在本文中，我们考虑了一个$ {\ rm u}（1）$ - 连接图，也就是说，每个方向的边缘都赋予了一个单位模量复杂的数字，该数字在方向翻转下简单地结合了。当时，组合laplacian的自然替代品是所谓的磁性拉普拉斯（Hermitian Matrix），其中包括有关图形连接的信息。连接图和磁性拉普拉斯人出现，例如在角度同步问题中。在较大且密集的图的背景下，我们在这里研究了磁性拉普拉斯的稀疏器，即基于边缘很少的子图的光谱近似值。我们的方法依赖于使用自定义的确定点过程对跨越森林（MTSF）进行取样，这是一种比偏爱多样性的边缘的分布。总而言之，MTSF是一个跨越子图，其连接的组件是树或周期根的树。后者部分捕获了连接图的角不一致，因此提供了一种压缩连接中包含的信息的方法。有趣的是，当此连接图具有弱不一致的周期时，可以通过使用循环弹出的随机行走来获得此分布的样本。我们为选择Laplacian的自然估计量提供了统计保证，并调查了我们的Sparsifier在两个应用中的实际应用。

从大型套装中选择不同的和重要的项目，称为地标是机器学习兴趣的问题。作为一个具体示例，为了处理大型训练集，内核方法通常依赖于基于地标的选择或采样的低等级矩阵NYSTR \“OM近似值。在此上下文中，我们提出了一个确定性和随机的自适应算法在培训数据集中选择地标点。这些地标与克尼利克里斯特步函数序列的最小值有关。除了ChristOffel功能和利用分数之间的已知联系，我们的方法也有限决定性点过程（DPP）也是如此解释。即，我们的建设以类似于DPP的方式促进重要地标点之间的多样性。此外，我们解释了我们的随机自适应算法如何影响内核脊回归的准确性。

随机块模型（SBM）是一个随机图模型，其连接不同的顶点组不同。它被广泛用作研究聚类和社区检测的规范模型，并提供了肥沃的基础来研究组合统计和更普遍的数据科学中出现的信息理论和计算权衡。该专着调查了最近在SBM中建立社区检测的基本限制的最新发展，无论是在信息理论和计算方案方面，以及各种恢复要求，例如精确，部分和弱恢复。讨论的主要结果是在Chernoff-Hellinger阈值中进行精确恢复的相转换，Kesten-Stigum阈值弱恢复的相变，最佳的SNR - 单位信息折衷的部分恢复以及信息理论和信息理论之间的差距计算阈值。该专着给出了在寻求限制时开发的主要算法的原则推导，特别是通过绘制绘制，半定义编程，（线性化）信念传播，经典/非背带频谱和图形供电。还讨论了其他块模型的扩展，例如几何模型和一些开放问题。

The stochastic block model (SBM) is a random graph model with planted clusters. It is widely employed as a canonical model to study clustering and community detection, and provides generally a fertile ground to study the statistical and computational tradeoffs that arise in network and data sciences.This note surveys the recent developments that establish the fundamental limits for community detection in the SBM, both with respect to information-theoretic and computational thresholds, and for various recovery requirements such as exact, partial and weak recovery (a.k.a., detection). The main results discussed are the phase transitions for exact recovery at the Chernoff-Hellinger threshold, the phase transition for weak recovery at the Kesten-Stigum threshold, the optimal distortion-SNR tradeoff for partial recovery, the learning of the SBM parameters and the gap between information-theoretic and computational thresholds.The note also covers some of the algorithms developed in the quest of achieving the limits, in particular two-round algorithms via graph-splitting, semi-definite programming, linearized belief propagation, classical and nonbacktracking spectral methods. A few open problems are also discussed.

