作为深度学习的新兴技术,物理知识的神经网络(PINNS)已被广泛用于解决工程中的各种部分微分方程(PDE)。但是,基于实际考虑的PDE包含多种物理量和复杂的初始边界条件,因此Pinns通常返回不正确的结果。在这里,我们将多层织物中的传热问题作为典型例子。它由具有强相关性的多个温度场耦合,并且变量的值在不同的尺寸之间非常不平衡。我们澄清了经典贴图解决此类问题的潜在困难,并提出了一种具有双向平衡的并行物理信息的神经网络。详细地,我们的并联求解框架通过几个多层看法同步地拟合耦合方程。此外,我们设计了两个模块以平衡损耗梯度的数据和背传播过程的前进过程。这种双向平衡不仅使整个网络能够稳定地收敛,而且有助于在PDE中完全学习各种物理条件。我们提供一系列消融实验,以验证所提出的方法的有效性。结果表明,我们的方法使得Pinns无法解决的问题可溶性,并实现优异的求解精度。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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了解添加剂制造(AM)过程的热行为对于增强质量控制和实现定制过程设计至关重要。大多数纯粹基于物理的计算模型都有密集的计算成本,因此不适合在线控制和迭代设计应用程序。数据驱动的模型利用最新开发的计算工具可以作为更有效的替代品,但通常会在大量仿真数据上进行培训,并且通常无法有效使用小但高质量的实验数据。在这项工作中,我们使用物理知识的神经网络开发了AM过程的基于混合物理学的热建模方法。具体而言,通过红外摄像机测量的部分观察到的温度数据与物理定律结合在一起,以预测全场温度病史并发现未知的材料和过程参数。在数值和实验示例中,添加辅助训练数据并使用转移学习技术在训练效率和预测准确性方面的有效性,以及具有部分观察到的数据的未知参数的能力。结果表明,混合热模型可以有效地识别未知参数并准确捕获全田温度,因此它具有在AM的迭代过程设计和实时过程控制中的潜力。
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已经提出了物理信息神经网络(PINN)来学习偏微分方程(PDE)的解决方案。在PINN中,感兴趣的PDE及其边界条件的残余形式被归为复合目标函数,作为软惩罚。在这里,我们表明,将目标函数制定的这种特定方式是应用于不同种类PDE的PINN方法中严重限制的来源。为了解决这些局限性,我们提出了一个基于约束优化问题公式的多功能框架,在该框架中,我们使用增强的拉格朗日方法(ALM)来限制PDE的解决方案,并具有其边界条件和任何可能可用的高保真数据。我们的方法擅长于具有多保真数据融合的转发和反问题。我们通过将其应用于涉及多维PDE的几个远期和反向问题来证明物理和相等性约束深度学习框架的功效和多功能性。您的框架与最先进的框架相比,与最先进的框架提高了幅度的提高顺序。 ART物理信息的神经网络。
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标准的神经网络可以近似一般的非线性操作员,要么通过数学运算符的组合(例如,在对流 - 扩散反应部分微分方程中)的组合,要么仅仅是黑匣子,例如黑匣子,例如一个系统系统。第一个神经操作员是基于严格的近似理论于2019年提出的深层操作员网络(DeepOnet)。从那时起,已经发布了其他一些较少的一般操作员,例如,基于图神经网络或傅立叶变换。对于黑匣子系统,对神经操作员的培训仅是数据驱动的,但是如果知道管理方程式可以在培训期间将其纳入损失功能,以开发物理知识的神经操作员。神经操作员可以用作设计问题,不确定性量化,自主系统以及几乎任何需要实时推断的应用程序中的代替代物。此外,通过将它们与相对轻的训练耦合,可以将独立的预训练deponets用作复杂多物理系统的组成部分。在这里,我们介绍了Deponet,傅立叶神经操作员和图神经操作员的评论,以及适当的扩展功能扩展,并突出显示它们在计算机械师中的各种应用中的实用性,包括多孔媒体,流体力学和固体机制, 。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are algorithms from deep learning leveraging physical laws by including partial differential equations together with a respective set of boundary and initial conditions as penalty terms into their loss function. In this work, we observe the significant role of correctly weighting the combination of multiple competitive loss functions for training PINNs effectively. To this end, we implement and evaluate different methods aiming at balancing the contributions of multiple terms of the PINNs loss function and their gradients. After reviewing of three existing loss scaling approaches (Learning Rate Annealing, GradNorm and SoftAdapt), we propose a novel self-adaptive loss balancing scheme for PINNs named \emph{ReLoBRaLo} (Relative Loss Balancing with Random Lookback). We extensively evaluate the performance of the aforementioned balancing schemes by solving both forward as well as inverse problems on three benchmark PDEs for PINNs: Burgers' equation, Kirchhoff's plate bending equation and Helmholtz's equation. The results show that ReLoBRaLo is able to consistently outperform the baseline of existing scaling methods in terms of accuracy, while also inducing significantly less computational overhead.
