经常性模型在基于深度学习（DL）的视频超分辨率（VSR）中获得了普及，因为它们增加了与基于滑动窗口的模型相比的计算效率，时间接收场和时间一致性。然而，当推断出在呈现低运动的长视频序列（即场景的某些部分几乎移动）时，经常性模型通过复发处理发散，产生高频伪像。据我们所知，没有关于VSR的研究指出这个不稳定问题，这对于一些现实世界的应用来说可能是至关重要的。视频监控是一个典型的示例，在那里发生这种伪像，因为相机和场景长时间保持静止。在这项工作中，我们将现有的经常性VSR网络的稳定性暴露在具有低运动的长序列上。我们在新的长序列数据集准静态视频集上演示了它，我们创建了。最后，我们介绍了一种基于Lipschitz稳定性理论的稳定和竞争的重复的VSR网络的新框架。我们提出了一种新的经常性VSR网络，基于此框架，Coined中继视频超分辨率（MRVSR）。我们经验展示了具有低运动的长序列的竞争性能。

基于常规卷积网络的视频超分辨率（VSR）方法具有很强的视频序列的时间建模能力。然而，在单向反复卷积网络中的不同反复单元接收的输入信息不平衡。早期重建帧接收较少的时间信息，导致模糊或工件效果。虽然双向反复卷积网络可以缓解这个问题，但它大大提高了重建时间和计算复杂性。它也不适用于许多应用方案，例如在线超分辨率。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一种端到端信息预构建的经常性重建网络（IPRRN），由信息预构建网络（IPNet）和经常性重建网络（RRNET）组成。通过将足够的信息从视频的前面集成来构建初始复发单元所需的隐藏状态，以帮助恢复较早的帧，信息预构建的网络在不向后传播之前和之后的输入信息差异。此外，我们展示了一种紧凑的复发性重建网络，可显着改善恢复质量和时间效率。许多实验已经验证了我们所提出的网络的有效性，并与现有的最先进方法相比，我们的方法可以有效地实现更高的定量和定性评估性能。

在本文中，我们研究了实用的时空视频超分辨率（STVSR）问题，该问题旨在从低型低分辨率的低分辨率模糊视频中生成高富含高分辨率的夏普视频。当使用低填充和低分辨率摄像头记录快速动态事件时，通常会发生这种问题，而被捕获的视频将遭受三个典型问题：i）运动模糊发生是由于曝光时间内的对象/摄像机运动而发生的； ii）当事件时间频率超过时间采样的奈奎斯特极限时，运动异叠是不可避免的； iii）由于空间采样率低，因此丢失了高频细节。这些问题可以通过三个单独的子任务的级联来缓解，包括视频脱张，框架插值和超分辨率，但是，这些问题将无法捕获视频序列之间的空间和时间相关性。为了解决这个问题，我们通过利用基于模型的方法和基于学习的方法来提出一个可解释的STVSR框架。具体而言，我们将STVSR作为联合视频脱张，框架插值和超分辨率问题，并以另一种方式将其作为两个子问题解决。对于第一个子问题，我们得出了可解释的分析解决方案，并将其用作傅立叶数据变换层。然后，我们为第二个子问题提出了一个反复的视频增强层，以进一步恢复高频细节。广泛的实验证明了我们方法在定量指标和视觉质量方面的优势。

时空视频超分辨率（STVSR）的目标是提高帧速率（也称为时间分辨率）和给定视频的空间分辨率。最近的方法通过端到端的深神经网络解决了STVSR。一个流行的解决方案是首先提高视频的帧速率；然后在不同的框架功能之间执行特征改进；最后增加了这些功能的空间分辨率。在此过程中，仔细利用了不同帧的特征之间的时间相关性。然而，尚未强调不同（空间）分辨率的特征之间的空间相关性。在本文中，我们提出了一个时空特征交互网络，以通过在不同框架和空间分辨率的特征之间利用空间和时间相关来增强STVSR。具体而言，引入了空间 - 周期框架插值模块，以同时和互动性地插值低分辨率和高分辨率的中间框架特征。后来分别部署了空间 - 周期性的本地和全局细化模块，以利用不同特征之间的空间 - 周期相关性进行细化。最后，采用了新的运动一致性损失来增强重建帧之间的运动连续性。我们对三个标准基准测试，即VID4，Vimeo-90K和Adobe240进行实验，结果表明，我们的方法可以通过相当大的余量提高了最先进的方法。我们的代码将在https://github.com/yuezijie/stinet-pace time-video-super-resolution上找到。

