在科学和气象观点来看，具有潜在的健康和安全危害，如火山地区，难以访问或挑战区域的覆盖范围。该地区内容包含的地区通常提供不同重视的有价值信息。我们提出了一种算法，可以用无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）在Hawai`i中最佳地覆盖火山区域。目标区域被分配，具有不均匀的覆盖范围分配。对于UAV的指定电池容量，优化问题会寻求最大化总覆盖范围和累计重要评分的路径，同时惩罚同一区域的重新审视。基于可用的电源和覆盖信息图，轨迹是为无人机而离线生成的。最佳轨迹最小化未注册的电池电量，同时执行UAV返回其起始位置。通过使用顺序二次编程来解决这种多目标优化问题。讨论了竞争优化问题的细节以及分析和仿真结果，以证明所提出的算法的适用性。

The deployment flexibility and maneuverability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) increased their adoption in various applications, such as wildfire tracking, border monitoring, etc. In many critical applications, UAVs capture images and other sensory data and then send the captured data to remote servers for inference and data processing tasks. However, this approach is not always practical in real-time applications due to the connection instability, limited bandwidth, and end-to-end latency. One promising solution is to divide the inference requests into multiple parts (layers or segments), with each part being executed in a different UAV based on the available resources. Furthermore, some applications require the UAVs to traverse certain areas and capture incidents; thus, planning their paths becomes critical particularly, to reduce the latency of making the collaborative inference process. Specifically, planning the UAVs trajectory can reduce the data transmission latency by communicating with devices in the same proximity while mitigating the transmission interference. This work aims to design a model for distributed collaborative inference requests and path planning in a UAV swarm while respecting the resource constraints due to the computational load and memory usage of the inference requests. The model is formulated as an optimization problem and aims to minimize latency. The formulated problem is NP-hard so finding the optimal solution is quite complex; thus, this paper introduces a real-time and dynamic solution for online applications using deep reinforcement learning. We conduct extensive simulations and compare our results to the-state-of-the-art studies demonstrating that our model outperforms the competing models.

This paper presents trajectory planning for three-dimensional autonomous multi-UAV volume coverage and visual inspection based on the Heat Equation Driven Area Coverage (HEDAC) algorithm. The method designs a potential field to achieve the target density and generate trajectories using potential gradients to direct UAVs to regions of a higher potential. Collisions are prevented by implementing a distance field and correcting the agent's directional vector if the distance threshold is reached. The method is successfully tested for volume coverage and visual inspection of complex structures such as wind turbines and a bridge. For visual inspection, the algorithm is supplemented with camera direction control. A field containing the nearest distance from any point in the domain to the structure is designed and this field's gradient provides the camera orientation throughout the trajectory. The bridge inspection test case is compared with a state-of-the-art method where the HEDAC algorithm allowed more surface area to be inspected under the same conditions. The limitations of the HEDAC method are analyzed, focusing on computational efficiency and adequacy of spatial coverage to approximate the surface coverage. The proposed methodology offers flexibility in various setup parameters and is applicable to real-world inspection tasks.

自主无人驾驶飞行器（无人机）的重要能力是自动降落，同时避免在该过程中碰撞障碍。这种能力需要实时局部轨迹规划。虽然已经引入了轨迹规划方法，但在紧急登陆等案件中，它们尚未在现实生活场景中进行评估，其中只能感测和检测到障碍物表面。我们使用预先计划的全局路径和着陆区域的优先级地图提出了一种新颖的优化框架。在包括3D城市环境，基于LIDAR的障碍 - 表面感应和UAV指导和动态的模拟器中实施和评估了多个轨迹规划算法。我们表明，使用我们所提出的优化标准可以成功提高着陆关联成功概率，同时避免实时与障碍物的碰撞。