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我们提出了一种基于具有子域(CENN)的神经网络的保守能量方法,其中允许通过径向基函数(RBF),特定解决方案神经网络和通用神经网络构成满足没有边界惩罚的基本边界条件的可允许功能。与具有子域的强形式Pinn相比,接口处的损耗术语具有较低的阶数。所提出的方法的优点是效率更高,更准确,更小的近双达,而不是具有子域的强形式Pinn。所提出的方法的另一个优点是它可以基于可允许功能的特殊结构适用于复杂的几何形状。为了分析其性能,所提出的方法宫殿用于模拟代表性PDE,这些实施例包括强不连续性,奇异性,复杂边界,非线性和异质问题。此外,在处理异质问题时,它优于其他方法。
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求解部分微分方程(PDE)是物理,生物学和化学领域的重要研究手段。作为数值方法的近似替代方法,Pinn受到了广泛的关注,并在许多领域发挥了重要作用。但是,Pinn使用完全连接的网络作为其模型,在时间和空间中,其合适能力和有限的外推能力有限。在本文中,我们提出了用于求解图形神经网络基础的部分微分方程的phygnnet,该方程由编码器,处理器和解码器块组成。特别是,我们将计算区域划分为常规网格,在网格上定义部分差分运算符,然后构建PDE损失以使网络优化以构建Phygnnet模型。更重要的是,我们对汉堡方程和热方程式进行比较实验以验证我们的方法,结果表明,与PINN相比,我们的方法在时间和空间区域具有更好的拟合能力和外推能力。
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物理信息神经网络(PINN)能够找到给定边界值问题的解决方案。我们使用有限元方法(FEM)的几个想法来增强工程问题中现有的PINN的性能。当前工作的主要贡献是促进使用主要变量的空间梯度作为分离神经网络的输出。后来,具有较高衍生物的强形式应用于主要变量的空间梯度作为物理约束。此外,该问题的所谓能量形式被应用于主要变量,作为训练的附加约束。所提出的方法仅需要一阶导数来构建物理损失函数。我们讨论了为什么通过不同模型之间的各种比较,这一点是有益的。基于配方混合的PINN和FE方法具有一些相似之处。前者利用神经网络的复杂非线性插值将PDE及其能量形式最小化及其能量形式,而后者则在元素节点借助Shape函数在元素节点上使用相同。我们专注于异质固体,以显示深学习在不同边界条件下在复杂环境中预测解决方案的能力。针对FEM的解决方案对两个原型问题的解决方案进行了检查:弹性和泊松方程(稳态扩散问题)。我们得出的结论是,通过正确设计PINN中的网络体系结构,深度学习模型有可能在没有其他来源的任何可用初始数据中解决异质域中的未知数。最后,关于Pinn和FEM的组合进行了讨论,以在未来的开发中快速准确地设计复合材料。
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物理知识的神经网络(PINNS)由于能力将物理定律纳入模型,在工程的各个领域都引起了很多关注。但是,对机械和热场之间涉及耦合的工业应用中PINN的评估仍然是一个活跃的研究主题。在这项工作中,我们提出了PINNS在非牛顿流体热机械问题上的应用,该问题通常在橡胶日历过程中考虑。我们证明了PINN在处理逆问题和不良问题时的有效性,这些问题是不切实际的,可以通过经典的数值离散方法解决。我们研究了传感器放置的影响以及无监督点对PINNS性能的分布,即从某些部分数据中推断出隐藏的物理领域的问题。我们还研究了PINN从传感器捕获的测量值中识别未知物理参数的能力。在整个工作中,还考虑了嘈杂测量的效果。本文的结果表明,在识别问题中,PINN可以仅使用传感器上的测量结果成功估算未知参数。在未完全定义边界条件的不足问题中,即使传感器的放置和无监督点的分布对PINNS性能产生了很大的影响,我们表明该算法能够从局部测量中推断出隐藏的物理。
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近年来,深入学习技术已被用来解决部分微分方程(PDE),其中物理信息的神经网络(PINNS)出现是解决前向和反向PDE问题的有希望的方法。具有点源的PDE,其表示为管理方程中的DIRAC DELTA函数是许多物理过程的数学模型。然而,由于DIRAC DELTA功能所带来的奇点,它们不能直接通过传统的PINNS方法来解决。我们提出了一种普遍的解决方案,以用三种新颖的技术解决这个问题。首先,DIRAC DELTA功能被建模为连续概率密度函数以消除奇点;其次,提出了下限约束的不确定性加权算法,以平衡点源区和其他区域之间的Pinns损失;第三,使用具有周期性激活功能的多尺度深度神经网络来提高PinnS方法的准确性和收敛速度。我们评估了三种代表性PDE的提出方法,实验结果表明,我们的方法优于基于深度学习的方法,涉及准确性,效率和多功能性。
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Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received significant attention as a representative deep learning-based technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Most fully connected network-based PINNs use automatic differentiation to construct loss functions that suffer from slow convergence and difficult boundary enforcement. In addition, although convolutional neural network (CNN)-based PINNs can significantly improve training efficiency, CNNs have difficulty in dealing with irregular geometries with unstructured meshes. Therefore, we propose a novel framework based on graph neural networks (GNNs) and radial basis function finite difference (RBF-FD). We introduce GNNs into physics-informed learning to better handle irregular domains with unstructured meshes. RBF-FD is used to construct a high-precision difference format of the differential equations to guide model training. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on Poisson and wave equations on irregular domains. We illustrate the generalizability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed algorithms on different PDE parameters, numbers of collection points, and several types of RBFs.
