The deployment flexibility and maneuverability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) increased their adoption in various applications, such as wildfire tracking, border monitoring, etc. In many critical applications, UAVs capture images and other sensory data and then send the captured data to remote servers for inference and data processing tasks. However, this approach is not always practical in real-time applications due to the connection instability, limited bandwidth, and end-to-end latency. One promising solution is to divide the inference requests into multiple parts (layers or segments), with each part being executed in a different UAV based on the available resources. Furthermore, some applications require the UAVs to traverse certain areas and capture incidents; thus, planning their paths becomes critical particularly, to reduce the latency of making the collaborative inference process. Specifically, planning the UAVs trajectory can reduce the data transmission latency by communicating with devices in the same proximity while mitigating the transmission interference. This work aims to design a model for distributed collaborative inference requests and path planning in a UAV swarm while respecting the resource constraints due to the computational load and memory usage of the inference requests. The model is formulated as an optimization problem and aims to minimize latency. The formulated problem is NP-hard so finding the optimal solution is quite complex; thus, this paper introduces a real-time and dynamic solution for online applications using deep reinforcement learning. We conduct extensive simulations and compare our results to the-state-of-the-art studies demonstrating that our model outperforms the competing models.
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尽管深度神经网络(DNN)已成为多个无处不在的应用程序的骨干技术,但它们在资源受限的机器中的部署,例如物联网(IoT)设备,仍然具有挑战性。为了满足这种范式的资源要求,引入了与IoT协同作用的深入推断。但是,DNN网络的分布遭受严重的数据泄漏。已经提出了各种威胁,包括黑盒攻击,恶意参与者可以恢复送入其设备的任意输入。尽管许多对策旨在实现隐私的DNN,但其中大多数会导致额外的计算和较低的准确性。在本文中,我们提出了一种方法,该方法通过重新考虑分配策略而无需牺牲模型性能来针对协作深度推断的安全性。特别是,我们检查了使该模型容易受到黑盒威胁的不同DNN分区,并得出了应分配每个设备的数据量以隐藏原始输入的所有权。我们将这种方法制定为一种优化,在该方法中,我们在共同推导的延迟与数据级别的数据级别之间建立了权衡。接下来,为了放大最佳解决方案,我们将方法塑造为支持异质设备以及多个DNN/数据集的增强学习(RL)设计。
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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第五世代和第六代无线通信网络正在启用工具,例如物联网设备,无人驾驶汽车(UAV)和人工智能,以使用设备网络来改善农业景观,以自动监视农田。对大面积进行调查需要在特定时间段内执行许多图像分类任务,以防止发生事件发生的情况,例如火灾或洪水。无人机具有有限的能量和计算能力,并且可能无法在本地和适当的时间内执行所有强烈的图像分类任务。因此,假定无人机能够部分将其工作量分开到附近的多访问边缘计算设备。无人机需要一种决策算法,该算法将决定将执行任务的位置,同时还考虑网络中其他无人机的时间限制和能量级别。在本文中,我们介绍了一种深入的Q学习方法(DQL)来解决这个多目标问题。将所提出的方法与Q学习和三个启发式基线进行了比较,模拟结果表明,我们提出的基于DQL的方法在涉及无人机的剩余电池电量和违规截止日期的百分比时可相当。此外,我们的方法能够比Q学习快13倍。
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在这项工作中,我们优化了基于无人机(UAV)的便携式接入点(PAP)的3D轨迹,该轨迹为一组接地节点(GNS)提供无线服务。此外,根据Peukert效果,我们考虑无人机电池的实用非线性电池放电。因此,我们以一种新颖的方式提出问题,代表了基于公平的能源效率度量的最大化,并被称为公平能源效率(费用)。费用指标定义了一个系统,该系统对每用户服务的公平性和PAP的能源效率都非常重要。该法式问题采用非凸面问题的形式,并具有不可扣除的约束。为了获得解决方案,我们将问题表示为具有连续状态和动作空间的马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)。考虑到解决方案空间的复杂性,我们使用双胞胎延迟的深层确定性政策梯度(TD3)参与者 - 批判性深入强化学习(DRL)框架来学习最大化系统费用的政策。我们进行两种类型的RL培训来展示我们方法的有效性:第一种(离线)方法在整个训练阶段保持GN的位置相同;第二种方法将学习的政策概括为GN的任何安排,通过更改GN的位置,每次培训情节后。数值评估表明,忽视Peukert效应高估了PAP的播放时间,可以通过最佳选择PAP的飞行速度来解决。此外,用户公平,能源效率,因此可以通过有效地将PAP移动到GN上方,从而提高系统的费用价值。因此,我们注意到郊区,城市和茂密的城市环境的基线情景高达88.31%,272.34%和318.13%。
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Recent technological advancements in space, air and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called "space-air-ground integrated network" (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, the real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a major barrier for realizing such SAGINs. Compared to the space and terrestrial components, UAVs are expected to meet performance requirements with high flexibility and dynamics using limited resources. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent learning-based algorithmic approaches. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit (MAB), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, which can be applicable to various UAV-assisted missions on a SAGIN using these algorithms. We simulate users and environments according to real-world scenarios and compare the learning-based and PSO-based methods in terms of throughput, load, fairness, computation time, etc. We also implement and evaluate the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) variations of these algorithms to reflect different deployment cases. Our simulation suggests that the $3$D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms the other approaches for various metrics in most cases. We discuss some open challenges at the end and our findings aim to provide design guidelines for algorithm selections while optimizing the deployment of UAV-assisted SAGINs.
