As the demand for autonomous driving increases, it is paramount to ensure safety. Early accident prediction using deep learning methods for driving safety has recently gained much attention. In this task, early accident prediction and a point prediction of where the drivers should look are determined, with the dashcam video as input. We propose to exploit the double actors and regularized critics (DARC) method, for the first time, on this accident forecasting platform. We derive inspiration from DARC since it is currently a state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) model on continuous action space suitable for accident anticipation. Results show that by utilizing DARC, we can make predictions 5\% earlier on average while improving in multiple metrics of precision compared to existing methods. The results imply that using our RL-based problem formulation could significantly increase the safety of autonomous driving.

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.

在自主驾驶场中，人类知识融合到深增强学习（DRL）通常基于在模拟环境中记录的人类示范。这限制了在现实世界交通中的概率和可行性。我们提出了一种两级DRL方法，从真实的人类驾驶中学习，实现优于纯DRL代理的性能。培训DRL代理商是在Carla的框架内完成了机器人操作系统（ROS）。对于评估，我们设计了不同的真实驾驶场景，可以将提出的两级DRL代理与纯DRL代理进行比较。在从人驾驶员中提取“良好”行为之后，例如在信号交叉口中的预期，该代理变得更有效，并且驱动更安全，这使得这种自主代理更适应人体机器人交互（HRI）流量。

采用合理的策略是具有挑战性的，但对于智能代理商的智能代理人至关重要，其资源有限，在危险，非结构化和动态环境中工作，以改善系统实用性，降低整体成本并增加任务成功概率。深度强化学习（DRL）帮助组织代理的行为和基于其状态的行为，并代表复杂的策略（行动的组成）。本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯链条的新型分层策略分解方法，将复杂的政策分为几个简单的子手段，并将其作为贝叶斯战略网络（BSN）组织。我们将这种方法整合到最先进的DRL方法中，软演奏者 - 批评者（SAC），并通过组织几个子主管作为联合政策来构建相应的贝叶斯软演奏者（BSAC）模型。我们将建议的BSAC方法与标准连续控制基准（Hopper-V2，Walker2D-V2和Humanoid-V2）在SAC和其他最先进的方法（例如TD3，DDPG和PPO）中进行比较 - Mujoco与Openai健身房环境。结果表明，BSAC方法的有希望的潜力可显着提高训练效率。可以从https://github.com/herolab-uga/bsac访问BSAC的开源代码。

Proper functioning of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is crucial for the safety and efficiency of future intelligent transport systems. Meanwhile, transitioning to fully autonomous driving requires a long period of mixed autonomy traffic, including both CAVs and human-driven vehicles. Thus, collaboration decision-making for CAVs is essential to generate appropriate driving behaviors to enhance the safety and efficiency of mixed autonomy traffic. In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely used in solving decision-making problems. However, the existing DRL-based methods have been mainly focused on solving the decision-making of a single CAV. Using the existing DRL-based methods in mixed autonomy traffic cannot accurately represent the mutual effects of vehicles and model dynamic traffic environments. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a graph reinforcement learning (GRL) approach for multi-agent decision-making of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic. First, a generic and modular GRL framework is designed. Then, a systematic review of DRL and GRL methods is presented, focusing on the problems addressed in recent research. Moreover, a comparative study on different GRL methods is further proposed based on the designed framework to verify the effectiveness of GRL methods. Results show that the GRL methods can well optimize the performance of multi-agent decision-making for CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic compared to the DRL methods. Finally, challenges and future research directions are summarized. This study can provide a valuable research reference for solving the multi-agent decision-making problems of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic and can promote the implementation of GRL-based methods into intelligent transportation systems. The source code of our work can be found at https://github.com/Jacklinkk/Graph_CAVs.

In order to avoid conventional controlling methods which created obstacles due to the complexity of systems and intense demand on data density, developing modern and more efficient control methods are required. In this way, reinforcement learning off-policy and model-free algorithms help to avoid working with complex models. In terms of speed and accuracy, they become prominent methods because the algorithms use their past experience to learn the optimal policies. In this study, three reinforcement learning algorithms; DDPG, TD3 and SAC have been used to train Fetch robotic manipulator for four different tasks in MuJoCo simulation environment. All of these algorithms are off-policy and able to achieve their desired target by optimizing both policy and value functions. In the current study, the efficiency and the speed of these three algorithms are analyzed in a controlled environment.

