本文提出了一种基于逆变器的Volt-VAR控制(IB-VVC)的一步两级深度强化学习(OSTC-DRL)方法。首先,考虑IB-VVC可以作为单周期优化问题进行配制,我们将IB-VVC作为单步马尔可夫决策过程而不是标准的Markov决策过程,从而简化了DRL学习任务。然后,我们设计了单步角色批判性DRL方案,该方案是最近DRL算法的简化版本,它可以成功地避免了Q值高估的问题。此外,考虑VVC的两个目标:最大程度地减少功率损耗并消除违反电压,我们利用两个批评家分别近似两个目标的回报。它简化了每个评论家的近似任务,并避免了评论家学习过程中两个目标之间的相互作用效果。 OSTC-DRL方法集成了单步角色批判性DRL方案和两批评技术。基于OSTC-DRL,我们设计了两种集中式DRL算法。此外,我们将OSTC-DRL扩展到分散的IB-VVC的多代理OSTC-DRL并设计两个多代理DRL算法。模拟表明,所提出的OSTC-DRL具有更快的收敛速度和更好的控制性能,并且多代理OSTC-DRL适用于分散的IB-VVC问题。
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本文解决了当参与需求响应(DR)时优化电动汽车(EV)的充电/排放时间表的问题。由于电动汽车的剩余能量,到达和出发时间以及未来的电价中存在不确定性,因此很难做出充电决定以最大程度地减少充电成本,同时保证电动汽车的电池最先进(SOC)在内某些范围。为了解决这一难题,本文将EV充电调度问题制定为Markov决策过程(CMDP)。通过协同结合增强的Lagrangian方法和软演员评论家算法,本文提出了一种新型安全的非政策钢筋学习方法(RL)方法来解决CMDP。通过Lagrangian值函数以策略梯度方式更新Actor网络。采用双重危机网络来同步估计动作值函数,以避免高估偏差。所提出的算法不需要强烈的凸度保证,可以保证被检查的问题,并且是有效的样本。现实世界中电价的全面数值实验表明,我们提出的算法可以实现高解决方案最佳性和约束依从性。
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将深度强化学习(DRL)扩展到多代理领域的研究已经解决了许多复杂的问题,并取得了重大成就。但是,几乎所有这些研究都只关注离散或连续的动作空间,而且很少有作品曾经使用过多代理的深度强化学习来实现现实世界中的环境问题,这些问题主要具有混合动作空间。因此,在本文中,我们提出了两种算法:深层混合软性角色批评(MAHSAC)和多代理混合杂种深层确定性政策梯度(MAHDDPG)来填补这一空白。这两种算法遵循集中式培训和分散执行(CTDE)范式,并可以解决混合动作空间问题。我们的经验在多代理粒子环境上运行,这是一个简单的多代理粒子世界,以及一些基本的模拟物理。实验结果表明,这些算法具有良好的性能。
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多代理深入的强化学习已应用于解决各种离散或连续动作空间的各种复杂问题,并取得了巨大的成功。但是,大多数实际环境不能仅通过离散的动作空间或连续的动作空间来描述。而且很少有作品曾经利用深入的加固学习(DRL)来解决混合动作空间的多代理问题。因此,我们提出了一种新颖的算法:深层混合软性角色 - 批评(MAHSAC)来填补这一空白。该算法遵循集中式训练但分散执行(CTDE)范式,并扩展软actor-Critic算法(SAC),以根据最大熵在多机构环境中处理混合动作空间问题。我们的经验在一个简单的多代理粒子世界上运行,具有连续的观察和离散的动作空间以及一些基本的模拟物理。实验结果表明,MAHSAC在训练速度,稳定性和抗干扰能力方面具有良好的性能。同时,它在合作场景和竞争性场景中胜过现有的独立深层学习方法。
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通过集中培训和分散执行的价值功能分解是有助于解决合作多功能协商强化任务的承诺。该地区QMIX的方法之一已成为最先进的,在星际争霸II微型管理基准上实现了最佳性能。然而,已知QMIX中每个代理估计的单调混合是限制它可以表示的关节动作Q值,以及单个代理价值函数估计的全局状态信息,通常导致子优相。为此,我们呈现LSF-SAC,这是一种新颖的框架,其具有基于变分推理的信息共享机制,作为额外的状态信息,以帮助在价值函数分子中提供各个代理。我们证明,这种潜在的个人状态信息共享可以显着扩展价值函数分解的力量,而通过软演员批评设计仍然可以在LSF-SAC中保持完全分散的执行。我们在星际争霸II微型管理挑战上评估LSF-SAC,并证明它在挑战协作任务方面优于几种最先进的方法。我们进一步设定了广泛的消融研究,以定位核算其绩效改进的关键因素。我们认为,这种新的洞察力可以导致新的地方价值估算方法和变分的深度学习算法。可以在https://sites.google.com/view/sacmm处找到演示视频和实现代码。