Video enhancement is a challenging problem, more than that of stills, mainly due to high computational cost, larger data volumes and the difficulty of achieving consistency in the spatio-temporal domain. In practice, these challenges are often coupled with the lack of example pairs, which inhibits the application of supervised learning strategies. To address these challenges, we propose an efficient adversarial video enhancement framework that learns directly from unpaired video examples. In particular, our framework introduces new recurrent cells that consist of interleaved local and global modules for implicit integration of spatial and temporal information. The proposed design allows our recurrent cells to efficiently propagate spatio-temporal information across frames and reduces the need for high complexity networks. Our setting enables learning from unpaired videos in a cyclic adversarial manner, where the proposed recurrent units are employed in all architectures. Efficient training is accomplished by introducing one single discriminator that learns the joint distribution of source and target domain simultaneously. The enhancement results demonstrate clear superiority of the proposed video enhancer over the state-of-the-art methods, in all terms of visual quality, quantitative metrics, and inference speed. Notably, our video enhancer is capable of enhancing over 35 frames per second of FullHD video (1080x1920).

时空视频超分辨率（STVSR）的目标是增加低分辨率（LR）和低帧速率（LFR）视频的空间分辨率。基于深度学习的最新方法已取得了重大改进，但是其中大多数仅使用两个相邻帧，即短期功能，可以合成缺失的框架嵌入，这无法完全探索连续输入LR帧的信息流。此外，现有的STVSR模型几乎无法明确利用时间上下文以帮助高分辨率（HR）框架重建。为了解决这些问题，在本文中，我们提出了一个称为STDAN的可变形注意网络。首先，我们设计了一个长短的术语特征插值（LSTFI）模块，该模块能够通过双向RNN结构从更相邻的输入帧中挖掘大量的内容，以进行插值。其次，我们提出了一个空间 - 周期性变形特征聚合（STDFA）模块，其中动态视频框架中的空间和时间上下文被自适应地捕获并汇总以增强SR重建。几个数据集的实验结果表明，我们的方法的表现优于最先进的STVSR方法。该代码可在https://github.com/littlewhitesea/stdan上找到。

压缩视频超分辨率（VSR）旨在从压缩的低分辨率对应物中恢复高分辨率帧。最近的VSR方法通常通过借用相邻视频帧的相关纹理来增强输入框架。尽管已经取得了一些进展，但是从压缩视频中有效提取和转移高质量纹理的巨大挑战，这些视频通常会高度退化。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于压缩视频超分辨率（FTVSR）的新型频率转换器，该频率在联合时空频域中进行自我注意。首先，我们将视频框架分为斑块，然后将每个贴片转换为DCT光谱图，每个通道代表频带。这样的设计使每个频带都可以进行细粒度的自我注意力，因此可以将真实的视觉纹理与伪影区分开，并进一步用于视频框架修复。其次，我们研究了不同的自我发场方案，并发现在对每个频带上应用暂时关注之前，会引起关节空间的注意力，从而带来最佳的视频增强质量。两个广泛使用的视频超分辨率基准的实验结果表明，FTVSR在未压缩和压缩视频的最先进的方法中都具有清晰的视觉边距。代码可在https://github.com/researchmm/ftvsr上找到。

