We present a unified hard-constraint framework for solving geometrically complex PDEs with neural networks, where the most commonly used Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions (BCs) are considered. Specifically, we first introduce the "extra fields" from the mixed finite element method to reformulate the PDEs so as to equivalently transform the three types of BCs into linear forms. Based on the reformulation, we derive the general solutions of the BCs analytically, which are employed to construct an ansatz that automatically satisfies the BCs. With such a framework, we can train the neural networks without adding extra loss terms and thus efficiently handle geometrically complex PDEs, alleviating the unbalanced competition between the loss terms corresponding to the BCs and PDEs. We theoretically demonstrate that the "extra fields" can stabilize the training process. Experimental results on real-world geometrically complex PDEs showcase the effectiveness of our method compared with state-of-the-art baselines.
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基于深度学习的方法,例如物理知识的神经网络(PINN)和DeepOnets已显示出解决PDE受约束优化(PDECO)问题的希望。但是,现有方法不足以处理对优化目标具有复杂或非线性依赖性的PDE约束。在本文中,我们提出了一个新颖的双层优化框架,以通过将目标和约束的优化解耦来解决挑战。对于内部循环优化,我们采用PINN仅解决PDE约束。对于外循环,我们通过基于隐式函数定理(IFT)使用Broyden的方法来设计一种新颖的方法,该方法对于近似高度级别而言是有效且准确的。我们进一步介绍了高度级计算的理论解释和误差分析。在多个大规模和非线性PDE约束优化问题上进行了广泛的实验表明,与强基础相比,我们的方法可实现最新的结果。
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Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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物理信息神经网络(PINN)能够找到给定边界值问题的解决方案。我们使用有限元方法(FEM)的几个想法来增强工程问题中现有的PINN的性能。当前工作的主要贡献是促进使用主要变量的空间梯度作为分离神经网络的输出。后来,具有较高衍生物的强形式应用于主要变量的空间梯度作为物理约束。此外,该问题的所谓能量形式被应用于主要变量,作为训练的附加约束。所提出的方法仅需要一阶导数来构建物理损失函数。我们讨论了为什么通过不同模型之间的各种比较,这一点是有益的。基于配方混合的PINN和FE方法具有一些相似之处。前者利用神经网络的复杂非线性插值将PDE及其能量形式最小化及其能量形式,而后者则在元素节点借助Shape函数在元素节点上使用相同。我们专注于异质固体,以显示深学习在不同边界条件下在复杂环境中预测解决方案的能力。针对FEM的解决方案对两个原型问题的解决方案进行了检查:弹性和泊松方程(稳态扩散问题)。我们得出的结论是,通过正确设计PINN中的网络体系结构,深度学习模型有可能在没有其他来源的任何可用初始数据中解决异质域中的未知数。最后,关于Pinn和FEM的组合进行了讨论,以在未来的开发中快速准确地设计复合材料。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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由于其出色的近似功率和泛化能力,物理知识的神经网络(PINNS)已成为求解高维局部微分方程(PDE)的流行选择。最近,基于域分解方法的扩展Pinns(Xpinns)由于其在模拟多尺度和多体问题问题及其平行化方面的有效性而引起了相当大的关注。但是,对其融合和泛化特性的理论理解仍未开发。在这项研究中,我们迈出了了解XPinns优于拼接的方式和当Xpinns差异的初步步骤。具体地,对于一般多层PinNS和Xpinn,我们首先通过PDE问题中的目标函数的复杂性提供先前的泛化,并且在优化之后通过网络的后矩阵规范结合。此外,根据我们的界限,我们分析了Xpinns改善泛化的条件。具体地,我们的理论表明,XPinn的关键构建块,即域分解,介绍了泛化的权衡。一方面,Xpinns将复杂的PDE解决方案分解为几个简单的部分,这降低了学习每个部分所需的复杂性并提高泛化。另一方面,分解导致每个子域内可用的训练数据较少,因此这种模型通常容易过度拟合,并且可能变得不那么广泛。经验上,我们选择五个PDE来显示XPinns比Pinns更好,类似于或更差,因此证明和证明我们的新理论。
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物理知情的神经网络(PINN)要求定期的基础PDE解决方案,以确保准确的近似值。因此,它们可能会在近似PDE的不连续溶液(例如非线性双曲方程)的情况下失败。为了改善这一点,我们提出了一种新颖的PINN变体,称为弱PINN(WPINNS),以准确地近似标量保护定律的熵溶液。WPINN是基于近似于根据Kruzkhov熵定义的残留的最小最大优化问题的解决方案,以确定近似熵解决方案的神经网络的参数以及测试功能。我们证明了WPINN发生的误差的严格界限,并通过数值实验说明了它们的性能,以证明WPINN可以准确地近似熵解决方案。