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在包装交付,交通监控,搜索和救援操作以及军事战斗订婚等不同应用中,对使用无人驾驶汽车(UAV)(无人机)的需求越来越不断增加。在所有这些应用程序中,无人机用于自动导航环境 - 没有人类互动,执行特定任务并避免障碍。自主无人机导航通常是使用强化学习(RL)来完成的,在该学习中,代理在域中充当专家在避免障碍的同时导航环境。了解导航环境和算法限制在选择适当的RL算法以有效解决导航问题方面起着至关重要的作用。因此,本研究首先确定了无人机导航任务,并讨论导航框架和仿真软件。接下来,根据环境,算法特征,能力和不同无人机导航问题的应用程序对RL算法进行分类和讨论,这将帮助从业人员和研究人员为其无人机导航使用情况选择适当的RL算法。此外,确定的差距和机会将推动无人机导航研究。
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最近,通过协作推断部署深神经网络(DNN)模型,该推断将预训练的模型分为两个部分,并分别在用户设备(UE)和Edge Server上执行它们,从而变得有吸引力。但是,DNN的大型中间特征会阻碍灵活的脱钩,现有方法要么集中在单个UE方案上,要么只是在考虑所需的CPU周期的情况下定义任务,但忽略了单个DNN层的不可分割性。在本文中,我们研究了多代理协作推理方案,其中单个边缘服务器协调了多个UES的推理。我们的目标是为所有UES实现快速和节能的推断。为了实现这一目标,我们首先设计了一种基于自动编码器的轻型方法,以压缩大型中间功能。然后,我们根据DNN的推理开销定义任务,并将问题作为马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)。最后,我们提出了一种多代理混合近端策略优化(MAHPPO)算法,以解决混合动作空间的优化问题。我们对不同类型的网络进行了广泛的实验,结果表明,我们的方法可以降低56%的推理潜伏期,并节省多达72 \%的能源消耗。
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无人驾驶飞机(UAV)用作空中基础站,可将时间敏感的包装从物联网设备传递到附近的陆地底站(TBS)。在此类无人产用的物联网网络中安排数据包,以确保TBS在TBS上确保新鲜(或最新的)物联网设备的数据包是一个挑战性的问题,因为它涉及两个同时的步骤(i)(i)在IOT设备上生成的数据包的同时进行样本由UAVS [HOP-1]和(ii)将采样数据包从UAVS更新到TBS [Hop-2]。为了解决这个问题,我们建议针对两跳UAV相关的IoT网络的信息年龄(AOI)调度算法。首先,我们提出了一个低复杂的AOI调度程序,称为MAF-MAD,该计划使用UAV(HOP-1)和最大AOI差异(MAD)策略采样最大AOI(MAF)策略,以更新从无人机到TBS(Hop-2)。我们证明,MAF-MAD是理想条件下的最佳AOI调度程序(无线无线通道和在物联网设备上产生交通生成)。相反,对于一般条件(物联网设备的损失渠道条件和不同的周期性交通生成),提出了深厚的增强学习算法,即近端政策优化(PPO)基于调度程序。仿真结果表明,在所有考虑的一般情况下,建议的基于PPO的调度程序优于MAF-MAD,MAF和Round-Robin等其他调度程序。
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Collaboration among industrial Internet of Things (IoT) devices and edge networks is essential to support computation-intensive deep neural network (DNN) inference services which require low delay and high accuracy. Sampling rate adaption which dynamically configures the sampling rates of industrial IoT devices according to network conditions, is the key in minimizing the service delay. In this paper, we investigate the collaborative DNN inference problem in industrial IoT networks. To capture the channel variation and task arrival randomness, we formulate the problem as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). Specifically, sampling rate adaption, inference task offloading and edge computing resource allocation are jointly considered to minimize the average service delay while guaranteeing the long-term accuracy requirements of different inference services. Since CMDP cannot be directly solved by general reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms due to the intractable long-term constraints, we first transform the CMDP into an MDP by leveraging the Lyapunov optimization technique. Then, a deep RL-based algorithm is proposed to solve the MDP. To expedite the training process, an optimization subroutine is embedded in the proposed algorithm to directly obtain the optimal edge computing resource allocation. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate that the proposed RL-based algorithm can significantly reduce the average service delay while preserving long-term inference accuracy with a high probability.
