在这项工作中,我们提出了一个框架,用于部署的无人驾驶汽车(UAV)的便携式接入点(PAP),以服务于一组接地节点(GNS)。除PAP和GNS外,该系统还由安装在人造结构上的一组智能反射表面(IRS)组成,以增加每焦耳的能源消耗的钻头数量,这些能量消耗被测量为全球能源效率(GEE)。 PAP的GEE轨迹是通过考虑UAV推进能量消耗和PAP电池的PEUKERT效应来设计的,PAP电池代表了精确的电池放电曲线作为无人机功耗概况的非线性功能。 GEE轨迹设计问题分为两个阶段:在第一个阶段,使用多层圆形填料方法找到了PAP的路径和可行位置,并使用替代方案计算所需的IRS相移值优化方法考虑了IRS元素的幅度和相位响应之间的相互依赖性;在第二阶段,使用新型的多轨迹设计算法计算PAP飞行速度和用户调度。数值评估表明:忽略Peukert效应高估了PAP的可用飞行时间;一定的阈值后,增加电池尺寸会减少PAP的可用飞行时间;与其他基线场景相比,IRS模块的存在改善了系统的GEE。与使用顺序凸编程和Dinkelbach算法的组合开发的单圈轨迹相比,多圈轨迹可节省更多的能量。
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在这项工作中,我们优化了基于无人机(UAV)的便携式接入点(PAP)的3D轨迹,该轨迹为一组接地节点(GNS)提供无线服务。此外,根据Peukert效果,我们考虑无人机电池的实用非线性电池放电。因此,我们以一种新颖的方式提出问题,代表了基于公平的能源效率度量的最大化,并被称为公平能源效率(费用)。费用指标定义了一个系统,该系统对每用户服务的公平性和PAP的能源效率都非常重要。该法式问题采用非凸面问题的形式,并具有不可扣除的约束。为了获得解决方案,我们将问题表示为具有连续状态和动作空间的马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)。考虑到解决方案空间的复杂性,我们使用双胞胎延迟的深层确定性政策梯度(TD3)参与者 - 批判性深入强化学习(DRL)框架来学习最大化系统费用的政策。我们进行两种类型的RL培训来展示我们方法的有效性:第一种(离线)方法在整个训练阶段保持GN的位置相同;第二种方法将学习的政策概括为GN的任何安排,通过更改GN的位置,每次培训情节后。数值评估表明,忽视Peukert效应高估了PAP的播放时间,可以通过最佳选择PAP的飞行速度来解决。此外,用户公平,能源效率,因此可以通过有效地将PAP移动到GN上方,从而提高系统的费用价值。因此,我们注意到郊区,城市和茂密的城市环境的基线情景高达88.31%,272.34%和318.13%。
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在这项工作中,我们研究了一个无人驾驶系统(UAS)的可靠性和投资成本之间的权衡,该系统由一组携带无线电节点的无人机(UAVS)组成,称为Portable Access Points(PAPS)),部署以服务一组地面节点(GNS)。使用所提出的算法,给定的地理区域等效地表示为一组圆形区域,其中每个圆表示PAP的覆盖区域。然后,通过将其建模为连续的时间出生死亡马尔可夫决策过程(MDP),可以在分析上得出UAS的稳态可用性。数值评估表明,可以通过考虑GN的交通需求和分配来降低保证给定稳态可用性的投资成本。
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本文调查了大师无人机(MUAV) - 互联网(IOT)网络,我们建议使用配备有智能反射表面(IRS)的可充电辅助UAV(AUAV)来增强来自MUAV的通信信号并将MUAG作为充电电源利用。在拟议的模型下,我们研究了这些能量有限的无人机的最佳协作策略,以最大限度地提高物联网网络的累计吞吐量。根据两个无人机之间是否有收费,配制了两个优化问题。为了解决这些问题,提出了两个多代理深度强化学习(DRL)方法,这些方法是集中培训多师深度确定性政策梯度(CT-MADDPG)和多代理深度确定性政策选项评论仪(MADDPOC)。结果表明,CT-MADDPG可以大大减少对UAV硬件的计算能力的要求,拟议的MADDPOC能够在连续动作域中支持低水平的多代理合作学习,其优于优势基于选项的分层DRL,只支持单代理学习和离散操作。
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研究界,工业和社会中地面移动机器人(MRS)和无人机(UAV)的重要性正在迅速发展。如今,这些代理中的许多代理都配备了通信系统,在某些情况下,对于成功完成某些任务至关重要。在这种情况下,我们已经开始见证在机器人技术和通信的交集中开发一个新的跨学科研究领域。该研究领域的意图是将无人机集成到5G和6G通信网络中。这项研究无疑将在不久的将来导致许多重要的应用。然而,该研究领域发展的主要障碍之一是,大多数研究人员通过过度简化机器人技术或通信方面来解决这些问题。这阻碍了达到这个新的跨学科研究领域的全部潜力的能力。在本教程中,我们介绍了一些建模工具,从跨学科的角度来解决涉及机器人技术和通信的问题所需的一些建模工具。作为此类问题的说明性示例,我们将重点放在本教程上,讨论通信感知轨迹计划的问题。
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The connectivity-aware path design is crucial in the effective deployment of autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Recently, Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have become the popular approach to solving this type of complex problem, but RL algorithms suffer slow convergence. In this paper, we propose a Transfer Learning (TL) approach, where we use a teacher policy previously trained in an old domain to boost the path learning of the agent in the new domain. As the exploration processes and the training continue, the agent refines the path design in the new domain based on the subsequent interactions with the environment. We evaluate our approach considering an old domain at sub-6 GHz and a new domain at millimeter Wave (mmWave). The teacher path policy, previously trained at sub-6 GHz path, is the solution to a connectivity-aware path problem that we formulate as a constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP). We employ a Lyapunov-based model-free Deep Q-Network (DQN) to solve the path design at sub-6 GHz that guarantees connectivity constraint satisfaction. