数据异构联合学习(FL)系统遭受了两个重要的收敛误差来源:1)客户漂移错误是由于在客户端执行多个局部优化步骤而引起的,以及2)部分客户参与错误,这是一个事实,仅一小部分子集边缘客户参加每轮培训。我们发现其中,只有前者在文献中受到了极大的关注。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了FedVarp,这是在服务器上应用的一种新颖的差异算法,它消除了由于部分客户参与而导致的错误。为此,服务器只是将每个客户端的最新更新保持在内存中,并将其用作每回合中非参与客户的替代更新。此外,为了减轻服务器上的内存需求,我们提出了一种新颖的基于聚类的方差降低算法clusterfedvarp。与以前提出的方法不同,FedVarp和ClusterFedVarp均不需要在客户端上进行其他计算或其他优化参数的通信。通过广泛的实验,我们表明FedVarp优于最先进的方法,而ClusterFedVarp实现了与FedVarp相当的性能,并且记忆要求较少。
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Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm in which a large number of clients coordinate with a central server to learn a model without sharing their own training data. Standard federated optimization methods such as Federated Averaging (FEDAVG) are often difficult to tune and exhibit unfavorable convergence behavior. In non-federated settings, adaptive optimization methods have had notable success in combating such issues. In this work, we propose federated versions of adaptive optimizers, including ADAGRAD, ADAM, and YOGI, and analyze their convergence in the presence of heterogeneous data for general nonconvex settings. Our results highlight the interplay between client heterogeneity and communication efficiency. We also perform extensive experiments on these methods and show that the use of adaptive optimizers can significantly improve the performance of federated learning.
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从经验上证明,在跨客户聚集之前应用多个本地更新的实践是克服联合学习(FL)中的通信瓶颈的成功方法。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种通用食谱,即FedShuffle,可以更好地利用FL中的本地更新,尤其是在异质性方面。与许多先前的作品不同,FedShuffle在每个设备的更新数量上没有任何统一性。我们的FedShuffle食谱包括四种简单的功能成分:1)数据的本地改组,2)调整本地学习率,3)更新加权,4)减少动量方差(Cutkosky and Orabona,2019年)。我们对FedShuffle进行了全面的理论分析,并表明从理论和经验上讲,我们的方法都不遭受FL方法中存在的目标功能不匹配的障碍,这些方法假设在异质FL设置中,例如FedAvg(McMahan等人,McMahan等, 2017)。此外,通过将上面的成分结合起来,FedShuffle在Fednova上改善(Wang等,2020),以前提议解决此不匹配。我们还表明,在Hessian相似性假设下,通过降低动量方差的FedShuffle可以改善非本地方法。最后,通过对合成和现实世界数据集的实验,我们说明了FedShuffle中使用的四种成分中的每种如何有助于改善FL中局部更新的使用。
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As a novel distributed learning paradigm, federated learning (FL) faces serious challenges in dealing with massive clients with heterogeneous data distribution and computation and communication resources. Various client-variance-reduction schemes and client sampling strategies have been respectively introduced to improve the robustness of FL. Among others, primal-dual algorithms such as the alternating direction of method multipliers (ADMM) have been found being resilient to data distribution and outperform most of the primal-only FL algorithms. However, the reason behind remains a mystery still. In this paper, we firstly reveal the fact that the federated ADMM is essentially a client-variance-reduced algorithm. While this explains the inherent robustness of federated ADMM, the vanilla version of it lacks the ability to be adaptive to the degree of client heterogeneity. Besides, the global model at the server under client sampling is biased which slows down the practical convergence. To go beyond ADMM, we propose a novel primal-dual FL algorithm, termed FedVRA, that allows one to adaptively control the variance-reduction level and biasness of the global model. In addition, FedVRA unifies several representative FL algorithms in the sense that they are either special instances of FedVRA or are close to it. Extensions of FedVRA to semi/un-supervised learning are also presented. Experiments based on (semi-)supervised image classification tasks demonstrate superiority of FedVRA over the existing schemes in learning scenarios with massive heterogeneous clients and client sampling.
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Federated Averaging (FEDAVG) has emerged as the algorithm of choice for federated learning due to its simplicity and low communication cost. However, in spite of recent research efforts, its performance is not fully understood. We obtain tight convergence rates for FEDAVG and prove that it suffers from 'client-drift' when the data is heterogeneous (non-iid), resulting in unstable and slow convergence.As a solution, we propose a new algorithm (SCAFFOLD) which uses control variates (variance reduction) to correct for the 'client-drift' in its local updates. We prove that SCAFFOLD requires significantly fewer communication rounds and is not affected by data heterogeneity or client sampling. Further, we show that (for quadratics) SCAFFOLD can take advantage of similarity in the client's data yielding even faster convergence. The latter is the first result to quantify the usefulness of local-steps in distributed optimization.
