联合学习（FL）是一种新兴的范式，可实现对机器学习模型的大规模分布培训，同时仍提供隐私保证。在这项工作中，我们在将联合优化扩展到大节点计数时共同解决了两个主要的实际挑战：中央权威和单个计算节点之间紧密同步的需求以及中央服务器和客户端之间的传输成本较大。具体而言，我们提出了经典联合平均（FedAvg）算法的新变体，该算法支持异步通信和通信压缩。我们提供了一种新的分析技术，该技术表明，尽管有这些系统放松，但在合理的参数设置下，我们的算法基本上与FedAvg的最著名界限相匹配。在实验方面，我们表明我们的算法确保标准联合任务的快速实用收敛。

Federated learning is a distributed framework according to which a model is trained over a set of devices, while keeping data localized. This framework faces several systemsoriented challenges which include (i) communication bottleneck since a large number of devices upload their local updates to a parameter server, and (ii) scalability as the federated network consists of millions of devices. Due to these systems challenges as well as issues related to statistical heterogeneity of data and privacy concerns, designing a provably efficient federated learning method is of significant importance yet it remains challenging. In this paper, we present FedPAQ, a communication-efficient Federated Learning method with Periodic Averaging and Quantization. FedPAQ relies on three key features: (1) periodic averaging where models are updated locally at devices and only periodically averaged at the server; (2) partial device participation where only a fraction of devices participate in each round of the training; and (3) quantized messagepassing where the edge nodes quantize their updates before uploading to the parameter server. These features address the communications and scalability challenges in federated learning. We also show that FedPAQ achieves near-optimal theoretical guarantees for strongly convex and non-convex loss functions and empirically demonstrate the communication-computation tradeoff provided by our method.

Parallel implementations of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) have received significant research attention, thanks to its excellent scalability properties. A fundamental barrier when parallelizing SGD is the high bandwidth cost of communicating gradient updates between nodes; consequently, several lossy compresion heuristics have been proposed, by which nodes only communicate quantized gradients. Although effective in practice, these heuristics do not always converge. In this paper, we propose Quantized SGD (QSGD), a family of compression schemes with convergence guarantees and good practical performance. QSGD allows the user to smoothly trade off communication bandwidth and convergence time: nodes can adjust the number of bits sent per iteration, at the cost of possibly higher variance. We show that this trade-off is inherent, in the sense that improving it past some threshold would violate information-theoretic lower bounds. QSGD guarantees convergence for convex and non-convex objectives, under asynchrony, and can be extended to stochastic variance-reduced techniques. When applied to training deep neural networks for image classification and automated speech recognition, QSGD leads to significant reductions in end-to-end training time. For instance, on 16GPUs, we can train the ResNet-152 network to full accuracy on ImageNet 1.8× faster than the full-precision variant. time to the same target accuracy is 2.7×. Further, even computationally-heavy architectures such as Inception and ResNet can benefit from the reduction in communication: on 16GPUs, QSGD reduces the end-to-end convergence time of ResNet152 by approximately 2×. Networks trained with QSGD can converge to virtually the same accuracy as full-precision variants, and that gradient quantization may even slightly improve accuracy in some settings. Related Work. One line of related research studies the communication complexity of convex optimization. In particular, [40] studied two-processor convex minimization in the same model, provided a lower bound of Ω(n(log n + log(1/ ))) bits on the communication cost of n-dimensional convex problems, and proposed a non-stochastic algorithm for strongly convex problems, whose communication cost is within a log factor of the lower bound. By contrast, our focus is on stochastic gradient methods. Recent work [5] focused on round complexity lower bounds on the number of communication rounds necessary for convex learning.Buckwild! [10] was the first to consider the convergence guarantees of low-precision SGD. It gave upper bounds on the error probability of SGD, assuming unbiased stochastic quantization, convexity, and gradient sparsity, and showed significant speedup when solving convex problems on CPUs. QSGD refines these results by focusing on the trade-off between communication and convergence. We view quantization as an independent source of variance for SGD, which allows us to employ standard convergence results [7]. The main differences from Buckw

数据异构联合学习（FL）系统遭受了两个重要的收敛误差来源：1）客户漂移错误是由于在客户端执行多个局部优化步骤而引起的，以及2）部分客户参与错误，这是一个事实，仅一小部分子集边缘客户参加每轮培训。我们发现其中，只有前者在文献中受到了极大的关注。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了FedVarp，这是在服务器上应用的一种新颖的差异算法，它消除了由于部分客户参与而导致的错误。为此，服务器只是将每个客户端的最新更新保持在内存中，并将其用作每回合中非参与客户的替代更新。此外，为了减轻服务器上的内存需求，我们提出了一种新颖的基于聚类的方差降低算法clusterfedvarp。与以前提出的方法不同，FedVarp和ClusterFedVarp均不需要在客户端上进行其他计算或其他优化参数的通信。通过广泛的实验，我们表明FedVarp优于最先进的方法，而ClusterFedVarp实现了与FedVarp相当的性能，并且记忆要求较少。