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许多现实世界的应用程序都可以作为多机构合作问题进行配置,例如网络数据包路由和自动驾驶汽车的协调。深入增强学习(DRL)的出现为通过代理和环境的相互作用提供了一种有前途的多代理合作方法。但是,在政策搜索过程中,传统的DRL解决方案遭受了多个代理具有连续动作空间的高维度。此外,代理商政策的动态性使训练非平稳。为了解决这些问题,我们建议采用高级决策和低水平的个人控制,以进行有效的政策搜索,提出一种分层增强学习方法。特别是,可以在高级离散的动作空间中有效地学习多个代理的合作。同时,低水平的个人控制可以减少为单格强化学习。除了分层增强学习外,我们还建议对手建模网络在学习过程中对其他代理的政策进行建模。与端到端的DRL方法相反,我们的方法通过以层次结构将整体任务分解为子任务来降低学习的复杂性。为了评估我们的方法的效率,我们在合作车道变更方案中进行了现实世界中的案例研究。模拟和现实世界实验都表明我们的方法在碰撞速度和收敛速度中的优越性。
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采用合理的策略是具有挑战性的,但对于智能代理商的智能代理人至关重要,其资源有限,在危险,非结构化和动态环境中工作,以改善系统实用性,降低整体成本并增加任务成功概率。深度强化学习(DRL)帮助组织代理的行为和基于其状态的行为,并代表复杂的策略(行动的组成)。本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯链条的新型分层策略分解方法,将复杂的政策分为几个简单的子手段,并将其作为贝叶斯战略网络(BSN)组织。我们将这种方法整合到最先进的DRL方法中,软演奏者 - 批评者(SAC),并通过组织几个子主管作为联合政策来构建相应的贝叶斯软演奏者(BSAC)模型。我们将建议的BSAC方法与标准连续控制基准(Hopper-V2,Walker2D-V2和Humanoid-V2)在SAC和其他最先进的方法(例如TD3,DDPG和PPO)中进行比较 - Mujoco与Openai健身房环境。结果表明,BSAC方法的有希望的潜力可显着提高训练效率。可以从https://github.com/herolab-uga/bsac访问BSAC的开源代码。
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Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.
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利用其数据驱动和无模型的功能,深入加强学习(DRL)算法有可能应对由于引入基于可再生能源的一代而导致的不确定性升高。要同时处理能源系统的运营成本和技术约束(例如,生成需求平衡),DRL算法在设计奖励功能时必须考虑权衡取舍。这种权衡引入了额外的超参数,这些超参数会影响DRL算法的性能和提供可行解决方案的能力。在本文中,介绍了包括DDPG,TD3,SAC和PPO在内的不同DRL算法的性能比较。我们旨在为能源系统最佳调度问题提供这些DRL算法的公平比较。结果表明,与能源系统最佳调度问题的数学编程模型相比,即使在看不见的操作场景中,DRL算法在实时良好质量解决方案中提供的能力也是如此。然而,在大量高峰消费的情况下,这些算法未能提供可行的解决方案,这可能会阻碍其实际实施。
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In value-based reinforcement learning methods such as deep Q-learning, function approximation errors are known to lead to overestimated value estimates and suboptimal policies. We show that this problem persists in an actor-critic setting and propose novel mechanisms to minimize its effects on both the actor and the critic. Our algorithm builds on Double Q-learning, by taking the minimum value between a pair of critics to limit overestimation. We draw the connection between target networks and overestimation bias, and suggest delaying policy updates to reduce per-update error and further improve performance. We evaluate our method on the suite of OpenAI gym tasks, outperforming the state of the art in every environment tested.