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虽然客户的采样是当前最先进的联邦学习(FL)方法的核心运营,但该程序对迄今为止的迄今为止迄今为止的收敛和速度的影响。在这项工作中,我们为FL的收敛介绍了一种新颖的分解定理,允许清楚地量化客户对全局模型更新的影响。与之前的收敛分析相反,我们的定理提供了给定的收敛步骤的精确分解,从而能够准确考虑客户端采样和异质性的作用。首先,我们为先前报告的结果提供了一种理论基础,从收敛性与聚集权重之间的关系之间的关系。其次,我们首次证明了FL收敛的质量也受到聚集重量之间产生的协方差的影响。第三,我们建立了聚集权重的总和是另一个减速的来源,应该等于1来提高流动速度。我们的理论是一般性的,这里申请了多项分布(MD)和统一采样,在FL中的两个默认客户端采样,并通过一系列非IID和不平衡情景进行了演示。我们的结果表明,MD采样应用作默认采样方案,因为在学习过程中的数据比变化的恢复,而统一的采样仅在客户端具有相同数量的数据时才是优越的。
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Federated Learning(FL)是一个出色的分布式机器学习框架,因为它在数据隐私和沟通效率方面的好处。由于由于资源的限制,在许多情况下的全面客户参与是不可行的,因此已经研究了部分参与算法,该算法主动选择/采样了一部分客户的子集,旨在实现接近全面参与案例的学习绩效。本文研究了一种被动的部分客户参与方案,该场景知之甚少,其中部分参与是外部事件的结果,即客户辍学,而不是FL算法的决定。我们将fl与客户辍学者一起作为特殊情况,即较大的FL问题,客户可以在其中提交替代(可能不准确)本地模型更新。基于我们的收敛分析,我们开发了一种新的算法FL-FDM,该算法会发现客户的朋友(即数据分布相似的客户),并使用朋友的本地更新作为辍学客户的替代品,从而减少替换错误并改善收敛性能。复杂性降低机制也被纳入FL-FDMS,使其在理论上是合理的,而且实际上有用。关于MNIST和CIFAR-10的实验证实了FL-FDM在处理FL中辍学时的出色性能。
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Federated Learning是一种机器学习培训范式,它使客户能够共同培训模型而无需共享自己的本地化数据。但是,实践中联合学习的实施仍然面临许多挑战,例如由于重复的服务器 - 客户同步以及基于SGD的模型更新缺乏适应性,大型通信开销。尽管已经提出了各种方法来通过梯度压缩或量化来降低通信成本,并且提出了联合版本的自适应优化器(例如FedAdam)来增加适应性,目前的联合学习框架仍然无法立即解决上述挑战。在本文中,我们提出了一种具有理论融合保证的新型沟通自适应联合学习方法(FedCAMS)。我们表明,在非convex随机优化设置中,我们提出的fedcams的收敛率与$ o(\ frac {1} {\ sqrt {tkm}})$与其非压缩的对应物相同。各种基准的广泛实验验证了我们的理论分析。
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In federated optimization, heterogeneity in the clients' local datasets and computation speeds results in large variations in the number of local updates performed by each client in each communication round. Naive weighted aggregation of such models causes objective inconsistency, that is, the global model converges to a stationary point of a mismatched objective function which can be arbitrarily different from the true objective. This paper provides a general framework to analyze the convergence of federated heterogeneous optimization algorithms. It subsumes previously proposed methods such as FedAvg and FedProx and provides the first principled understanding of the solution bias and the convergence slowdown due to objective inconsistency. Using insights from this analysis, we propose Fed-Nova, a normalized averaging method that eliminates objective inconsistency while preserving fast error convergence.