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for different urban environment scenarios. The results demonstrate that our proposed approach is capable of reducing the training time considerably at mmWave.
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我们描述了分散的旋转翼无人机套件的编排,从而增强了陆地基站的覆盖范围和服务能力。我们的目标是最大程度地减少在泊松到达下的地面用户处理传输请求中涉及的时间平均水平的潜伏期,但要受到平均无人机限制。配备速率适应能够有效利用空对地面通道随机,我们首先通过半马尔可夫决策过程制定了单个继电器的最佳控制策略,并具有针对无人机轨迹设计的竞争性群体优化。因此,我们详细介绍了这种结构的多尺度分解:径向等待速度的外部决策和结束位置优化了预期的长期延迟功率权衡;因此,关于角度等待速度,服务时间表和无人机轨迹的内部决策贪婪地最大程度地减少了瞬时延迟功率成本。接下来,通过复制和共识驱动的命令和控制概括无人机群,该政策嵌入了传播最大化和冲突解决启发式方法。我们证明,我们的框架提供了卓越的性能相对于平均服务等待和平均每个UAV功耗:相对于静态无人机部署的数据有效载荷交付的速度快11倍,并且比Deep-Q网络解决方案快2倍;值得注意的是,我们的计划中的一个继电器在联合连续的凸面近似政策下超出了三个继电器62%。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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雇用无人驾驶航空公司(无人机)吸引了日益增长的兴趣,并成为互联网(物联网)网络中的数据收集技术的最先进技术。在本文中,目的是最大限度地减少UAV-IOT系统的总能耗,我们制定了联合设计了UAV的轨迹和选择IOT网络中的群集头作为受约束的组合优化问题的问题,该问题被归类为NP-努力解决。我们提出了一种新的深度加强学习(DRL),其具有顺序模型策略,可以通过无监督方式有效地学习由UAV的轨迹设计来实现由序列到序列神经网络表示的策略。通过广泛的模拟,所获得的结果表明,与其他基线算法相比,所提出的DRL方法可以找到无人机的轨迹,这些轨迹需要更少的能量消耗,并实现近乎最佳性能。此外,仿真结果表明,我们所提出的DRL算法的训练模型具有出色的概括能力,对更大的问题尺寸而没有必要恢复模型。
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Recent technological advancements in space, air and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called "space-air-ground integrated network" (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, the real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a major barrier for realizing such SAGINs. Compared to the space and terrestrial components, UAVs are expected to meet performance requirements with high flexibility and dynamics using limited resources. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent learning-based algorithmic approaches. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit (MAB), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, which can be applicable to various UAV-assisted missions on a SAGIN using these algorithms. We simulate users and environments according to real-world scenarios and compare the learning-based and PSO-based methods in terms of throughput, load, fairness, computation time, etc. We also implement and evaluate the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) variations of these algorithms to reflect different deployment cases. Our simulation suggests that the $3$D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms the other approaches for various metrics in most cases. We discuss some open challenges at the end and our findings aim to provide design guidelines for algorithm selections while optimizing the deployment of UAV-assisted SAGINs.