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智能能源网络提供了一种有效的手段,可容纳可变可再生能源(例如太阳能和风能)的高渗透率,这是能源生产深度脱碳的关键。但是,鉴于可再生能源以及能源需求的可变性,必须制定有效的控制和能源存储方案来管理可变的能源产生并实现所需的系统经济学和环境目标。在本文中,我们引入了由电池和氢能存储组成的混合储能系统,以处理与电价,可再生能源生产和消费有关的不确定性。我们旨在提高可再生能源利用率,并最大程度地减少能源成本和碳排放,同时确保网络内的能源可靠性和稳定性。为了实现这一目标,我们提出了一种多代理的深层确定性政策梯度方法,这是一种基于强化的基于强化学习的控制策略,可实时优化混合能源存储系统和能源需求的调度。提出的方法是无模型的,不需要明确的知识和智能能源网络环境的严格数学模型。基于现实世界数据的仿真结果表明:(i)混合储能系统和能源需求的集成和优化操作可将碳排放量减少78.69%,将成本节省的成本储蓄提高23.5%,可续订的能源利用率比13.2%以上。其他基线模型和(ii)所提出的算法优于最先进的自学习算法,例如Deep-Q网络。
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This paper presents a novel federated reinforcement learning (Fed-RL) methodology to enhance the cyber resiliency of networked microgrids. We formulate a resilient reinforcement learning (RL) training setup which (a) generates episodic trajectories injecting adversarial actions at primary control reference signals of the grid forming (GFM) inverters and (b) trains the RL agents (or controllers) to alleviate the impact of the injected adversaries. To circumvent data-sharing issues and concerns for proprietary privacy in multi-party-owned networked grids, we bring in the aspects of federated machine learning and propose a novel Fed-RL algorithm to train the RL agents. To this end, the conventional horizontal Fed-RL approaches using decoupled independent environments fail to capture the coupled dynamics in a networked microgrid, which leads us to propose a multi-agent vertically federated variation of actor-critic algorithms, namely federated soft actor-critic (FedSAC) algorithm. We created a customized simulation setup encapsulating microgrid dynamics in the GridLAB-D/HELICS co-simulation platform compatible with the OpenAI Gym interface for training RL agents. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated with numerical examples of modified IEEE 123-bus benchmark test systems consisting of three coupled microgrids.
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无模型的深度增强学习(RL)已成功应用于挑战连续控制域。然而,较差的样品效率可防止这些方法广泛用于现实世界领域。我们通过提出一种新的无模型算法,现实演员 - 评论家(RAC)来解决这个问题,旨在通过学习关于Q函数的各种信任的政策家庭来解决价值低估和高估之间的权衡。我们构建不确定性惩罚Q-Learning(UPQ),该Q-Learning(UPQ)使用多个批评者的合并来控制Q函数的估计偏差,使Q函数平稳地从低于更高的置信范围偏移。随着这些批评者的指导,RAC采用通用价值函数近似器(UVFA),同时使用相同的神经网络学习许多乐观和悲观的政策。乐观的政策会产生有效的探索行为,而悲观政策会降低价值高估的风险,以确保稳定的策略更新和Q函数。该方法可以包含任何违规的演员 - 评论家RL算法。我们的方法实现了10倍的样本效率和25 \%的性能改进与SAC在最具挑战性的人形环境中,获得了11107美元的集中奖励1107美元,价格为10 ^ 6美元。所有源代码都可以在https://github.com/ihuhuhu/rac获得。
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In the field of reinforcement learning, because of the high cost and risk of policy training in the real world, policies are trained in a simulation environment and transferred to the corresponding real-world environment. However, the simulation environment does not perfectly mimic the real-world environment, lead to model misspecification. Multiple studies report significant deterioration of policy performance in a real-world environment. In this study, we focus on scenarios involving a simulation environment with uncertainty parameters and the set of their possible values, called the uncertainty parameter set. The aim is to optimize the worst-case performance on the uncertainty parameter set to guarantee the performance in the corresponding real-world environment. To obtain a policy for the optimization, we propose an off-policy actor-critic approach called the Max-Min Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithm (M2TD3), which solves a max-min optimization problem using a simultaneous gradient ascent descent approach. Experiments in multi-joint dynamics with contact (MuJoCo) environments show that the proposed method exhibited a worst-case performance superior to several baseline approaches.