许多现实世界的应用程序都可以作为多机构合作问题进行配置，例如网络数据包路由和自动驾驶汽车的协调。深入增强学习（DRL）的出现为通过代理和环境的相互作用提供了一种有前途的多代理合作方法。但是，在政策搜索过程中，传统的DRL解决方案遭受了多个代理具有连续动作空间的高维度。此外，代理商政策的动态性使训练非平稳。为了解决这些问题，我们建议采用高级决策和低水平的个人控制，以进行有效的政策搜索，提出一种分层增强学习方法。特别是，可以在高级离散的动作空间中有效地学习多个代理的合作。同时，低水平的个人控制可以减少为单格强化学习。除了分层增强学习外，我们还建议对手建模网络在学习过程中对其他代理的政策进行建模。与端到端的DRL方法相反，我们的方法通过以层次结构将整体任务分解为子任务来降低学习的复杂性。为了评估我们的方法的效率，我们在合作车道变更方案中进行了现实世界中的案例研究。模拟和现实世界实验都表明我们的方法在碰撞速度和收敛速度中的优越性。

本文介绍了一些最先进的加强学习算法的基准研究，用于解决两个模拟基于视觉的机器人问题。本研究中考虑的算法包括软演员 - 评论家（SAC），近端政策优化（PPO），内插政策梯度（IPG），以及与后敏感体验重播（她）的变体。将这些算法的性能与Pybullet的两个仿真环境进行比较，称为KukadiverseObjectenV和raceCarzedgymenv。这些环境中的状态观察以RGB图像的形式提供，并且动作空间是连续的，使得它们难以解决。建议许多策略提供在基本上单目标环境的这些问题上实施算法所需的中级后敏感目标。另外，提出了许多特征提取架构在学习过程中纳入空间和时间关注。通过严格的模拟实验，建立了这些组分实现的改进。据我们所知，这种基准测试的基础基础是基于视觉的机器人问题的基准研究，使其成为该领域的新贡献。

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.

在本文中，我们研究了DRL算法在本地导航问题的应用，其中机器人仅配备有限​​量距离的外部感受传感器（例如LIDAR），在未知和混乱的工作区中朝着目标位置移动。基于DRL的碰撞避免政策具有一些优势，但是一旦他们学习合适的动作的能力仅限于传感器范围，它们就非常容易受到本地最小值的影响。由于大多数机器人在非结构化环境中执行任务，因此寻求能够避免本地最小值的广义本地导航政策，尤其是在未经训练的情况下，这是非常兴趣的。为此，我们提出了一种新颖的奖励功能，该功能结合了在训练阶段获得的地图信息，从而提高了代理商故意最佳行动方案的能力。另外，我们使用SAC算法来训练我们的ANN，这表明在最先进的文献中比其他人更有效。一组SIM到SIM和SIM到现实的实验表明，我们提出的奖励与SAC相结合的表现优于比较局部最小值和避免碰撞的方法。

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

行人在场的运动控制算法对于开发安全可靠的自动驾驶汽车（AV）至关重要。传统运动控制算法依赖于手动设计的决策政策，这些政策忽略了AV和行人之间的相互作用。另一方面，深度强化学习的最新进展允许在没有手动设计的情况下自动学习政策。为了解决行人在场的决策问题，作者介绍了一个基于社会价值取向和深入强化学习（DRL）的框架，该框架能够以不同的驾驶方式生成决策政策。该政策是在模拟环境中使用最先进的DRL算法培训的。还引入了适合DRL训练的新型计算效率的行人模型。我们执行实验以验证我们的框架，并对使用两种不同的无模型深钢筋学习算法获得的策略进行了比较分析。模拟结果表明，开发的模型如何表现出自然的驾驶行为，例如短暂的驾驶行为，以促进行人的穿越。

自动驾驶在过去二十年中吸引了重要的研究兴趣，因为它提供了许多潜在的好处，包括释放驾驶和减轻交通拥堵的司机等。尽管进展有前途，但车道变化仍然是自治车辆（AV）的巨大挑战，特别是在混合和动态的交通方案中。最近，强化学习（RL）是一种强大的数据驱动控制方法，已被广泛探索了在令人鼓舞的效果中的通道中的车道改变决策。然而，这些研究的大多数研究专注于单车展，并且在多个AVS与人类驱动车辆（HDV）共存的情况下，道路变化已经受到稀缺的关注。在本文中，我们在混合交通公路环境中制定了多个AVS的车道改变决策，作为多功能增强学习（Marl）问题，其中每个AV基于相邻AV的动作使车道变化的决定和HDV。具体地，使用新颖的本地奖励设计和参数共享方案开发了一种多代理优势演员批评网络（MA2C）。特别是，提出了一种多目标奖励功能来纳入燃油效率，驾驶舒适度和自主驾驶的安全性。综合实验结果，在三种不同的交通密度和各级人类司机侵略性下进行，表明我们所提出的Marl框架在效率，安全和驾驶员舒适方面始终如一地优于几个最先进的基准。