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Communication and computation are often viewed as separate tasks. This approach is very effective from the perspective of engineering as isolated optimizations can be performed. On the other hand, there are many cases where the main interest is a function of the local information at the devices instead of the local information itself. For such scenarios, information theoretical results show that harnessing the interference in a multiple-access channel for computation, i.e., over-the-air computation (OAC), can provide a significantly higher achievable computation rate than the one with the separation of communication and computation tasks. Besides, the gap between OAC and separation in terms of computation rate increases with more participating nodes. Given this motivation, in this study, we provide a comprehensive survey on practical OAC methods. After outlining fundamentals related to OAC, we discuss the available OAC schemes with their pros and cons. We then provide an overview of the enabling mechanisms and relevant metrics to achieve reliable computation in the wireless channel. Finally, we summarize the potential applications of OAC and point out some future directions.
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This paper presents a new method for integrated time-optimal routing and trajectory optimization of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Our approach extends the well-known Traveling Salesman Problem by accounting for the limited maneuverability of the UAVs due to their kinematic properties. To this end, we allow each waypoint to be traversed with a discretized velocity as well as a discretized flight direction and compute time-optimal trajectories to determine the travel time costs for each edge. We refer to this novel optimization problem as the Trajectory-based Traveling Salesman Problem (TBTSP). The results show that compared to a state-of-the-art approach for Traveling Salesman Problems with kinematic restrictions of UAVs, we can decrease mission duration by up to 15\%.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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低成本毫米波(MMWAVE)通信和雷达设备的商业可用性开始提高消费市场中这种技术的渗透,为第五代(5G)的大规模和致密的部署铺平了道路(5G) - 而且以及6G网络。同时,普遍存在MMWAVE访问将使设备定位和无设备的感测,以前所未有的精度,特别是对于Sub-6 GHz商业级设备。本文使用MMWAVE通信和雷达设备在基于设备的定位和无设备感应中进行了现有技术的调查,重点是室内部署。我们首先概述关于MMWAVE信号传播和系统设计的关键概念。然后,我们提供了MMWaves启用的本地化和感应方法和算法的详细说明。我们考虑了在我们的分析中的几个方面,包括每个工作的主要目标,技术和性能,每个研究是否达到了一定程度的实现,并且该硬件平台用于此目的。我们通过讨论消费者级设备的更好算法,密集部署的数据融合方法以及机器学习方法的受过教育应用是有前途,相关和及时的研究方向的结论。
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Utilizing autonomous drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has shown great advantages over preceding methods in support of urgent scenarios such as search and rescue (SAR) and wildfire detection. In these operations, search efficiency in terms of the amount of time spent to find the target is crucial since with the passing of time the survivability of the missing person decreases or wildfire management becomes more difficult with disastrous consequences. In this work, it is considered a scenario where a drone is intended to search and detect a missing person (e.g., a hiker or a mountaineer) or a potential fire spot in a given area. In order to obtain the shortest path to the target, a general framework is provided to model the problem of target detection when the target's location is probabilistically known. To this end, two algorithms are proposed: Path planning and target detection. The path planning algorithm is based on Bayesian inference and the target detection is accomplished by means of a residual neural network (ResNet) trained on the image dataset captured by the drone as well as existing pictures and datasets on the web. Through simulation and experiment, the proposed path planning algorithm is compared with two benchmark algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the average time of the mission.