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Technology advancements in wireless communications and high-performance Extended Reality (XR) have empowered the developments of the Metaverse. The demand for Metaverse applications and hence, real-time digital twinning of real-world scenes is increasing. Nevertheless, the replication of 2D physical world images into 3D virtual world scenes is computationally intensive and requires computation offloading. The disparity in transmitted scene dimension (2D as opposed to 3D) leads to asymmetric data sizes in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we consider an asynchronous joint UL-DL scenario where in the UL stage, the smaller data size of the physical world scenes captured by multiple extended reality users (XUs) will be uploaded to the Metaverse Console (MC) to be construed and rendered. In the DL stage, the larger-size 3D virtual world scenes need to be transmitted back to the XUs. The decisions pertaining to computation offloading and channel assignment are optimized in the UL stage, and the MC will optimize power allocation for users assigned with a channel in the UL transmission stage. Some problems arise therefrom: (i) interactive multi-process chain, specifically Asynchronous Markov Decision Process (AMDP), (ii) joint optimization in multiple processes, and (iii) high-dimensional objective functions, or hybrid reward scenarios. To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we design a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm structure, namely Asynchronous Actors Hybrid Critic (AAHC). Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared to proposed baselines, AAHC obtains better solutions with preferable training time.
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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雇用无人驾驶航空公司(无人机)吸引了日益增长的兴趣,并成为互联网(物联网)网络中的数据收集技术的最先进技术。在本文中,目的是最大限度地减少UAV-IOT系统的总能耗,我们制定了联合设计了UAV的轨迹和选择IOT网络中的群集头作为受约束的组合优化问题的问题,该问题被归类为NP-努力解决。我们提出了一种新的深度加强学习(DRL),其具有顺序模型策略,可以通过无监督方式有效地学习由UAV的轨迹设计来实现由序列到序列神经网络表示的策略。通过广泛的模拟,所获得的结果表明,与其他基线算法相比,所提出的DRL方法可以找到无人机的轨迹,这些轨迹需要更少的能量消耗,并实现近乎最佳性能。此外,仿真结果表明,我们所提出的DRL算法的训练模型具有出色的概括能力,对更大的问题尺寸而没有必要恢复模型。
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FOG无线电访问网络(F-RAN)是一项有前途的技术,用户移动设备(MDS)可以将计算任务卸载到附近的FOG接入点(F-APS)。由于F-APS的资源有限,因此设计有效的任务卸载方案很重要。在本文中,通过考虑随时间变化的网络环境,制定了F-RAN中的动态计算卸载和资源分配问题,以最大程度地减少MD的任务执行延迟和能源消耗。为了解决该问题,提出了基于联合的深入强化学习(DRL)算法,其中深层确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法在每个F-AP中执行计算卸载和资源分配。利用联合学习来培训DDPG代理,以降低培训过程的计算复杂性并保护用户隐私。仿真结果表明,与其他现有策略相比,提议的联合DDPG算法可以更快地实现MDS更快的任务执行延迟和能源消耗。
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本文调查了大师无人机(MUAV) - 互联网(IOT)网络,我们建议使用配备有智能反射表面(IRS)的可充电辅助UAV(AUAV)来增强来自MUAV的通信信号并将MUAG作为充电电源利用。在拟议的模型下,我们研究了这些能量有限的无人机的最佳协作策略,以最大限度地提高物联网网络的累计吞吐量。根据两个无人机之间是否有收费,配制了两个优化问题。为了解决这些问题,提出了两个多代理深度强化学习(DRL)方法,这些方法是集中培训多师深度确定性政策梯度(CT-MADDPG)和多代理深度确定性政策选项评论仪(MADDPOC)。结果表明,CT-MADDPG可以大大减少对UAV硬件的计算能力的要求,拟议的MADDPOC能够在连续动作域中支持低水平的多代理合作学习,其优于优势基于选项的分层DRL,只支持单代理学习和离散操作。