联合学习（FL）是一种机器学习范式，可从仍在设备上的分散数据中分发机器学习模型。尽管标准联合优化方法取得了成功，例如FL中的联邦平均（FedAvg），但在文献中，能源需求和硬件诱导的限制因素尚未得到足够的考虑。具体而言，对设备学习的基本需求是，根据整个联邦的能源需求和异质硬件设计，可以将经过训练的模型量化为各种位宽度。在这项工作中，我们介绍了多种联邦平均算法的多种变体，这些算法训练神经网络可靠地进行量化。这样的网络可以量化为各种位宽度，只有有限的精确模型精度降低有限。我们对标准FL基准测试进行了广泛的实验，以评估我们提出的FedAvg变体以量化稳健性，并为我们的fl中的量化变体提供收敛分析。我们的结果表明，整合量化鲁棒性会导致在量化的在设备推断期间，对不同的位宽度明显更健壮的FL模型。

隐私和沟通效率是联邦神经网络培训中的重要挑战，并将它们组合仍然是一个公开的问题。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种统一高度压缩通信和差异隐私（DP）的方法。我们引入基于相对熵编码（REC）到联合设置的压缩技术。通过对REC进行微小的修改，我们获得了一种可怕的私立学习算法，DP-REC，并展示了如何计算其隐私保证。我们的实验表明，DP-REC大大降低了通信成本，同时提供与最先进的隐私保证。

我们提出了一个新颖的框架，以研究异步联合学习优化，并在梯度更新中延迟。我们的理论框架通过引入随机聚合权重来表示客户更新时间的可变性，从而扩展了标准的FedAvg聚合方案，例如异质硬件功能。我们的形式主义适用于客户具有异质数据集并至少执行随机梯度下降（SGD）的一步。我们证明了这种方案的收敛性，并为相关最小值提供了足够的条件，使其成为联邦问题的最佳选择。我们表明，我们的一般框架适用于现有的优化方案，包括集中学习，FedAvg，异步FedAvg和FedBuff。这里提供的理论允许绘制有意义的指南，以设计在异质条件下的联合学习实验。特别是，我们在这项工作中开发了FedFix，这是FedAvg的新型扩展，从而实现了有效的异步联合训练，同时保留了同步聚合的收敛稳定性。我们在一系列实验上凭经验证明了我们的理论，表明异步FedAvg以稳定性为代价导致快速收敛，我们最终证明了FedFix比同步和异步FedAvg的改善。

与训练数据中心的训练传统机器学习（ML）模型相反，联合学习（FL）训练ML模型，这些模型在资源受限的异质边缘设备上包含的本地数据集上。现有的FL算法旨在为所有参与的设备学习一个单一的全球模型，这对于所有参与培训的设备可能没有帮助，这是由于整个设备的数据的异质性。最近，Hanzely和Richt \'{A} Rik（2020）提出了一种新的配方，以培训个性化的FL模型，旨在平衡传统的全球模型与本地模型之间的权衡，该模型可以使用其私人数据对单个设备进行培训只要。他们得出了一种称为无环梯度下降（L2GD）的新算法，以解决该算法，并表明该算法会在需要更多个性化的情况下，可以改善沟通复杂性。在本文中，我们为其L2GD算法配备了双向压缩机制，以进一步减少本地设备和服务器之间的通信瓶颈。与FL设置中使用的其他基于压缩的算法不同，我们的压缩L2GD算法在概率通信协议上运行，在概率通信协议中，通信不会按固定的时间表进行。此外，我们的压缩L2GD算法在没有压缩的情况下保持与香草SGD相似的收敛速率。为了验证算法的效率，我们在凸和非凸问题上都进行了多种数值实验，并使用各种压缩技术。

分布式平均值估计（DME）是联邦学习中的一个中央构建块，客户将本地梯度发送到参数服务器，以平均和更新模型。由于通信限制，客户经常使用有损压缩技术来压缩梯度，从而导致估计不准确。当客户拥有多种网络条件（例如限制的通信预算和数据包损失）时，DME更具挑战性。在这种情况下，DME技术通常会导致估计误差显着增加，从而导致学习绩效退化。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种名为Eden的强大DME技术，该技术自然会处理异质通信预算和数据包损失。我们为伊甸园提供了有吸引力的理论保证，并通过经验进行评估。我们的结果表明，伊甸园对最先进的DME技术持续改进。