在这项工作中，我们优化了基于无人机（UAV）的便携式接入点（PAP）的3D轨迹，该轨迹为一组接地节点（GNS）提供无线服务。此外，根据Peukert效果，我们考虑无人机电池的实用非线性电池放电。因此，我们以一种新颖的方式提出问题，代表了基于公平的能源效率度量的最大化，并被称为公平能源效率（费用）。费用指标定义了一个系统，该系统对每用户服务的公平性和PAP的能源效率都非常重要。该法式问题采用非凸面问题的形式，并具有不可扣除的约束。为了获得解决方案，我们将问题表示为具有连续状态和动作空间的马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）。考虑到解决方案空间的复杂性，我们使用双胞胎延迟的深层确定性政策梯度（TD3）参与者 - 批判性深入强化学习（DRL）框架来学习最大化系统费用的政策。我们进行两种类型的RL培训来展示我们方法的有效性：第一种（离线）方法在整个训练阶段保持GN的位置相同；第二种方法将学习的政策概括为GN的任何安排，通过更改GN的位置，每次培训情节后。数值评估表明，忽视Peukert效应高估了PAP的播放时间，可以通过最佳选择PAP的飞行速度来解决。此外，用户公平，能源效率，因此可以通过有效地将PAP移动到GN上方，从而提高系统的费用价值。因此，我们注意到郊区，城市和茂密的城市环境的基线情景高达88.31％，272.34％和318.13％。

Utilizing autonomous drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has shown great advantages over preceding methods in support of urgent scenarios such as search and rescue (SAR) and wildfire detection. In these operations, search efficiency in terms of the amount of time spent to find the target is crucial since with the passing of time the survivability of the missing person decreases or wildfire management becomes more difficult with disastrous consequences. In this work, it is considered a scenario where a drone is intended to search and detect a missing person (e.g., a hiker or a mountaineer) or a potential fire spot in a given area. In order to obtain the shortest path to the target, a general framework is provided to model the problem of target detection when the target's location is probabilistically known. To this end, two algorithms are proposed: Path planning and target detection. The path planning algorithm is based on Bayesian inference and the target detection is accomplished by means of a residual neural network (ResNet) trained on the image dataset captured by the drone as well as existing pictures and datasets on the web. Through simulation and experiment, the proposed path planning algorithm is compared with two benchmark algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the average time of the mission.

Despite recent progress on trajectory planning of multiple robots and path planning of a single tethered robot, planning of multiple tethered robots to reach their individual targets without entanglements remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a complete approach to address this problem. Firstly, we propose a multi-robot tether-aware representation of homotopy, using which we can efficiently evaluate the feasibility and safety of a potential path in terms of (1) the cable length required to reach a target following the path, and (2) the risk of entanglements with the cables of other robots. Then, the proposed representation is applied in a decentralized and online planning framework that includes a graph-based kinodynamic trajectory finder and an optimization-based trajectory refinement, to generate entanglement-free, collision-free and dynamically feasible trajectories. The efficiency of the proposed homotopy representation is compared against existing single and multiple tethered robot planning approaches. Simulations with up to 8 UAVs show the effectiveness of the approach in entanglement prevention and its real-time capabilities. Flight experiments using 3 tethered UAVs verify the practicality of the presented approach.

在这项工作中，我们提出了一个框架，用于部署的无人驾驶汽车（UAV）的便携式接入点（PAP），以服务于一组接地节点（GNS）。除PAP和GNS外，该系统还由安装在人造结构上的一组智能反射表面（IRS）组成，以增加每焦耳的能源消耗的钻头数量，这些能量消耗被测量为全球能源效率（GEE）。 PAP的GEE轨迹是通过考虑UAV推进能量消耗和PAP电池的PEUKERT效应来设计的，PAP电池代表了精确的电池放电曲线作为无人机功耗概况的非线性功能。 GEE轨迹设计问题分为两个阶段：在第一个阶段，使用多层圆形填料方法找到了PAP的路径和可行位置，并使用替代方案计算所需的IRS相移值优化方法考虑了IRS元素的幅度和相位响应之间的相互依赖性；在第二阶段，使用新型的多轨迹设计算法计算PAP飞行速度和用户调度。数值评估表明：忽略Peukert效应高估了PAP的可用飞行时间；一定的阈值后，增加电池尺寸会减少PAP的可用飞行时间；与其他基线场景相比，IRS模块的存在改善了系统的GEE。与使用顺序凸编程和Dinkelbach算法的组合开发的单圈轨迹相比，多圈轨迹可节省更多的能量。