The demand of high-resolution video contents has grown over the years. However, the delivery of high-resolution video is constrained by either computational resources required for rendering or network bandwidth for remote transmission. To remedy this limitation, we leverage the eye trackers found alongside existing augmented and virtual reality headsets. We propose the application of video super-resolution (VSR) technique to fuse low-resolution context with regional high-resolution context for resource-constrained consumption of high-resolution content without perceivable drop in quality. Eye trackers provide us the gaze direction of a user, aiding us in the extraction of the regional high-resolution context. As only pixels that falls within the gaze region can be resolved by the human eye, a large amount of the delivered content is redundant as we can't perceive the difference in quality of the region beyond the observed region. To generate a visually pleasing frame from the fusion of high-resolution region and low-resolution region, we study the capability of a deep neural network of transferring the context of the observed region to other regions (low-resolution) of the current and future frames. We label this task a Foveated Video Super-Resolution (FVSR), as we need to super-resolve the low-resolution regions of current and future frames through the fusion of pixels from the gaze region. We propose Cross-Resolution Flow Propagation (CRFP) for FVSR. We train and evaluate CRFP on REDS dataset on the task of 8x FVSR, i.e. a combination of 8x VSR and the fusion of foveated region. Departing from the conventional evaluation of per frame quality using SSIM or PSNR, we propose the evaluation of past foveated region, measuring the capability of a model to leverage the noise present in eye trackers during FVSR. Code is made available at https://github.com/eugenelet/CRFP.

We propose an image super-resolution method (SR) using a deeply-recursive convolutional network (DRCN). Our network has a very deep recursive layer (up to 16 recursions). Increasing recursion depth can improve performance without introducing new parameters for additional convolutions. Albeit advantages, learning a DRCN is very hard with a standard gradient descent method due to exploding/vanishing gradients. To ease the difficulty of training, we propose two extensions: recursive-supervision and skip-connection. Our method outperforms previous methods by a large margin.

Video Super-Resolution (VSR) aims to restore high-resolution (HR) videos from low-resolution (LR) videos. Existing VSR techniques usually recover HR frames by extracting pertinent textures from nearby frames with known degradation processes. Despite significant progress, grand challenges are remained to effectively extract and transmit high-quality textures from high-degraded low-quality sequences, such as blur, additive noises, and compression artifacts. In this work, a novel Frequency-Transformer (FTVSR) is proposed for handling low-quality videos that carry out self-attention in a combined space-time-frequency domain. First, video frames are split into patches and each patch is transformed into spectral maps in which each channel represents a frequency band. It permits a fine-grained self-attention on each frequency band, so that real visual texture can be distinguished from artifacts. Second, a novel dual frequency attention (DFA) mechanism is proposed to capture the global frequency relations and local frequency relations, which can handle different complicated degradation processes in real-world scenarios. Third, we explore different self-attention schemes for video processing in the frequency domain and discover that a ``divided attention'' which conducts a joint space-frequency attention before applying temporal-frequency attention, leads to the best video enhancement quality. Extensive experiments on three widely-used VSR datasets show that FTVSR outperforms state-of-the-art methods on different low-quality videos with clear visual margins. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/researchmm/FTVSR.

Single image super-resolution is the task of inferring a high-resolution image from a single low-resolution input. Traditionally, the performance of algorithms for this task is measured using pixel-wise reconstruction measures such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) which have been shown to correlate poorly with the human perception of image quality. As a result, algorithms minimizing these metrics tend to produce over-smoothed images that lack highfrequency textures and do not look natural despite yielding high PSNR values.We propose a novel application of automated texture synthesis in combination with a perceptual loss focusing on creating realistic textures rather than optimizing for a pixelaccurate reproduction of ground truth images during training. By using feed-forward fully convolutional neural networks in an adversarial training setting, we achieve a significant boost in image quality at high magnification ratios. Extensive experiments on a number of datasets show the effectiveness of our approach, yielding state-of-the-art results in both quantitative and qualitative benchmarks.

在许多重要的科学和工程应用中发现了卷数据。渲染此数据以高质量和交互速率为苛刻的应用程序（例如虚拟现实）的可视化化，即使使用专业级硬件也无法实现。我们介绍了Fovolnet - 一种可显着提高数量数据可视化的性能的方法。我们开发了一种具有成本效益的渲染管道，该管道稀疏地对焦点进行了量度，并使用深层神经网络重建了全帧。 FOVEATED渲染是一种优先考虑用户焦点渲染计算的技术。这种方法利用人类视觉系统的属性，从而在用户视野的外围呈现数据时节省了计算资源。我们的重建网络结合了直接和内核预测方法，以产生快速，稳定和感知令人信服的输出。凭借纤细的设计和量化的使用，我们的方法在端到端框架时间和视觉质量中都优于最先进的神经重建技术。我们对系统的渲染性能，推理速度和感知属性进行了广泛的评估，并提供了与竞争神经图像重建技术的比较。我们的测试结果表明，Fovolnet始终在保持感知质量的同时，在传统渲染上节省了大量时间。