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In this work, we investigate the problem of an online trajectory design for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in a Federated Learning (FL) setting where several different communities exist, each defined by a unique task to be learned. In this setting, spatially distributed devices belonging to each community collaboratively contribute towards training their community model via wireless links provided by the UAV. Accordingly, the UAV acts as a mobile orchestrator coordinating the transmissions and the learning schedule among the devices in each community, intending to accelerate the learning process of all tasks. We propose a heuristic metric as a proxy for the training performance of the different tasks. Capitalizing on this metric, a surrogate objective is defined which enables us to jointly optimize the UAV trajectory and the scheduling of the devices by employing convex optimization techniques and graph theory. The simulations illustrate the out-performance of our solution when compared to other handpicked static and mobile UAV deployment baselines.
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草原修复是保护草原生态退化的关键手段。为了减轻广泛的人类劳动并提高了恢复效率,无人机的全自动能力很有希望,但仍在等待被利用。本文通过在计划草地修复时明确考虑了无人机和草地退化的现实限制来推动这项新兴技术。为此,在有限的无人机电池能量,草种子的重量,恢复区域的数量以及相应的尺寸下,在数学上以数学建模为数学建模。然后,我们分析了这些原始问题通过考虑这些限制,即最短的飞行路径和最佳区域分配出现了两个冲突目标。结果,恢复区域的最大化是轨迹设计问题和高度耦合区域分配问题的综合。从优化的角度来看,这需要解决旅行推销员问题(TSP)和多维背包问题(MKP)的两个NP硬问题。为了解决这个复杂的问题,我们提出了一种称为Chapbilm的合作优化算法,以通过利用它们之间的相互依赖性来交入解决这两个问题。多个模拟验证轨迹设计与区域分配之间的冲突。合作优化算法的有效性也得到了与传统优化方法的比较,这些方法不利用两个问题之间的相互依赖性。结果,提出的算法以近乎理想的方式成功地解决了多个仿真实例。
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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无人驾驶飞行器(无人机)承诺成为下一代通信的内在部分,因为它们可以部署为提供无线连接到地面用户,以补充现有的地面网络。大多数现有研究使用UAV接入点的蜂窝覆盖率考虑了旋转翼UAV设计(即Quadcopters)。但是,我们预计固定翼的无人机在需要长途飞行时间(例如农村覆盖范围)的情况下更适合连接目的(例如农村覆盖率),因为与旋翼设计。由于固定翼无人机通常无法悬停在适当位置,因此它们的部署优化涉及以允许它们以节能的方式向地面用户提供高质量服务的方式优化其单独的飞行轨迹。在本文中,我们提出了一种多功能深度加强学习方法来优化固定翼UAV蜂窝接入点的能效,同时允许它们向地面用户提供高质量的服务。在我们的分散方法中,每个UAV都配备了Dueling Deep Q-Network(DDQN)代理,可以通过一系列时间步来调整UV的3D轨迹。通过与邻居协调,无人机以优化总系统能效的方式调整各个飞行轨迹。我们基准对我们对一系列启发式轨迹规划策略的方法进行基准,并证明我们的方法可以将系统能效提高到70%。
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联合学习(FL)最近被揭示为有希望的技术,以便在网络边缘启用人工智能(AI),其中分布式移动设备在边缘服务器的协调下协同培训共享AI模型。为了显着提高FL的通信效率,通过利用无线多接入信道的叠加特性,遍布空中计算允许大量的移动设备通过利用无线多接入信道的叠加特性同时上传其本地模型。由于无线信道衰落,边缘服务器的模型聚合误差由所有设备中最弱的通道主导,导致严重的孤立问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种继电器协助的合作液计划,以有效地解决了斯塔格勒问题。特别是,我们部署了多个半双工继电器以协同协作在将本地模型更新上载到边缘服务器时的设备。空中计算的性质构成了与传统继电器通信系统中不同的系统目标和约束。此外,设计变量之间的强耦合使得这种系统具有挑战性的优化。为了解决问题,我们提出了一种基于交替优化的算法来优化收发器和中继操作,具有低复杂度。然后,我们在单个中继盒中分析模型聚合误差,并显示我们的继电器辅助方案实现比没有继电器的中继的误差较小的误差。该分析提供了对协同媒体实施中的继电器部署的关键见解。广泛的数值结果表明,与最先进的方案相比,我们的设计达到了更快的融合。
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