草原修复是保护草原生态退化的关键手段。为了减轻广泛的人类劳动并提高了恢复效率，无人机的全自动能力很有希望，但仍在等待被利用。本文通过在计划草地修复时明确考虑了无人机和草地退化的现实限制来推动这项新兴技术。为此，在有限的无人机电池能量，草种子的重量，恢复区域的数量以及相应的尺寸下，在数学上以数学建模为数学建模。然后，我们分析了这些原始问题通过考虑这些限制，即最短的飞行路径和最佳区域分配出现了两个冲突目标。结果，恢复区域的最大化是轨迹设计问题和高度耦合区域分配问题的综合。从优化的角度来看，这需要解决旅行推销员问题（TSP）和多维背包问题（MKP）的两个NP硬问题。为了解决这个复杂的问题，我们提出了一种称为Chapbilm的合作优化算法，以通过利用它们之间的相互依赖性来交入解决这两个问题。多个模拟验证轨迹设计与区域分配之间的冲突。合作优化算法的有效性也得到了与传统优化方法的比较，这些方法不利用两个问题之间的相互依赖性。结果，提出的算法以近乎理想的方式成功地解决了多个仿真实例。

Recent technological advancements in space, air and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called "space-air-ground integrated network" (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, the real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a major barrier for realizing such SAGINs. Compared to the space and terrestrial components, UAVs are expected to meet performance requirements with high flexibility and dynamics using limited resources. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent learning-based algorithmic approaches. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit (MAB), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, which can be applicable to various UAV-assisted missions on a SAGIN using these algorithms. We simulate users and environments according to real-world scenarios and compare the learning-based and PSO-based methods in terms of throughput, load, fairness, computation time, etc. We also implement and evaluate the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) variations of these algorithms to reflect different deployment cases. Our simulation suggests that the $3$D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms the other approaches for various metrics in most cases. We discuss some open challenges at the end and our findings aim to provide design guidelines for algorithm selections while optimizing the deployment of UAV-assisted SAGINs.

Smart City applications, such as traffic monitoring and disaster response, often use swarms of intelligent and cooperative drones to efficiently collect sensor data over different areas of interest and time spans. However, when the required sensing becomes spatio-temporally large and varying, a collective arrangement of sensing tasks to a large number of battery-restricted and distributed drones is challenging. To address this problem, we introduce a scalable and energy-aware model for planning and coordination of spatio-temporal sensing. The coordination model is built upon a decentralized multi-agent collective learning algorithm (EPOS) to ensure scalability, resilience, and flexibility that existing approaches lack of. Experimental results illustrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art methods. Analytical results contribute a deeper understanding of how coordinated mobility of drones influences sensing performance. This novel coordination solution is applied to traffic monitoring using real-world data to demonstrate a $46.45\%$ more accurate and $2.88\%$ more efficient detection of vehicles as the number of drones become a scarce resource.

可以部署作为空中基站（UAV-BS）的无人机飞行器，以便在增加网络需求，现有基础设施中的失败点或灾难的情况下为地面设备提供无线连接。然而，考虑到它们的板载电池容量有限，挑战无人机的能量是挑战。先前已经用于提高诸如多个无人机的能量利用的加强学习（RL）方法，然而，假设中央云控制器具有完全了解端设备的位置，即控制器周期性地扫描并发送更新无人机决策。在具有服务接地设备的UAVS的动态网络环境中，此假设在动态网络环境中是不切实际的。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种分散的Q学习方法，其中每个UAV-BS都配备了一种自主代理，可以最大化移动地设备的连接，同时提高其能量利用率。实验结果表明，该设计的设计显着优于联合最大化连接地面装置的数量和UAV-BS的能量利用中的集中方法。