In federated optimization, heterogeneity in the clients' local datasets and computation speeds results in large variations in the number of local updates performed by each client in each communication round. Naive weighted aggregation of such models causes objective inconsistency, that is, the global model converges to a stationary point of a mismatched objective function which can be arbitrarily different from the true objective. This paper provides a general framework to analyze the convergence of federated heterogeneous optimization algorithms. It subsumes previously proposed methods such as FedAvg and FedProx and provides the first principled understanding of the solution bias and the convergence slowdown due to objective inconsistency. Using insights from this analysis, we propose Fed-Nova, a normalized averaging method that eliminates objective inconsistency while preserving fast error convergence.

在这项工作中，我们提出了FedSSO，这是一种用于联合学习的服务器端二阶优化方法（FL）。与以前朝这个方向的工作相反，我们在准牛顿方法中采用了服务器端近似，而无需客户的任何培训数据。通过这种方式，我们不仅将计算负担从客户端转移到服务器，而且还消除了客户和服务器之间二阶更新的附加通信。我们为我们的新方法的收敛提供了理论保证，并从经验上证明了我们在凸面和非凸面设置中的快速收敛和沟通节省。

Federated Learning是一种机器学习培训范式，它使客户能够共同培训模型而无需共享自己的本地化数据。但是，实践中联合学习的实施仍然面临许多挑战，例如由于重复的服务器 - 客户同步以及基于SGD的模型更新缺乏适应性，大型通信开销。尽管已经提出了各种方法来通过梯度压缩或量化来降低通信成本，并且提出了联合版本的自适应优化器（例如FedAdam）来增加适应性，目前的联合学习框架仍然无法立即解决上述挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种具有理论融合保证的新型沟通自适应联合学习方法（FedCAMS）。我们表明，在非convex随机优化设置中，我们提出的fedcams的收敛率与$ o（\ frac {1} {\ sqrt {tkm}}）$与其非压缩的对应物相同。各种基准的广泛实验验证了我们的理论分析。

由于客户端的通信资源有限和大量的模型参数，大规模分布式学习任务遭受通信瓶颈。梯度压缩是通过传输压缩梯度来减少通信负载的有效方法。由于在随机梯度下降的情况下，相邻轮的梯度可能具有高相关，因为他们希望学习相同的模型，提出了一种用于联合学习的实用梯度压缩方案，它使用历史梯度来压缩梯度并且基于Wyner-Ziv编码但没有任何概率的假设。我们还在实时数据集上实现了我们的渐变量化方法，我们的方法的性能优于前一个方案。

Federated Averaging (FEDAVG) has emerged as the algorithm of choice for federated learning due to its simplicity and low communication cost. However, in spite of recent research efforts, its performance is not fully understood. We obtain tight convergence rates for FEDAVG and prove that it suffers from 'client-drift' when the data is heterogeneous (non-iid), resulting in unstable and slow convergence.As a solution, we propose a new algorithm (SCAFFOLD) which uses control variates (variance reduction) to correct for the 'client-drift' in its local updates. We prove that SCAFFOLD requires significantly fewer communication rounds and is not affected by data heterogeneity or client sampling. Further, we show that (for quadratics) SCAFFOLD can take advantage of similarity in the client's data yielding even faster convergence. The latter is the first result to quantify the usefulness of local-steps in distributed optimization.

众所周知，客户师沟通可能是联邦学习中的主要瓶颈。在这项工作中，我们通过一种新颖的客户端采样方案解决了这个问题，我们将允许的客户数量限制为将其更新传达给主节点的数量。在每个通信回合中，所有参与的客户都会计算他们的更新，但只有具有“重要”更新的客户可以与主人通信。我们表明，可以仅使用更新的规范来衡量重要性，并提供一个公式以最佳客户参与。此公式将所有客户参与的完整更新与我们有限的更新（参与客户数量受到限制）之间的距离最小化。此外，我们提供了一种简单的算法，该算法近似于客户参与的最佳公式，该公式仅需要安全的聚合，因此不会损害客户的隐私。我们在理论上和经验上都表明，对于分布式SGD（DSGD）和联合平均（FedAvg），我们的方法的性能可以接近完全参与，并且优于基线，在参与客户均匀地采样的基线。此外，我们的方法与现有的减少通信开销（例如本地方法和通信压缩方法）的现有方法兼容。