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The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.
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Reinforcement learning in multi-agent scenarios is important for real-world applications but presents challenges beyond those seen in singleagent settings. We present an actor-critic algorithm that trains decentralized policies in multiagent settings, using centrally computed critics that share an attention mechanism which selects relevant information for each agent at every timestep. This attention mechanism enables more effective and scalable learning in complex multiagent environments, when compared to recent approaches. Our approach is applicable not only to cooperative settings with shared rewards, but also individualized reward settings, including adversarial settings, as well as settings that do not provide global states, and it makes no assumptions about the action spaces of the agents. As such, it is flexible enough to be applied to most multi-agent learning problems.
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This article proposes a model-based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method to design emergency control strategies for short-term voltage stability problems in power systems. Recent advances show promising results in model-free DRL-based methods for power systems, but model-free methods suffer from poor sample efficiency and training time, both critical for making state-of-the-art DRL algorithms practically applicable. DRL-agent learns an optimal policy via a trial-and-error method while interacting with the real-world environment. And it is desirable to minimize the direct interaction of the DRL agent with the real-world power grid due to its safety-critical nature. Additionally, state-of-the-art DRL-based policies are mostly trained using a physics-based grid simulator where dynamic simulation is computationally intensive, lowering the training efficiency. We propose a novel model-based-DRL framework where a deep neural network (DNN)-based dynamic surrogate model, instead of a real-world power-grid or physics-based simulation, is utilized with the policy learning framework, making the process faster and sample efficient. However, stabilizing model-based DRL is challenging because of the complex system dynamics of large-scale power systems. We solved these issues by incorporating imitation learning to have a warm start in policy learning, reward-shaping, and multi-step surrogate loss. Finally, we achieved 97.5% sample efficiency and 87.7% training efficiency for an application to the IEEE 300-bus test system.
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不确定性量化是现实世界应用中机器学习的主要挑战之一。在强化学习中,一个代理人面对两种不确定性,称为认识论不确定性和态度不确定性。同时解开和评估这些不确定性,有机会提高代理商的最终表现,加速培训并促进部署后的质量保证。在这项工作中,我们为连续控制任务的不确定性感知强化学习算法扩展了深层确定性策略梯度算法(DDPG)。它利用了认识论的不确定性,以加快探索和不确定性来学习风险敏感的政策。我们进行数值实验,表明我们的DDPG变体在机器人控制和功率网络优化方面的基准任务中均优于香草DDPG而没有不确定性估计。
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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政策梯度方法在多智能体增强学习中变得流行,但由于存在环境随机性和探索代理(即非公平性​​),它们遭受了高度的差异,这可能因信用分配难度而受到困扰。结果,需要一种方法,该方法不仅能够有效地解决上述两个问题,而且需要足够强大地解决各种任务。为此,我们提出了一种新的多代理政策梯度方法,称为强大的本地优势(ROLA)演员 - 评论家。 Rola允许每个代理人将个人动作值函数作为当地评论家,以及通过基于集中评论家的新型集中培训方法来改善环境不良。通过使用此本地批评,每个代理都计算基准,以减少对其策略梯度估计的差异,这导致含有其他代理的预期优势动作值,这些选项可以隐式提高信用分配。我们在各种基准测试中评估ROLA,并在许多最先进的多代理政策梯度算法上显示其鲁棒性和有效性。
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