本文提出了一种新颖的方法，用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分，拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反，该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署，并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划，面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域，以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用，以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索，而对环境结构没有任何假设，同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道，用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外，在定性和定量评估的各种环境中，在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证，UAV系统的性能得到了支持。

尽管使用多个无人机（UAV）具有快速自主探索的巨大潜力，但它的关注程度很少。在本文中，我们提出了赛车手，这是一种使用分散无人机的舰队的快速协作探索方法。为了有效派遣无人机，使用了基于在线HGRID空间分解的成对交互。它可确保仅使用异步和有限的通信同时探索不同的区域。此外，我们优化了未知空间的覆盖路径，并通过电容的车辆路由问题（CVRP）配方平衡分区到每个UAV的工作负载。鉴于任务分配，每个无人机都会不断更新覆盖路径，并逐步提取关键信息以支持探索计划。分层规划师可以找到探索路径，完善本地观点并生成序列的最小时间轨迹，以敏捷，安全地探索未知空间。对所提出的方法进行了广泛的评估，显示出较高的勘探效率，可伸缩性和对有限交流的鲁棒性。此外，我们第一次与现实世界中的多个无人机进行了完全分散的协作探索。我们将作为开源软件包发布实施。

线覆盖范围的问题是找到有效的路由，以通过一个或多个资源约束的机器人覆盖线性特征。线性具有模型环境，例如道路网络，电力线以及石油和天然气管道。我们为机器人定义了两种旅行模式：维修和陷入困境。机器人服务功能如果它执行特定于任务的操作，例如拍摄图像，则它可以遍历该功能；否则，它是无人机的。穿越环境会产生成本（例如旅行时间）和对资源的需求（例如电池寿命）。维修和无人机的成本和需求功能可能具有不同的成本和需求功能，我们进一步允许它们取决于方向。我们将环境建模为图形，并提供整数线性程序。由于问题是NP-HARD，因此我们开发了一种快速有效的启发式算法，即合并 - 默认混合物（MEM）。该算法的建设性属性使得为大图求解了多depot版本。我们进一步扩展了MEM算法，以处理转弯成本和非语言限制。我们在50个道路网络的数据集上对算法进行基准测试，并在道路网络上使用空中机器人进行了实验中的算法。

In this paper, the Multi-Swarm Cooperative Information-driven search and Divide and Conquer mitigation control (MSCIDC) approach is proposed for faster detection and mitigation of forest fire by reducing the loss of biodiversity, nutrients, soil moisture, and other intangible benefits. A swarm is a cooperative group of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that fly together to search and quench the fire effectively. The multi-swarm cooperative information-driven search uses a multi-level search comprising cooperative information-driven exploration and exploitation for quick/accurate detection of fire location. The search level is selected based on the thermal sensor information about the potential fire area. The dynamicity of swarms, aided by global regulative repulsion and merging between swarms, reduces the detection and mitigation time compared to the existing methods. The local attraction among the members of the swarm helps the non-detector members to reach the fire location faster, and divide-and-conquer mitigation control ensures a non-overlapping fire sector allocation for all members quenching the fire. The performance of MSCIDC has been compared with different multi-UAV methods using a simulated environment of pine forest. The performance clearly shows that MSCIDC mitigates fire much faster than the multi-UAV methods. The Monte-Carlo simulation results indicate that the proposed method reduces the average forest area burnt by $65\%$ and mission time by $60\%$ compared to the best result case of the multi-UAV approaches, guaranteeing a faster and successful mission.