Kernel matrices, as well as weighted graphs represented by them, are ubiquitous objects in machine learning, statistics and other related fields. The main drawback of using kernel methods (learning and inference using kernel matrices) is efficiency -- given $n$ input points, most kernel-based algorithms need to materialize the full $n \times n$ kernel matrix before performing any subsequent computation, thus incurring $\Omega(n^2)$ runtime. Breaking this quadratic barrier for various problems has therefore, been a subject of extensive research efforts. We break the quadratic barrier and obtain $\textit{subquadratic}$ time algorithms for several fundamental linear-algebraic and graph processing primitives, including approximating the top eigenvalue and eigenvector, spectral sparsification, solving linear systems, local clustering, low-rank approximation, arboricity estimation and counting weighted triangles. We build on the recent Kernel Density Estimation framework, which (after preprocessing in time subquadratic in $n$) can return estimates of row/column sums of the kernel matrix. In particular, we develop efficient reductions from $\textit{weighted vertex}$ and $\textit{weighted edge sampling}$ on kernel graphs, $\textit{simulating random walks}$ on kernel graphs, and $\textit{importance sampling}$ on matrices to Kernel Density Estimation and show that we can generate samples from these distributions in $\textit{sublinear}$ (in the support of the distribution) time. Our reductions are the central ingredient in each of our applications and we believe they may be of independent interest. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms on low-rank approximation (LRA) and spectral sparsification, where we observe a $\textbf{9x}$ decrease in the number of kernel evaluations over baselines for LRA and a $\textbf{41x}$ reduction in the graph size for spectral sparsification.

我们开发了一种高效的随机块模型中的弱恢复算法。该算法与随机块模型的Vanilla版本的最佳已知算法的统计保证匹配。从这个意义上讲，我们的结果表明，随机块模型没有稳健性。我们的工作受到最近的银行，Mohanty和Raghavendra（SODA 2021）的工作，为相应的区别问题提供了高效的算法。我们的算法及其分析显着脱离了以前的恢复。关键挑战是我们算法的特殊优化景观：种植的分区可能远非最佳意义，即完全不相关的解决方案可以实现相同的客观值。这种现象与PCA的BBP相转变的推出效应有关。据我们所知，我们的算法是第一个在非渐近设置中存在这种推出效果的鲁棒恢复。我们的算法是基于凸优化的框架的实例化（与平方和不同的不同），这对于其他鲁棒矩阵估计问题可能是有用的。我们的分析的副产物是一种通用技术，其提高了任意强大的弱恢复算法的成功（输入的随机性）从恒定（或缓慢消失）概率以指数高概率。

确定点过程（DPP）是排斥点模式的统计模型。取样和推理都是DPPS的易用，这是具有负依赖性的模型中的罕见特征，解释了他们在机器学习和空间统计中的普及。已经在有限情况下提出了参数和非参数推断方法，即当点模式生活在有限的地面集中时。在连续的情况下，只有研究参数方法，而DPPS的非参数最大可能性 - 追踪课程运算符的优化问题 - 仍然是一个打开的问题。在本文中，我们表明，这种最大可能性（MLE）问题的受限制版本落入了RKHS中的非负面函数的最新代表定理的范围内。这导致有限的尺寸问题，具有强大的统计关系到原始MLE。此外，我们提出，分析，并展示了解决这个有限尺寸问题的定点算法。最后，我们还提供了对DPP的相关核的受控估计，从而提供更多的解释性。

Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.

Motivated by alignment of correlated sparse random graphs, we introduce a hypothesis testing problem of deciding whether or not two random trees are correlated. We obtain sufficient conditions under which this testing is impossible or feasible. We propose MPAlign, a message-passing algorithm for graph alignment inspired by the tree correlation detection problem. We prove MPAlign to succeed in polynomial time at partial alignment whenever tree detection is feasible. As a result our analysis of tree detection reveals new ranges of parameters for which partial alignment of sparse random graphs is feasible in polynomial time. We then conjecture that graph alignment is not feasible in polynomial time when the associated tree detection problem is impossible. If true, this conjecture together with our sufficient conditions on tree detection impossibility would imply the existence of a hard phase for graph alignment, i.e. a parameter range where alignment cannot be done in polynomial time even though it is known to be feasible in non-polynomial time.