Federated learning (FL) is an effective technique to directly involve edge devices in machine learning training while preserving client privacy. However, the substantial communication overhead of FL makes training challenging when edge devices have limited network bandwidth. Existing work to optimize FL bandwidth overlooks downstream transmission and does not account for FL client sampling. In this paper we propose GlueFL, a framework that incorporates new client sampling and model compression algorithms to mitigate low download bandwidths of FL clients. GlueFL prioritizes recently used clients and bounds the number of changed positions in compression masks in each round. Across three popular FL datasets and three state-of-the-art strategies, GlueFL reduces downstream client bandwidth by 27% on average and reduces training time by 29% on average.

Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm in which a large number of clients coordinate with a central server to learn a model without sharing their own training data. Standard federated optimization methods such as Federated Averaging (FEDAVG) are often difficult to tune and exhibit unfavorable convergence behavior. In non-federated settings, adaptive optimization methods have had notable success in combating such issues. In this work, we propose federated versions of adaptive optimizers, including ADAGRAD, ADAM, and YOGI, and analyze their convergence in the presence of heterogeneous data for general nonconvex settings. Our results highlight the interplay between client heterogeneity and communication efficiency. We also perform extensive experiments on these methods and show that the use of adaptive optimizers can significantly improve the performance of federated learning.

可扩展性和隐私是交叉设备联合学习（FL）系统的两个关键问题。在这项工作中，我们确定了FL中的客户端更新的同步流动聚合不能高效地缩放到几百个并行培训之外。它导致ModelPerforce和训练速度的回报递减，Ampanysto大批量培训。另一方面，FL（即异步FL）中的客户端更新的异步聚合减轻了可扩展性问题。但是，聚合个性链子更新与安全聚合不兼容，这可能导致系统的不良隐私水平。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种新颖的缓冲异步聚合方法FedBuff，这是不可知的优化器的选择，并结合了同步和异步FL的最佳特性。我们经验证明FEDBuff比同步FL更有效，比异步FL效率更高3.3倍，同时兼容保留保护技术，如安全聚合和差异隐私。我们在平滑的非凸设置中提供理论融合保证。最后，我们显示在差异私有培训下，FedBuff可以在低隐私设置下占FEDAVGM并实现更高隐私设置的相同实用程序。

联合学习（FL）算法通常在每个圆数（部分参与）大并且服务器的通信带宽有限时对每个轮子（部分参与）进行分数。近期对FL的收敛分析的作品专注于无偏见的客户采样，例如，随机均匀地采样，由于高度的系统异质性和统计异质性而均匀地采样。本文旨在设计一种自适应客户采样算法，可以解决系统和统计异质性，以最小化壁时钟收敛时间。我们获得了具有任意客户端采样概率的流动算法的新的遗传融合。基于界限，我们分析了建立了总学习时间和采样概率之间的关系，这导致了用于训练时间最小化的非凸优化问题。我们设计一种高效的算法来学习收敛绑定中未知参数，并开发低复杂性算法以大致解决非凸面问题。硬件原型和仿真的实验结果表明，与几个基线采样方案相比，我们所提出的采样方案显着降低了收敛时间。值得注意的是，我们的硬件原型的方案比均匀的采样基线花费73％，以达到相同的目标损失。

As a novel distributed learning paradigm, federated learning (FL) faces serious challenges in dealing with massive clients with heterogeneous data distribution and computation and communication resources. Various client-variance-reduction schemes and client sampling strategies have been respectively introduced to improve the robustness of FL. Among others, primal-dual algorithms such as the alternating direction of method multipliers (ADMM) have been found being resilient to data distribution and outperform most of the primal-only FL algorithms. However, the reason behind remains a mystery still. In this paper, we firstly reveal the fact that the federated ADMM is essentially a client-variance-reduced algorithm. While this explains the inherent robustness of federated ADMM, the vanilla version of it lacks the ability to be adaptive to the degree of client heterogeneity. Besides, the global model at the server under client sampling is biased which slows down the practical convergence. To go beyond ADMM, we propose a novel primal-dual FL algorithm, termed FedVRA, that allows one to adaptively control the variance-reduction level and biasness of the global model. In addition, FedVRA unifies several representative FL algorithms in the sense that they are either special instances of FedVRA or are close to it. Extensions of FedVRA to semi/un-supervised learning are also presented. Experiments based on (semi-)supervised image classification tasks demonstrate superiority of FedVRA over the existing schemes in learning scenarios with massive heterogeneous clients and client sampling.