深入学习,核算用于使用精心讲解的神经网络,最近被开发为一种有效而强大的工具,可以解决物理和其他科学中的不同问题。在目前的工作中,我们提出了一种基于混合网络的新型学习方法,其集成了两种不同类型的神经网络:长期内存(LSTM)和深度剩余网络(Reset),以克服数值模拟中遇到困难实际系统的强烈振动动态演变。通过以双倍潜力的浓缩物的动态为例,我们表明我们的新方法是高效的预学习和对整个动态的高保真预测。这种利益来自LSTM和Reset的组合,并且在直接学习的情况下,单个网络是不可能实现的。我们的方法可以应用于借助于辅助频谱分析模拟具有快多频振荡的系统中的复杂协作动态。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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在本文中,我们考虑了与未知(或部分未知),非平稳性,潜在的嘈杂和混乱的时间演变相关的机器学习(ML)任务,以预测临界点过渡和长期尖端行为动力系统。我们专注于特别具有挑战性的情况,在过去的情况下,过去的动态状态时间序列主要是在状态空间的受限区域中,而要预测的行为会在ML未完全观察到的较大状态空间集中演变出来训练期间的模型。在这种情况下,要求ML预测系统能够推断出在训练过程中观察到的不同动态。我们研究了ML方法在多大程度上能够为此任务完成有用的结果以及它们失败的条件。通常,我们发现即使在极具挑战性的情况下,ML方法也出奇地有效,但是(正如人们所期望的)``需要``太多''的外推。基于科学知识的传统建模的ML方法,因此即使单独采取行动时,我们发现的混合预测系统也可以实现有用的预测。我们还发现,实现有用的结果可能需要使用使用非常仔细选择的ML超参数,我们提出了一个超参数优化策略来解决此问题。本文的主要结论是,基于ML (也许是由于临界点的穿越)包括在训练数据探索的集合中的动态。
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We investigate how neural networks (NNs) understand physics using 1D quantum mechanics. After training an NN to accurately predict energy eigenvalues from potentials, we used it to confirm the NN's understanding of physics from four different aspects. The trained NN could predict energy eigenvalues of different kinds of potentials than the ones learned, predict the probability distribution of the existence of particles not used during training, reproduce untrained physical phenomena, and predict the energy eigenvalues of potentials with an unknown matter effect. These results show that NNs can learn physical laws from experimental data, predict the results of experiments under conditions different from those used for training, and predict physical quantities of types not provided during training. Because NNs understand physics in a different way than humans, they will be a powerful tool for advancing physics by complementing the human way of understanding.
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近年来,机器学习的巨大进步已经开始对许多科学和技术的许多领域产生重大影响。在本文的文章中,我们探讨了量子技术如何从这项革命中受益。我们在说明性示例中展示了过去几年的科学家如何开始使用机器学习和更广泛的人工智能方法来分析量子测量,估计量子设备的参数,发现新的量子实验设置,协议和反馈策略,以及反馈策略,以及通常改善量子计算,量子通信和量子模拟的各个方面。我们重点介绍了公开挑战和未来的可能性,并在未来十年的一些投机愿景下得出结论。
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FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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我们介绍了一种引力波形反演策略,用于发现二元黑洞(BBH)系统的机械模型。我们表明,只需要单一的时间序列(可能嘈杂)波形数据来构造BBH系统的运动方程。从前馈神经网络参数化的一类通用微分方程开始,我们的策略涉及构建合理的机械模型的空间和该空间内的物理信息的受限优化,以最小化波形误差。我们将我们的方法应用于各种BBH系统,包括偏心和非偏心轨道的极端和可比的质量比系统。我们展示所得到的微分方程适用于时间持续时间长于训练间隔的时间,并且相对论效应,例如临床预防,辐射反应和轨道插入,被自动占。这里概述的方法提供了研究二元黑洞系统动态的新的数据驱动方法。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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我们训练神经形态硬件芯片以通过变分能最小化近似Quantum旋转模型的地面状态。与使用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗进行样品生成的变分人工神经网络相比,这种方法具有优点:神经形态器件以快速和固有的并行方式产生样品。我们开发培训算法,并将其应用于横向场介绍模型,在中等系统尺寸下显示出良好的性能($ n \ LEQ 10 $)。系统的普遍开心研究表明,较大系统尺寸的可扩展性主要取决于样品质量,该样品质量受到模拟神经芯片上的参数漂移的限制。学习性能显示阈值行为作为ansatz的变分参数的数量的函数,大约为50美元的隐藏神经元,足以表示关键地位,最高$ n = 10 $。网络参数的6 + 1位分辨率不会限制当前设置中的可达近似质量。我们的工作为利用神经形态硬件的能力提供了一种重要的一步,以解决量子数量问题中的维数诅咒。