假设$ g $是根据所谓的HyperGraph随机块模型（HSBM）产生的，我们考虑了稀疏$ Q $均匀的HyperGraph $ G $中的社区检测问题。我们证明，基于非折线操作员的光谱方法具有很高的概率，可以降低到Angelini等人猜想的广义kesten-Stigum检测阈值。我们表征了稀疏HSBM的非背带操作员的频谱，并使用Ihara-Bass公式为超图提供有效的尺寸降低程序。结果，可以将稀疏HSBM的社区检测减少为$ 2N \ times 2n $非正态矩阵的特征向量问题，该矩阵从邻接矩阵和超级格雷普的学位矩阵中构建。据我们所知，这是第一种可证明，有效的光谱算法，它可以根据一般对称概率张量生成$ K $块的HSBMS阈值。

Graph clustering is a fundamental problem in unsupervised learning, with numerous applications in computer science and in analysing real-world data. In many real-world applications, we find that the clusters have a significant high-level structure. This is often overlooked in the design and analysis of graph clustering algorithms which make strong simplifying assumptions about the structure of the graph. This thesis addresses the natural question of whether the structure of clusters can be learned efficiently and describes four new algorithmic results for learning such structure in graphs and hypergraphs. All of the presented theoretical results are extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real-word datasets of different domains, including image classification and segmentation, migration networks, co-authorship networks, and natural language processing. These experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed algorithms are practical, effective, and immediately applicable for learning the structure of clusters in real-world data.

通常，使用网络编码在物理，生物，社会和信息科学中应用程序中复杂系统中实体之间的交互体系结构。为了研究复杂系统的大规模行为，研究网络中的中尺度结构是影响这种行为的构件。我们提出了一种新方法来描述网络中的低率中尺度结构，并使用多种合成网络模型和经验友谊，协作和蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络说明了我们的方法。我们发现，这些网络拥有相对较少的“潜在主题”，可以成功地近似固定的中尺度上网络的大多数子图。我们使用一种称为“网络词典学习”（NDL）的算法，该算法结合了网络采样方法和非负矩阵分解，以学习给定网络的潜在主题。使用一组潜在主题对网络进行编码的能力具有多种应用于网络分析任务的应用程序，例如比较，降解和边缘推理。此外，使用我们的新网络去核和重建（NDR）算法，我们演示了如何通过仅使用直接从损坏的网络中学习的潜在主题来贬低损坏的网络。

马尔可夫链是一类概率模型，在定量科学中已广泛应用。这部分是由于它们的多功能性，但是可以通过分析探测的便利性使其更加复杂。本教程为马尔可夫连锁店提供了深入的介绍，并探索了它们与图形和随机步行的联系。我们利用从线性代数和图形论的工具来描述不同类型的马尔可夫链的过渡矩阵，特别着眼于探索与这些矩阵相对应的特征值和特征向量的属性。提出的结果与机器学习和数据挖掘中的许多方法有关，我们在各个阶段描述了这些方法。本文并没有本身就成为一项新颖的学术研究，而是提出了一些已知结果的集合以及一些新概念。此外，该教程的重点是向读者提供直觉，而不是正式的理解，并且仅假定对线性代数和概率理论的概念的基本曝光。因此，来自各种学科的学生和研究人员可以访问它。

在稀疏制度中，我们迈出了概括随机块模型理论的第一步，该模型将离散的社区结构被基本几何形状取代。我们考虑在均匀度量空间上的几何随机图，其中要连接两个顶点的概率是距离的任意函数。我们提供了足够的条件，在稀疏制度中，可以回收位置（最多是空间的同构）。此外，我们根据苔藓和佩雷斯（Mossel and Peres）定义了信息流模型的几何对应物，在该模型中，人们认为在球面上考虑了分支随机行走，目标是根据基于树叶。我们给出了一些足够的条件，可以在此模型中提供渗透和不变信息。