热方程驱动区域覆盖范围（HEDAC）是由潜在场的梯度引导的最先进的多机颈运动控制。特此实施有限元方法以获得Helmholtz部分微分方程的解决方案，该方程对测量运动控制的潜在字段进行了建模。这使我们能够调查任意形状的领域，并以优雅而健壮的方式包括Hedac的基本想法。对于简单的运动运动运动，通过将试剂运动用电位的梯度引导，可以成功处理障碍和边界避免限制。但是，包括其他约束，例如固定障碍物和移动障碍物的最小间隙距离以及最小的路径曲率半径，都需要控制算法的进一步交替。我们通过基于无碰撞逃生路线操纵的直接优化问题制定了一种相对简单但可靠的方法来处理这些约束的方法。这种方法提供了保证的避免碰撞机制，同时由于优化问题分配而在计算上是便宜的。在三个现实的测量场景模拟中评估了所提出的运动控制，显示了测量的有效性和控制算法的鲁棒性。此外，突出了由于定义不当的测量场景而引起的潜在操纵困难，我们提供了有关如何超越它们的指南。结果是有希望的，并表明了对自主测量和潜在的其他HEDAC利用的拟议受限的多代理运动控制的现实适用性。

Active target sensing is the task of discovering and classifying an unknown number of targets in an environment and is critical in search-and-rescue missions. This paper develops a deep reinforcement learning approach to plan informative trajectories that increase the likelihood for an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to discover missing targets. Our approach efficiently (1) explores the environment to discover new targets, (2) exploits its current belief of the target states and incorporates inaccurate sensor models for high-fidelity classification, and (3) generates dynamically feasible trajectories for an agile UAV by employing a motion primitive library. Extensive simulations on randomly generated environments show that our approach is more efficient in discovering and classifying targets than several other baselines. A unique characteristic of our approach, in contrast to heuristic informative path planning approaches, is that it is robust to varying amounts of deviations of the prior belief from the true target distribution, thereby alleviating the challenge of designing heuristics specific to the application conditions.

近年来，研究人员委托机器人和无人驾驶汽车（UAV）团队委托进行准确的在线野火覆盖范围和跟踪。迄今为止，大多数先前的工作都集中在此类多机器人系统的协调和控制上，但尚未赋予这些无人机团队对火的轨道（即位置和传播动态）进行推理的能力，以提供性能保证时间范围。在空中野火监测的问题上，我们提出了一个预测框架，该框架使多UAV团队的合作能够与概率性能保证一起进行协作现场覆盖和火灾跟踪。我们的方法使无人机能够推断出潜在的火灾传播动态，以在安全至关重要的条件下进行时间扩展的协调。我们得出了一组新颖的，分析的时间和跟踪纠纷界限，以使无人机团队根据特定于案例的估计状态分发有限的资源并覆盖整个火灾区域，并提供概率性能保证。我们的结果不仅限于空中野火监测案例研究，而且通常适用于搜索和救援，目标跟踪和边境巡逻等问题。我们在模拟中评估了我们的方法，并在物理多机器人测试台上提供了建议的框架，以说明真实的机器人动态和限制。我们的定量评估验证了我们的方法的性能，分别比基于最新的模型和强化学习基准分别累积了7.5倍和9.0倍的跟踪误差。

工业事故和灾难中气体的不受控制的排放导致生命和财产损失巨大。这样的极端事件需要对现场进行快速可靠的调查，以进行有效的救援策略计划。为了实现这些目标，可以部署一个无人驾驶飞机网络，调查受影响地区并确定安全和危险区域。尽管在文献中对基于无人机的单一基于无人机的系统进行了充分研究，但是针对此类应用程序部署的研究（更强大且容忍度更高）仍处于起步阶段。该项目的目的是设计一个可以在紧急情况下部署的系统，以便在给定区域中快速调查和确定安全和危险的区域，该区域包含有毒羽流，而无需对羽状位置做出任何假设。我们专注于端到端的解决方案，并制定两相策略，该策略不仅可以保证羽流的检测/采集，而且可以通过高空间分辨率进行表征。为了确保通过一定的空间分辨率覆盖该地区，我们设置了车辆路由问题。为了克服有限的传感器和无人机资源范围施加的局限性，我们使用高斯核外推估计浓度图。最后，我们评估了模拟中建议的框架。我们的结果表明，这种两阶段策略不仅提供了更好的错误性能，而且在任务时间方面也更有效。此外，2阶段随机搜索与2相均匀覆盖范围之间的比较表明，后者对单个无人机系统更好，而对于多个无人机，前者以低计算成本提供了合理的性能。