We present a highly accurate single-image superresolution (SR) method. Our method uses a very deep convolutional network inspired by VGG-net used for ImageNet classification [19]. We find increasing our network depth shows a significant improvement in accuracy. Our final model uses 20 weight layers. By cascading small filters many times in a deep network structure, contextual information over large image regions is exploited in an efficient way. With very deep networks, however, convergence speed becomes a critical issue during training. We propose a simple yet effective training procedure. We learn residuals only and use extremely high learning rates (10 4 times higher than SRCNN [6]) enabled by adjustable gradient clipping. Our proposed method performs better than existing methods in accuracy and visual improvements in our results are easily noticeable.

Convolutional neural networks have recently demonstrated high-quality reconstruction for single-image superresolution. In this paper, we propose the Laplacian Pyramid Super-Resolution Network (LapSRN) to progressively reconstruct the sub-band residuals of high-resolution images. At each pyramid level, our model takes coarse-resolution feature maps as input, predicts the high-frequency residuals, and uses transposed convolutions for upsampling to the finer level. Our method does not require the bicubic interpolation as the pre-processing step and thus dramatically reduces the computational complexity. We train the proposed LapSRN with deep supervision using a robust Charbonnier loss function and achieve high-quality reconstruction. Furthermore, our network generates multi-scale predictions in one feed-forward pass through the progressive reconstruction, thereby facilitates resource-aware applications. Extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations on benchmark datasets show that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods in terms of speed and accuracy.

Neural volumetric representations have become a widely adopted model for radiance fields in 3D scenes. These representations are fully implicit or hybrid function approximators of the instantaneous volumetric radiance in a scene, which are typically learned from multi-view captures of the scene. We investigate the new task of neural volume super-resolution - rendering high-resolution views corresponding to a scene captured at low resolution. To this end, we propose a neural super-resolution network that operates directly on the volumetric representation of the scene. This approach allows us to exploit an advantage of operating in the volumetric domain, namely the ability to guarantee consistent super-resolution across different viewing directions. To realize our method, we devise a novel 3D representation that hinges on multiple 2D feature planes. This allows us to super-resolve the 3D scene representation by applying 2D convolutional networks on the 2D feature planes. We validate the proposed method's capability of super-resolving multi-view consistent views both quantitatively and qualitatively on a diverse set of unseen 3D scenes, demonstrating a significant advantage over existing approaches.

时空视频超分辨率（STVSR）旨在从相应的低帧速率，低分辨率视频序列构建高空时间分辨率视频序列。灵感来自最近的成功，考虑空间时间超级分辨率的空间信息，我们在这项工作中的主要目标是在快速动态事件的视频序列中充分考虑空间和时间相关性。为此，我们提出了一种新颖的单级内存增强图注意网络（Megan），用于时空视频超分辨率。具体地，我们构建新颖的远程存储图聚合（LMGA）模块，以沿着特征映射的信道尺寸动态捕获相关性，并自适应地聚合信道特征以增强特征表示。我们介绍了一个非本地剩余块，其使每个通道明智的功能能够参加全局空间分层特征。此外，我们采用渐进式融合模块通过广泛利用来自多个帧的空间 - 时间相关性来进一步提高表示能力。实验结果表明，我们的方法与定量和视觉上的最先进的方法相比，实现了更好的结果。