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Non-equilibrium chemistry is a key process in the study of the InterStellar Medium (ISM), in particular the formation of molecular clouds and thus stars. However, computationally it is among the most difficult tasks to include in astrophysical simulations, because of the typically high (>40) number of reactions, the short evolutionary timescales (about $10^4$ times less than the ISM dynamical time) and the characteristic non-linearity and stiffness of the associated Ordinary Differential Equations system (ODEs). In this proof of concept work, we show that Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are a viable alternative to traditional ODE time integrators for stiff thermo-chemical systems, i.e. up to molecular hydrogen formation (9 species and 46 reactions). Testing different chemical networks in a wide range of densities ($-2< \log n/{\rm cm}^{-3}< 3$) and temperatures ($1 < \log T/{\rm K}< 5$), we find that a basic architecture can give a comfortable convergence only for simplified chemical systems: to properly capture the sudden chemical and thermal variations a Deep Galerkin Method is needed. Once trained ($\sim 10^3$ GPUhr), the PINN well reproduces the strong non-linear nature of the solutions (errors $\lesssim 10\%$) and can give speed-ups up to a factor of $\sim 200$ with respect to traditional ODE solvers. Further, the latter have completion times that vary by about $\sim 30\%$ for different initial $n$ and $T$, while the PINN method gives negligible variations. Both the speed-up and the potential improvement in load balancing imply that PINN-powered simulations are a very palatable way to solve complex chemical calculation in astrophysical and cosmological problems.
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由于希尔伯特空间的指数增长,模拟古典计算机上的量子数量是一个具有挑战性的问题。最近被引入了人工神经网络作为近似量子 - 许多身体状态的新工具。我们基准限制Boltzmann机器量子状态和不同浅层神经自动汇流量子状态的变分力,以模拟不可排益量子依赖链的全局淬火动态。我们发现在给定精度以给定精度表示量子状态所需的参数的数量呈指数增长。增长率仅受到广泛不同设计选择的网络架构的略微影响:浅层和深度网络,小型和大型过滤尺寸,扩张和正常卷积,有和没有快捷连接。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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在本文中,我们为非稳定于3D流体结构交互系统提供了一种基于深度学习的阶数(DL-ROM)。所提出的DL-ROM具有非线性状态空间模型的格式,并采用具有长短期存储器(LSTM)的经常性神经网络。我们考虑一种以状态空间格式的可弹性安装的球体的规范流体结构系统,其具有不可压缩的流体流动。我们开发了一种非线性数据驱动的耦合,用于预测横向方向自由振动球的非定常力和涡旋诱导的振动(VIV)锁定。我们设计输入输出关系作为用于流体结构系统的低维逼近的力和位移数据集的时间序列。基于VIV锁定过程的先验知识,输入功能包含一系列频率和幅度,其能够实现高效的DL-ROM,而无需用于低维建模的大量训练数据集。一旦训练,网络就提供了输入 - 输出动态的非线性映射,其可以通过反馈过程预测较长地平线的耦合流体结构动态。通过将LSTM网络与Eigensystem实现算法(时代)集成,我们构造了用于减少阶稳定性分析的数据驱动状态空间模型。我们通过特征值选择过程调查VIV的潜在机制和稳定性特征。为了了解频率锁定机制,我们研究了针对降低振荡频率和质量比的范围的特征值轨迹。与全阶模拟一致,通过组合的LSTM-ERA程序精确捕获频率锁定分支。所提出的DL-ROM与涉及流体结构相互作用的物理学数字双胞胎的基于物理的数字双胞胎。
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This work presents a set of neural network (NN) models specifically designed for accurate and efficient fluid dynamics forecasting. In this work, we show how neural networks training can be improved by reducing data complexity through a modal decomposition technique called higher order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD), which identifies the main structures inside flow dynamics and reconstructs the original flow using only these main structures. This reconstruction has the same number of samples and spatial dimension as the original flow, but with a less complex dynamics and preserving its main features. We also show the low computational cost required by the proposed NN models, both in their training and inference phases. The core idea of this work is to test the limits of applicability of deep learning models to data forecasting in complex fluid dynamics problems. Generalization capabilities of the models are demonstrated by using the same neural network architectures to forecast the future dynamics of four different multi-phase flows. Data sets used to train and test these deep learning models come from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of these flows.
