度快30倍基于扩散模式的方法,并具有一部分内存消耗。
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马尔可夫链是一类概率模型,在定量科学中已广泛应用。这部分是由于它们的多功能性,但是可以通过分析探测的便利性使其更加复杂。本教程为马尔可夫连锁店提供了深入的介绍,并探索了它们与图形和随机步行的联系。我们利用从线性代数和图形论的工具来描述不同类型的马尔可夫链的过渡矩阵,特别着眼于探索与这些矩阵相对应的特征值和特征向量的属性。提出的结果与机器学习和数据挖掘中的许多方法有关,我们在各个阶段描述了这些方法。本文并没有本身就成为一项新颖的学术研究,而是提出了一些已知结果的集合以及一些新概念。此外,该教程的重点是向读者提供直觉,而不是正式的理解,并且仅假定对线性代数和概率理论的概念的基本曝光。因此,来自各种学科的学生和研究人员可以访问它。
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在过去十年中,图形内核引起了很多关注,并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中,该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核,每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中,从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是,我们概述了各种图形内核。此外,我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估,并提供了比较研究。最后,我们讨论图形内核的关键应用,并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。
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在依赖语法和定量语言学之间的十字路口中出现了新的和越来越多的定量依赖性语法。该领域的主要问题之一是句法依赖结构的统计模式。在树木银行中分组的这些结构是这些和相关领域的统计分析的来源;多年来设计的数十分是一个新行业的工具,用于搜索模式并执行其他类型的分析。这种度量的多种多数和他们的越来越复杂性需要共享用于执行此类分析的程序的源代码。但是,这些代码通常不与科学界共享,或者在未知标准之后进行测试。在这里,我们展示了一个新的开源工具,线性排列库(LAL),它迎合了尤其是缺乏经验的程序员的需求。此工具可以在单个语法依赖性结构,树班斯和TreeBanks集合上计算这些指标,易于使用,但具有极大的灵活性。 LAL设计为高效,易于使用(同时满足各级编程专业知识的需求),可靠(由于彻底测试),并从不同传统,地理区域和研究领域联合研究。
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