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事件处理是动态和响应互联网(物联网)的基石。该领域的最近方法基于代表性状态转移(REST)原则,其允许将事件处理任务放置在遵循相同原理的任何设备上。但是,任务应在边缘设备之间正确分布,以确保公平资源利用率和保证无缝执行。本文调查了深入学习的使用,以公平分配任务。提出了一种基于关注的神经网络模型,在不同场景下产生有效的负载平衡解决方案。所提出的模型基于变压器和指针网络架构,并通过Advantage演员批评批评学习算法训练。该模型旨在缩放到事件处理任务的数量和边缘设备的数量,不需要重新调整甚至再刷新。广泛的实验结果表明,拟议的模型在许多关键绩效指标中优于传统的启发式。通用设计和所获得的结果表明,所提出的模型可能适用于几个其他负载平衡问题变化,这使得该提案是由于其可扩展性和效率而在现实世界场景中使用的有吸引力的选择。
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多访问边缘计算(MEC)是一个新兴的计算范式,将云计算扩展到网络边缘,以支持移动设备上的资源密集型应用程序。作为MEC的关键问题,服务迁移需要决定如何迁移用户服务,以维持用户在覆盖范围和容量有限的MEC服务器之间漫游的服务质量。但是,由于动态的MEC环境和用户移动性,找到最佳的迁移策略是棘手的。许多现有研究根据完整的系统级信息做出集中式迁移决策,这是耗时的,并且缺乏理想的可扩展性。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种新颖的学习驱动方法,该方法以用户为中心,可以通过使用不完整的系统级信息来做出有效的在线迁移决策。具体而言,服务迁移问题被建模为可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)。为了解决POMDP,我们设计了一个新的编码网络,该网络结合了长期记忆(LSTM)和一个嵌入式矩阵,以有效提取隐藏信息,并进一步提出了一种定制的非政策型演员 - 批判性算法,以进行有效的训练。基于现实世界的移动性痕迹的广泛实验结果表明,这种新方法始终优于启发式和最先进的学习驱动算法,并且可以在各种MEC场景上取得近乎最佳的结果。
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Recent advances in distributed artificial intelligence (AI) have led to tremendous breakthroughs in various communication services, from fault-tolerant factory automation to smart cities. When distributed learning is run over a set of wirelessly connected devices, random channel fluctuations and the incumbent services running on the same network impact the performance of both distributed learning and the coexisting service. In this paper, we investigate a mixed service scenario where distributed AI workflow and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) services run concurrently over a network. Consequently, we propose a risk sensitivity-based formulation for device selection to minimize the AI training delays during its convergence period while ensuring that the operational requirements of the URLLC service are met. To address this challenging coexistence problem, we transform it into a deep reinforcement learning problem and address it via a framework based on soft actor-critic algorithm. We evaluate our solution with a realistic and 3GPP-compliant simulator for factory automation use cases. Our simulation results confirm that our solution can significantly decrease the training delay of the distributed AI service while keeping the URLLC availability above its required threshold and close to the scenario where URLLC solely consumes all network resources.
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改善人与人之间的互动性和互连性是元视频的亮点之一。荟萃分析依赖于核心方法,数字孪生,这是将物理世界对象,人,动作和场景复制到虚拟世界中的一种手段。能够在实时和移动性的情况下访问与物理世界相关的场景和信息,对于为所有用户开发高度可访问,互动和互连体验至关重要。这种开发使来自其他位置的用户可以访问有关另一个位置发生的事件的高质量现实世界和最新信息,并与他人进行超相互交流的社交。然而,由于虚拟世界图形的数据大小以及对低延迟传输的需求,因此其他人从元评估中产生的持续,平稳的更新是一项具有挑战性的任务。随着移动增强现实(MAR)的开发,用户也可以通过高度交互方式(即使在移动性下)通过元视频进行交互。因此,在我们的工作中,我们考虑了一个环境,其中包括移动车辆互联网(IOV)的用户,并通过无线通信从Metaverse Service Provister Pasting Stations(MSPCSS)下载实时虚拟世界更新。我们设计了一个具有多个单元站的环境,其中将在细胞站之间交换用户虚拟世界图形下载任务。由于传输延迟是在移动性下接收虚拟世界更新的主要关注点,因此我们的工作旨在分配系统资源,以最大程度地减少用户在车辆中使用的总时间,以便从单元站下载其虚拟世界场景。我们利用深度强化学习并评估不同环境配置下算法的性能。我们的工作提供了启用AI支持的6G通信的元视体的用例。
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