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当今部署在边缘网络上的联合学习(FL)系统由大量在数据和/或计算能力中具有高度异质性的工人组成,这些工人要求在时间,努力,数据异质性等方面参加灵活的工作者参与为了满足灵活的工人参与的需求,我们考虑了一种新的FL范式,称为“无政府状态联邦学习”(AFL)(AFL)。与常规FL模型形成鲜明对比的是,AFL中的每个工人都可以自由选择i)何时参加FL,ii)根据当前情况(例如,电池,通信,电池级别,通信渠道,隐私问题)。但是,AFL中这种混乱的工人行为在算法设计中引发了许多新的开放问题。特别是,尚不清楚是否可以开发收敛的AFL训练算法,如果是的,则在什么条件下以及可实现的收敛速度的速度下。为此,我们提出了两种无政府状态的联合平均(AFA)算法,分别命名为AFA-CD和AFA-CS的跨设备和跨核心设置的双向学习率。令人惊讶的是,我们表明,在轻度的无政府状态假设下,这两种AFL算法都达到了最著名的收敛速率,作为常规FL的最新算法。此外,它们保留了新的AFL范式中的工人数量和本地步骤,保留了高度可取的{\ em线性加速效应}。我们通过对现实世界数据集进行广泛的实验来验证提出的算法。
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Data heterogeneity across clients is a key challenge in federated learning. Prior works address this by either aligning client and server models or using control variates to correct client model drift. Although these methods achieve fast convergence in convex or simple non-convex problems, the performance in over-parameterized models such as deep neural networks is lacking. In this paper, we first revisit the widely used FedAvg algorithm in a deep neural network to understand how data heterogeneity influences the gradient updates across the neural network layers. We observe that while the feature extraction layers are learned efficiently by FedAvg, the substantial diversity of the final classification layers across clients impedes the performance. Motivated by this, we propose to correct model drift by variance reduction only on the final layers. We demonstrate that this significantly outperforms existing benchmarks at a similar or lower communication cost. We furthermore provide proof for the convergence rate of our algorithm.
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在这项工作中,我们提出了FedSSO,这是一种用于联合学习的服务器端二阶优化方法(FL)。与以前朝这个方向的工作相反,我们在准牛顿方法中采用了服务器端近似,而无需客户的任何培训数据。通过这种方式,我们不仅将计算负担从客户端转移到服务器,而且还消除了客户和服务器之间二阶更新的附加通信。我们为我们的新方法的收敛提供了理论保证,并从经验上证明了我们在凸面和非凸面设置中的快速收敛和沟通节省。
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标准联合优化方法成功地适用于单层结构的随机问题。然而,许多当代的ML问题 - 包括对抗性鲁棒性,超参数调整和参与者 - 批判性 - 属于嵌套的双层编程,这些编程包含微型型和组成优化。在这项工作中,我们提出了\ fedblo:一种联合交替的随机梯度方法来解决一般的嵌套问题。我们在存在异质数据的情况下为\ fedblo建立了可证明的收敛速率,并引入了二聚体,最小值和组成优化的变化。\ fedblo引入了多种创新,包括联邦高级计算和降低方差,以解决内部级别的异质性。我们通过有关超参数\&超代理学习和最小值优化的实验来补充我们的理论,以证明我们方法在实践中的好处。代码可在https://github.com/ucr-optml/fednest上找到。
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联合学习(FL)旨在最大程度地减少培训模型的沟通复杂性,而不是在许多客户中分发的异质数据。一种常见的方法是本地方法,在与服务器通信之前,客户端在本地数据(例如FedAvg)之前对本地数据进行了多个优化步骤。本地方法可以利用客户数据之间的相似性。但是,在现有的分析中,这是以依赖对通信的数量的依赖为代价的。另一方面,全球方法,客户只是在每个回合中返回梯度向量(例如,SGD) ,以R的速度更快,但即使客户均匀,也无法利用客户之间的相似性。我们提出了FedChain,这是一种算法框架,结合了本地方法和全球方法的优势,以实现R的快速收敛,同时利用客户之间的相似性。使用Fedchain,我们实例化了在一般凸和PL设置中先前已知的速率改进的算法,并且在满足强凸度的问题方面几乎是最佳的(通过我们显示的算法独立的下限)。经验结果支持现有方法的理论增益。
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可扩展性和隐私是交叉设备联合学习(FL)系统的两个关键问题。在这项工作中,我们确定了FL中的客户端更新的同步流动聚合不能高效地缩放到几百个并行培训之外。它导致ModelPerforce和训练速度的回报递减,Ampanysto大批量培训。另一方面,FL(即异步FL)中的客户端更新的异步聚合减轻了可扩展性问题。但是,聚合个性链子更新与安全聚合不兼容,这可能导致系统的不良隐私水平。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种新颖的缓冲异步聚合方法FedBuff,这是不可知的优化器的选择,并结合了同步和异步FL的最佳特性。我们经验证明FEDBuff比同步FL更有效,比异步FL效率更高3.3倍,同时兼容保留保护技术,如安全聚合和差异隐私。我们在平滑的非凸设置中提供理论融合保证。最后,我们显示在差异私有培训下,FedBuff可以在低隐私设置下占FEDAVGM并实现更高隐私设置的相同实用程序。
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我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以研究异步联合学习优化,并在梯度更新中延迟。我们的理论框架通过引入随机聚合权重来表示客户更新时间的可变性,从而扩展了标准的FedAvg聚合方案,例如异质硬件功能。我们的形式主义适用于客户具有异质数据集并至少执行随机梯度下降(SGD)的一步。我们证明了这种方案的收敛性,并为相关最小值提供了足够的条件,使其成为联邦问题的最佳选择。我们表明,我们的一般框架适用于现有的优化方案,包括集中学习,FedAvg,异步FedAvg和FedBuff。这里提供的理论允许绘制有意义的指南,以设计在异质条件下的联合学习实验。特别是,我们在这项工作中开发了FedFix,这是FedAvg的新型扩展,从而实现了有效的异步联合训练,同时保留了同步聚合的收敛稳定性。我们在一系列实验上凭经验证明了我们的理论,表明异步FedAvg以稳定性为代价导致快速收敛,我们最终证明了FedFix比同步和异步FedAvg的改善。