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With the development of experimental quantum technology, quantum control has attracted increasing attention due to the realization of controllable artificial quantum systems. However, because quantum-mechanical systems are often too difficult to analytically deal with, heuristic strategies and numerical algorithms which search for proper control protocols are adopted, and, deep learning, especially deep reinforcement learning (RL), is a promising generic candidate solution for the control problems. Although there have been a few successful applications of deep RL to quantum control problems, most of the existing RL algorithms suffer from instabilities and unsatisfactory reproducibility, and require a large amount of fine-tuning and a large computational budget, both of which limit their applicability. To resolve the issue of instabilities, in this dissertation, we investigate the non-convergence issue of Q-learning. Then, we investigate the weakness of existing convergent approaches that have been proposed, and we develop a new convergent Q-learning algorithm, which we call the convergent deep Q network (C-DQN) algorithm, as an alternative to the conventional deep Q network (DQN) algorithm. We prove the convergence of C-DQN and apply it to the Atari 2600 benchmark. We show that when DQN fail, C-DQN still learns successfully. Then, we apply the algorithm to the measurement-feedback cooling problems of a quantum quartic oscillator and a trapped quantum rigid body. We establish the physical models and analyse their properties, and we show that although both C-DQN and DQN can learn to cool the systems, C-DQN tends to behave more stably, and when DQN suffers from instabilities, C-DQN can achieve a better performance. As the performance of DQN can have a large variance and lack consistency, C-DQN can be a better choice for researches on complicated control problems.
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对应用机器学习来研究动态系统有一波兴趣。特别地,已经应用神经网络来解决运动方程,因此追踪系统的演变。与神经网络和机器学习的其他应用相反,动态系统 - 根据其潜在的对称 - 具有诸如能量,动量和角动量的不变性。传统的数值迭代方法通常违反这些保护法,在时间上传播误差,并降低方法的可预测性。我们介绍了一个汉密尔顿神经网络,用于解决控制动态系统的微分方程。这种无监督的模型是学习解决方案,可以相同地满足哈密尔顿方程,因此哈密尔顿方程式满足。一旦优化了,所提出的架构被认为是一种杂项单元,因为引入了高效的参数的解决方案。另外,通过共享网络参数并选择适当的激活函数的选择大大提高了网络的可预测性。派生错误分析,并指出数值误差取决于整体网络性能。然后采用辛结构来解决非线性振荡器的方程和混沌HENON-HENEL动态系统。在两个系统中,杂项欧拉集成商需要两个订单比HAMILTONIAN网络更多的评估点,以便在预测的相空间轨迹中获得相同的数值误差顺序。
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In this thesis, we consider two simple but typical control problems and apply deep reinforcement learning to them, i.e., to cool and control a particle which is subject to continuous position measurement in a one-dimensional quadratic potential or in a quartic potential. We compare the performance of reinforcement learning control and conventional control strategies on the two problems, and show that the reinforcement learning achieves a performance comparable to the optimal control for the quadratic case, and outperforms conventional control strategies for the quartic case for which the optimal control strategy is unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first time deep reinforcement learning is applied to quantum control problems in continuous real space. Our research demonstrates that deep reinforcement learning can be used to control a stochastic quantum system in real space effectively as a measurement-feedback closed-loop controller, and our research also shows the ability of AI to discover new control strategies and properties of the quantum systems that are not well understood, and we can gain insights into these problems by learning from the AI, which opens up a new regime for scientific research.