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We present an end-to-end framework to learn partial differential equations that brings together initial data production, selection of boundary conditions, and the use of physics-informed neural operators to solve partial differential equations that are ubiquitous in the study and modeling of physics phenomena. We first demonstrate that our methods reproduce the accuracy and performance of other neural operators published elsewhere in the literature to learn the 1D wave equation and the 1D Burgers equation. Thereafter, we apply our physics-informed neural operators to learn new types of equations, including the 2D Burgers equation in the scalar, inviscid and vector types. Finally, we show that our approach is also applicable to learn the physics of the 2D linear and nonlinear shallow water equations, which involve three coupled partial differential equations. We release our artificial intelligence surrogates and scientific software to produce initial data and boundary conditions to study a broad range of physically motivated scenarios. We provide the source code, an interactive website to visualize the predictions of our physics informed neural operators, and a tutorial for their use at the Data and Learning Hub for Science.
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Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
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事实证明,神经操作员是无限维函数空间之间非线性算子的强大近似值,在加速偏微分方程(PDE)的溶液方面是有希望的。但是,它需要大量的模拟数据,这些数据可能成本高昂,从而导致鸡肉 - 蛋的困境并限制其在求解PDE中的使用。为了摆脱困境,我们提出了一个无数据的范式,其中神经网络直接从由离散的PDE构成的平方平方残留(MSR)损失中学习物理。我们研究了MSR损失中的物理信息,并确定神经网络必须具有对PDE空间域中的远距离纠缠建模的挑战,PDE的空间域中的模式在不同的PDE中有所不同。因此,我们提出了低级分解网络(Lordnet),该网络可调节,并且也有效地建模各种纠缠。具体而言,Lordnet通过简单的完全连接的层学习了与全球纠缠的低级别近似值,从而以降低的计算成本来提取主要模式。关于解决泊松方程和纳维尔 - 长方式方程的实验表明,MSR损失的物理约束可以提高神经网络的精确度和泛化能力。此外,Lordnet在PDE中的其他现代神经网络体系结构都优于最少的参数和最快的推理速度。对于Navier-Stokes方程式,学习的运算符的速度比具有相同计算资源的有限差异解决方案快50倍。
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热应力和变形的快速分析在热控制措施和卫星结构设计的优化中起着关键作用。为了实现卫星主板的实时热应力和热变形分析,本文提出了一种新型的多任务注意UNET(MTA-UNET)神经网络,将多任务学习(MTL)和U-NET的优势结合在一起注意机制。此外,在训练过程中使用了物理知识的策略,其中部分微分方程(PDE)被整合到损失函数中作为残留项。最后,将基于不确定性的损失平衡方法应用于重量的多个培训任务的不同损失功能。实验结果表明,与单任务学习(STL)模型相比,提出的MTA-UNET有效提高了多个物理任务的预测准确性。此外,物理信息的方法在每个任务的预测中的错误较小,尤其是在小型数据集上。代码可以在:\ url {https://github.com/komorebitso/mta-unet}下载。
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We present a unified hard-constraint framework for solving geometrically complex PDEs with neural networks, where the most commonly used Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions (BCs) are considered. Specifically, we first introduce the "extra fields" from the mixed finite element method to reformulate the PDEs so as to equivalently transform the three types of BCs into linear forms. Based on the reformulation, we derive the general solutions of the BCs analytically, which are employed to construct an ansatz that automatically satisfies the BCs. With such a framework, we can train the neural networks without adding extra loss terms and thus efficiently handle geometrically complex PDEs, alleviating the unbalanced competition between the loss terms corresponding to the BCs and PDEs. We theoretically demonstrate that the "extra fields" can stabilize the training process. Experimental results on real-world geometrically complex PDEs showcase the effectiveness of our method compared with state-of-the-art baselines.
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Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.
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作为深度学习的典型{Application},物理知识的神经网络(PINN){已成功用于找到部分微分方程(PDES)的数值解决方案(PDES),但是如何提高有限准确性仍然是PINN的巨大挑战。 。在这项工作中,我们引入了一种新方法,对称性增强物理学知情的神经网络(SPINN),其中PDE的谎言对称性诱导的不变表面条件嵌入PINN的损失函数中,以提高PINN的准确性。我们分别通过两组十组独立数值实验来测试SPINN的有效性,分别用于热方程,Korteweg-De Vries(KDV)方程和潜在的汉堡{方程式},这表明Spinn的性能比PINN更好,而PINN的训练点和更简单的结构都更好神经网络。此外,我们讨论了Spinn的计算开销,以PINN的相对计算成本,并表明Spinn的训练时间没有明显的增加,甚至在某些情况下还不是PINN。
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