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Federated learning (FL) is a decentralized and privacy-preserving machine learning technique in which a group of clients collaborate with a server to learn a global model without sharing clients' data. One challenge associated with FL is statistical diversity among clients, which restricts the global model from delivering good performance on each client's task. To address this, we propose an algorithm for personalized FL (pFedMe) using Moreau envelopes as clients' regularized loss functions, which help decouple personalized model optimization from the global model learning in a bi-level problem stylized for personalized FL. Theoretically, we show that pFedMe's convergence rate is state-of-the-art: achieving quadratic speedup for strongly convex and sublinear speedup of order 2/3 for smooth nonconvex objectives. Experimentally, we verify that pFedMe excels at empirical performance compared with the vanilla FedAvg and Per-FedAvg, a meta-learning based personalized FL algorithm.
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在最新的联合学习研究(FL)的研究中,广泛采用了客户选择方案来处理沟通效率的问题。但是,从随机选择的非代表性子集汇总的模型更新的较大差异直接减慢了FL收敛性。我们提出了一种新型的基于聚类的客户选择方案,以通过降低方差加速FL收敛。简单而有效的方案旨在改善聚类效果并控制效果波动,因此,以采样的一定代表性生成客户子集。从理论上讲,我们证明了降低方差方案的改进。由于差异的差异,我们还提供了提出方法的更严格的收敛保证。实验结果证实了与替代方案相比,我们计划的效率超出了效率。
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联合学习(FL)是一种新兴学习范例,可以通过确保边缘设备上的客户端数据局部性来保护隐私。由于学习系统的多样性和异质性,FL的优化在实践中具有挑战性。尽管最近的研究努力改善异构数据的优化,但时间不断变化的异构数据在现实世界方案中的影响,例如改变客户数据或在训练期间留下或离开的间歇性客户,并未得到很好地研究。在这项工作中,我们提出了持续的联邦学习(CFL),灵活的框架,以捕获FL的时间不正常性。 CFL涵盖复杂和现实的情景 - 在之前的流派中评估了挑战 - 通过提取过去的本地数据集的信息并近似当地目标函数。从理论上讲,我们证明CFL方法在时间不断发展的场景中实现了比\ FEDAVG更快的会聚率,其中益处依赖于近似质量。在一系列实验中,我们表明数值调查结果与收敛分析相匹配,CFL方法显着优于其他SOTA FL基线。
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To lower the communication complexity of federated min-max learning, a natural approach is to utilize the idea of infrequent communications (through multiple local updates) same as in conventional federated learning. However, due to the more complicated inter-outer problem structure in federated min-max learning, theoretical understandings of communication complexity for federated min-max learning with infrequent communications remain very limited in the literature. This is particularly true for settings with non-i.i.d. datasets and partial client participation. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose a new algorithmic framework called stochastic sampling averaging gradient descent ascent (SAGDA), which i) assembles stochastic gradient estimators from randomly sampled clients as control variates and ii) leverages two learning rates on both server and client sides. We show that SAGDA achieves a linear speedup in terms of both the number of clients and local update steps, which yields an $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-2})$ communication complexity that is orders of magnitude lower than the state of the art. Interestingly, by noting that the standard federated stochastic gradient descent ascent (FSGDA) is in fact a control-variate-free special version of SAGDA, we immediately arrive at an $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-2})$ communication complexity result for FSGDA. Therefore, through the lens of SAGDA, we also advance the current understanding on communication complexity of the standard FSGDA method for federated min-max learning.
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