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分子动力学模拟是科学的基石,允许从系统的热力学调查以分析复杂的分子相互作用。通常,为了创建扩展的分子轨迹,可以是计算昂贵的过程,例如,在运行$ ab-initio $ simulations时。因此,重复这样的计算以获得更准确的热力学或在由细粒度量子相互作用产生的动态中获得更高的分辨率可以是时间和计算的。在这项工作中,我们探讨了不同的机器学习(ML)方法,以提高在后处理步骤内按需的分子动力学轨迹的分辨率。作为概念证明,我们分析了神经杂物,哈密顿网络,经常性神经网络和LSTM等双向神经网络的表现,以及作为参考的单向变体,用于分子动力学模拟(这里是: MD17数据集)。我们发现Bi-LSTMS是表现最佳的模型;通过利用恒温轨迹的局部时对称,它们甚至可以学习远程相关性,并在分子复杂性上显示高稳健性。我们的模型可以达到轨迹插值中最多10美元^ {-4}的准确度,同时忠实地重建了几个无奈复杂的高频分子振动的全周期,使学习和参考轨迹之间的比较难以区分。该工作中报告的结果可以作为更大系统的基线服务(1),以及(2)用于建造更好的MD集成商。
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在过去的十年中,在许多工程领域,包括自动驾驶汽车,医疗诊断和搜索引擎,甚至在艺术创作中,神经网络(NNS)已被证明是极有效的工具。确实,NN通常果断地超过传统算法。直到最近才引起重大兴趣的一个领域是使用NNS设计数值求解器,尤其是用于离散的偏微分方程。最近的几篇论文考虑使用NNS来开发多机方法,这些方法是解决离散的偏微分方程和其他稀疏矩阵问题的领先计算工具。我们扩展了这些新想法,重点关注所谓的放松操作员(也称为Smoothers),这是Multigrid算法的重要组成部分,在这种情况下尚未受到很多关注。我们探索了一种使用NNS学习带有随机系数的扩散算子的放松参数的方法,用于雅各比类型的Smoothers和4Color Gaussseidel Smoothers。后者的产量异常高效且易于使连续的放松(SOR)SmoOthors平行。此外,这项工作表明,使用两个网格方法在相对较小的网格上学习放松参数,而Gelfand的公式可以轻松实现。这些方法有效地产生了几乎最佳的参数,从而显着提高了大网格上的Multigrid算法的收敛速率。
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动态系统参见在物理,生物学,化学等自然科学中广泛使用,以及电路分析,计算流体动力学和控制等工程学科。对于简单的系统,可以通过应用基本物理法来导出管理动态的微分方程。然而,对于更复杂的系统,这种方法变得非常困难。数据驱动建模是一种替代范式,可以使用真实系统的观察来了解系统的动态的近似值。近年来,对数据驱动的建模技术的兴趣增加,特别是神经网络已被证明提供了解决广泛任务的有效框架。本文提供了使用神经网络构建动态系统模型的不同方式的调查。除了基础概述外,我们还审查了相关的文献,概述了这些建模范式必须克服的数值模拟中最重要的挑战。根据审查的文献和确定的挑战,我们提供了关于有前途的研究领域的讨论。
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