We consider the nonlinear inverse problem of learning a transition operator $\mathbf{A}$ from partial observations at different times, in particular from sparse observations of entries of its powers $\mathbf{A},\mathbf{A}^2,\cdots,\mathbf{A}^{T}$. This Spatio-Temporal Transition Operator Recovery problem is motivated by the recent interest in learning time-varying graph signals that are driven by graph operators depending on the underlying graph topology. We address the nonlinearity of the problem by embedding it into a higher-dimensional space of suitable block-Hankel matrices, where it becomes a low-rank matrix completion problem, even if $\mathbf{A}$ is of full rank. For both a uniform and an adaptive random space-time sampling model, we quantify the recoverability of the transition operator via suitable measures of incoherence of these block-Hankel embedding matrices. For graph transition operators these measures of incoherence depend on the interplay between the dynamics and the graph topology. We develop a suitable non-convex iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm, establish its quadratic local convergence, and show that, in optimal scenarios, no more than $\mathcal{O}(rn \log(nT))$ space-time samples are sufficient to ensure accurate recovery of a rank-$r$ operator $\mathbf{A}$ of size $n \times n$. This establishes that spatial samples can be substituted by a comparable number of space-time samples. We provide an efficient implementation of the proposed IRLS algorithm with space complexity of order $O(r n T)$ and per-iteration time complexity linear in $n$. Numerical experiments for transition operators based on several graph models confirm that the theoretical findings accurately track empirical phase transitions, and illustrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

随机奇异值分解（RSVD）是用于计算大型数据矩阵截断的SVD的一类计算算法。给定A $ n \ times n $对称矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $，原型RSVD算法输出通过计算$ \ mathbf {m mathbf {m} $的$ k $引导singular vectors的近似m}^{g} \ mathbf {g} $;这里$ g \ geq 1 $是一个整数，$ \ mathbf {g} \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times k} $是一个随机的高斯素描矩阵。在本文中，我们研究了一般的“信号加上噪声”框架下的RSVD的统计特性，即，观察到的矩阵$ \ hat {\ mathbf {m}} $被认为是某种真实但未知的加法扰动信号矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $。我们首先得出$ \ ell_2 $（频谱规范）和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ infty} $（最大行行列$ \ ell_2 $ norm）$ \ hat {\ hat {\ Mathbf {M}} $和信号矩阵$ \ Mathbf {M} $的真实单数向量。这些上限取决于信噪比（SNR）和功率迭代$ g $的数量。观察到一个相变现象，其中较小的SNR需要较大的$ g $值以保证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ fo \ infty} $ distances的收敛。我们还表明，每当噪声矩阵满足一定的痕量生长条件时，这些相变发生的$ g $的阈值都会很清晰。最后，我们得出了近似奇异向量的行波和近似矩阵的进入波动的正常近似。我们通过将RSVD的几乎最佳性能保证在应用于三个统计推断问题的情况下，即社区检测，矩阵完成和主要的组件分析，并使用缺失的数据来说明我们的理论结果。

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS（PCR-LE）的主要成分回归的统计性质，这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =（y_1，\ ldots，y_n）$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下，PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率（其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + d） ）} $）和健美的测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + d）$）。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}：即，我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况，并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计（$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + m）$）和测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + m）$）收敛率。有趣的是，这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说，对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易，统计上讲，而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。

Motivated by the problem of matching vertices in two correlated Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graphs, we study the problem of matching two correlated Gaussian Wigner matrices. We propose an iterative matching algorithm, which succeeds in polynomial time as long as the correlation between the two Gaussian matrices does not vanish. Our result is the first polynomial time algorithm that solves a graph matching type of problem when the correlation is an arbitrarily small constant.

高维统计数据的一个基本目标是检测或恢复嘈杂数据中隐藏的种植结构（例如低级别矩阵）。越来越多的工作研究低级多项式作为此类问题的计算模型的限制模型：在各种情况下，数据的低级多项式可以与最知名的多项式时间算法的统计性能相匹配。先前的工作已经研究了低度多项式的力量，以检测隐藏结构的存在。在这项工作中，我们将这些方法扩展到解决估计和恢复问题（而不是检测）。对于大量的“信号加噪声”问题，我们给出了一个用户友好的下限，以获得最佳的均衡误差。据我们所知，这些是建立相关检测问题的恢复问题低度硬度的第一个结果。作为应用，我们对种植的子静脉和种植的密集子图问题的低度最小平方误差进行了严格的特征，在两种情况下都解决了有关恢复的计算复杂性的开放问题（在低度框架中）。