Recently, several models based on deep neural networks have achieved great success in terms of both reconstruction accuracy and computational performance for single image super-resolution. In these methods, the low resolution (LR) input image is upscaled to the high resolution (HR) space using a single filter, commonly bicubic interpolation, before reconstruction. This means that the super-resolution (SR) operation is performed in HR space. We demonstrate that this is sub-optimal and adds computational complexity. In this paper, we present the first convolutional neural network (CNN) capable of real-time SR of 1080p videos on a single K2 GPU. To achieve this, we propose a novel CNN architecture where the feature maps are extracted in the LR space. In addition, we introduce an efficient sub-pixel convolution layer which learns an array of upscaling filters to upscale the final LR feature maps into the HR output. By doing so, we effectively replace the handcrafted bicubic filter in the SR pipeline with more complex upscaling filters specifically trained for each feature map, whilst also reducing the computational complexity of the overall SR operation. We evaluate the proposed approach using images and videos from publicly available datasets and show that it performs significantly better (+0.15dB on Images and +0.39dB on Videos) and is an order of magnitude faster than previous CNN-based methods.

现实的高光谱图像（HSI）超分辨率（SR）技术旨在从其低分辨率（LR）对应物中产生具有更高光谱和空间忠诚的高分辨率（HR）HSI。生成的对抗网络（GAN）已被证明是图像超分辨率的有效深入学习框架。然而，现有GaN的模型的优化过程经常存在模式崩溃问题，导致光谱间不变重建容量有限。这可能导致所生成的HSI上的光谱空间失真，尤其是具有大的升级因子。为了缓解模式崩溃的问题，这项工作提出了一种与潜在编码器（Le-GaN）耦合的新型GaN模型，其可以将产生的光谱空间特征从图像空间映射到潜在空间并产生耦合组件正规化生成的样本。基本上，我们将HSI视为嵌入在潜在空间中的高维歧管。因此，GaN模型的优化被转换为学习潜在空间中的高分辨率HSI样本的分布的问题，使得产生的超分辨率HSI的分布更接近其原始高分辨率对应物的那些。我们对超级分辨率的模型性能进行了实验评估及其在缓解模式崩溃中的能力。基于具有不同传感器（即Aviris和UHD-185）的两种实际HSI数据集进行了测试和验证，用于各种升高因素并增加噪声水平，并与最先进的超分辨率模型相比（即Hyconet，LTTR，Bagan，SR-GaN，Wgan）。

视频通常将流和连续的视觉数据记录为离散的连续帧。由于存储成本对于高保真度的视频来说是昂贵的，因此大多数存储以相对较低的分辨率和帧速率存储。最新的时空视频超分辨率（STVSR）的工作是开发出来的，以将时间插值和空间超分辨率纳入统一框架。但是，其中大多数仅支持固定的上采样量表，这限制了其灵活性和应用。在这项工作中，我们没有遵循离散表示，我们提出了视频隐式神经表示（videoinr），并显示了其对STVSR的应用。学到的隐式神经表示可以解码为任意空间分辨率和帧速率的视频。我们表明，Videoinr在常见的上采样量表上使用最先进的STVSR方法实现了竞争性能，并且在连续和训练的分布量表上显着优于先前的作品。我们的项目页面位于http://zeyuan-chen.com/videoinr/。

我们提出了Neuricam，这是一种基于钥匙帧的视频超分辨率和着色系统，可从双模式IoT摄像机获得低功耗视频捕获。我们的想法是设计一个双模式摄像机系统，其中第一个模式是低功率（1.1〜MW），但仅输出灰度，低分辨率和嘈杂的视频，第二种模式会消耗更高的功率（100〜MW），但输出会输出。颜色和更高分辨率的图像。为了减少总能源消耗，我们在高功率模式下高功率模式仅输出图像每秒一次。然后将来自该相机系统的数据无线流传输到附近的插入网关，在那里我们运行实时神经网络解码器，以重建更高的分辨率颜色视频。为了实现这一目标，我们基于每个空间位置的特征映射和输入框架的内容之间的相关性，引入了一种注意力特征滤波器机制，该机制将不同的权重分配给不同的特征。我们使用现成的摄像机设计无线硬件原型，并解决包括数据包丢失和透视不匹配在内的实用问题。我们的评估表明，我们的双摄像机硬件可减少相机的能耗，同时在先前的视频超级分辨率方法中获得平均的灰度PSNR增益为3.7〜db，而在现有的颜色传播方法上，我们的灰度尺度PSNR增益为3.7 〜db。开源代码：https：//github.com/vb000/neuricam。