本文解决了当参与需求响应（DR）时优化电动汽车（EV）的充电/排放时间表的问题。由于电动汽车的剩余能量，到达和出发时间以及未来的电价中存在不确定性，因此很难做出充电决定以最大程度地减少充电成本，同时保证电动汽车的电池最先进（SOC）在内某些范围。为了解决这一难题，本文将EV充电调度问题制定为Markov决策过程（CMDP）。通过协同结合增强的Lagrangian方法和软演员评论家算法，本文提出了一种新型安全的非政策钢筋学习方法（RL）方法来解决CMDP。通过Lagrangian值函数以策略梯度方式更新Actor网络。采用双重危机网络来同步估计动作值函数，以避免高估偏差。所提出的算法不需要强烈的凸度保证，可以保证被检查的问题，并且是有效的样本。现实世界中电价的全面数值实验表明，我们提出的算法可以实现高解决方案最佳性和约束依从性。

在未来几年和几十年中，自动驾驶汽车（AV）将变得越来越普遍，为更安全，更方便的旅行提供了新的机会，并可能利用自动化和连接性的更智能的交通控制方法。跟随汽车是自动驾驶中的主要功能。近年来，基于强化学习的汽车已受到关注，目的是学习和达到与人类相当的绩效水平。但是，大多数现有的RL方法将汽车模拟为单方面问题，仅感知前方的车辆。然而，最近的文献，王和霍恩[16]表明，遵循的双边汽车考虑了前方的车辆，而后面的车辆表现出更好的系统稳定性。在本文中，我们假设可以使用RL学习这款双边汽车，同时学习其他目标，例如效率最大化，混蛋最小化和安全奖励，从而导致学识渊博的模型超过了人类驾驶。我们通过将双边信息集成到基于双边控制模型（BCM）的CAR遵循控制的状态和奖励功能的情况下，提出并引入了遵循控制遵循的汽车的深钢筋学习（DRL）框架。此外，我们使用分散的多代理增强学习框架来为每个代理生成相​​应的控制动作。我们的仿真结果表明，我们学到的政策比（a）汽车间的前进方向，（b）平均速度，（c）混蛋，（d）碰撞时间（TTC）和（e）的速度更好。字符串稳定性。

在典型的自主驾驶堆栈中，计划和控制系统代表了两个最关键的组件，其中传感器检索并通过感知算法处理的数据用于实施安全舒适的自动驾驶行为。特别是，计划模块可以预测自动驾驶汽车应遵循正确的高级操作的路径，而控制系统则执行一系列低级动作，控制转向角度，油门和制动器。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个无模型的深钢筋学习计划者培训一个可以预测加速度和转向角度的神经网络，从而获得了一个单个模块，可以使用自我自我的本地化和感知算法处理的数据来驱动车辆-驾车。特别是，在模拟中进行了全面训练的系统能够在模拟和帕尔马市现实世界中的无障碍环境中平稳驱动，证明该系统具有良好的概括能力，也可以驱动驱动在培训方案之外的那些部分。此外，为了将系统部署在真正的自动驾驶汽车上，并减少模拟和现实世界中的差距，我们还开发了一个由微小的神经网络表示的模块，能够在期间重现真正的车辆动态行为模拟的培训。

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1

本文提出了一种基于逆变器的Volt-VAR控制（IB-VVC）的一步两级深度强化学习（OSTC-DRL）方法。首先，考虑IB-VVC可以作为单周期优化问题进行配制，我们将IB-VVC作为单步马尔可夫决策过程而不是标准的Markov决策过程，从而简化了DRL学习任务。然后，我们设计了单步角色批判性DRL方案，该方案是最近DRL算法的简化版本，它可以成功地避免了Q值高估的问题。此外，考虑VVC的两个目标：最大程度地减少功率损耗并消除违反电压，我们利用两个批评家分别近似两个目标的回报。它简化了每个评论家的近似任务，并避免了评论家学习过程中两个目标之间的相互作用效果。 OSTC-DRL方法集成了单步角色批判性DRL方案和两批评技术。基于OSTC-DRL，我们设计了两种集中式DRL算法。此外，我们将OSTC-DRL扩展到分散的IB-VVC的多代理OSTC-DRL并设计两个多代理DRL算法。模拟表明，所提出的OSTC-DRL具有更快的收敛速度和更好的控制性能，并且多代理OSTC-DRL适用于分散的IB-VVC问题。

在包装交付，交通监控，搜索和救援操作以及军事战斗订婚等不同应用中，对使用无人驾驶汽车（UAV）（无人机）的需求越来越不断增加。在所有这些应用程序中，无人机用于自动导航环境 - 没有人类互动，执行特定任务并避免障碍。自主无人机导航通常是使用强化学习（RL）来完成的，在该学习中，代理在域中充当专家在避免障碍的同时导航环境。了解导航环境和算法限制在选择适当的RL算法以有效解决导航问题方面起着至关重要的作用。因此，本研究首先确定了无人机导航任务，并讨论导航框架和仿真软件。接下来，根据环境，算法特征，能力和不同无人机导航问题的应用程序对RL算法进行分类和讨论，这将帮助从业人员和研究人员为其无人机导航使用情况选择适当的RL算法。此外，确定的差距和机会将推动无人机导航研究。