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法,以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知,满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的,用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能,以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此,我们使用来自建设性的实体几何(R函数)和广义的等级坐标(平均值潜在字段)的概念来构建$ \ phi $,对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件,试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似,并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet(必要),Neumann(自然)和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时,我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差,并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题,用于线性弹性,平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D,考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸,并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径,以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。
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我们提出了一种基于具有子域(CENN)的神经网络的保守能量方法,其中允许通过径向基函数(RBF),特定解决方案神经网络和通用神经网络构成满足没有边界惩罚的基本边界条件的可允许功能。与具有子域的强形式Pinn相比,接口处的损耗术语具有较低的阶数。所提出的方法的优点是效率更高,更准确,更小的近双达,而不是具有子域的强形式Pinn。所提出的方法的另一个优点是它可以基于可允许功能的特殊结构适用于复杂的几何形状。为了分析其性能,所提出的方法宫殿用于模拟代表性PDE,这些实施例包括强不连续性,奇异性,复杂边界,非线性和异质问题。此外,在处理异质问题时,它优于其他方法。
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The Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) approach is a new and promising way to solve partial differential equations using deep learning. The $L^2$ Physics-Informed Loss is the de-facto standard in training Physics-Informed Neural Networks. In this paper, we challenge this common practice by investigating the relationship between the loss function and the approximation quality of the learned solution. In particular, we leverage the concept of stability in the literature of partial differential equation to study the asymptotic behavior of the learned solution as the loss approaches zero. With this concept, we study an important class of high-dimensional non-linear PDEs in optimal control, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB) Equation, and prove that for general $L^p$ Physics-Informed Loss, a wide class of HJB equation is stable only if $p$ is sufficiently large. Therefore, the commonly used $L^2$ loss is not suitable for training PINN on those equations, while $L^{\infty}$ loss is a better choice. Based on the theoretical insight, we develop a novel PINN training algorithm to minimize the $L^{\infty}$ loss for HJB equations which is in a similar spirit to adversarial training. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is empirically demonstrated through experiments. Our code is released at https://github.com/LithiumDA/L_inf-PINN.
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深入学习被证明是通过物理信息的神经网络(PINNS)求解部分微分方程(PDE)的有效工具。 Pinns将PDE残差嵌入到神经网络的损耗功能中,已成功用于解决各种前向和逆PDE问题。然而,第一代Pinns的一个缺点是它们通常具有许多训练点即使具有有限的准确性。在这里,我们提出了一种新的方法,梯度增强的物理信息的神经网络(GPInns),用于提高Pinns的准确性和培训效率。 GPInns利用PDE残差的梯度信息,并将梯度嵌入损耗功能。我们广泛地测试了GPinns,并证明了GPInns在前进和反向PDE问题中的有效性。我们的数值结果表明,GPInn比贴图更好地表现出较少的训练点。此外,我们将GPIn与基于残留的自适应细化(RAR)的方法组合,一种用于在训练期间自适应地改善训练点分布的方法,以进一步提高GPInn的性能,尤其是具有陡峭梯度的溶液的PDE。
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我们制定了一类由物理驱动的深层变量模型(PDDLVM),以学习参数偏微分方程(PDES)的参数到解决方案(正向)和解决方案到参数(逆)图。我们的公式利用有限元方法(FEM),深神经网络和概率建模来组装一个深层概率框架,在该框架中,向前和逆图通过连贯的不确定性量化近似。我们的概率模型明确合并了基于参数PDE的密度和可训练的解决方案到参数网络,而引入的摊销变异家庭假定参数到解决方案网络,所有这些网络均经过联合培训。此外,所提出的方法不需要任何昂贵的PDE解决方案,并且仅在训练时间内对物理信息进行了信息,该方法允许PDE的实时仿真和培训后的逆问题解决方案的产生,绕开了对FEM操作的需求,以相当的准确性,以便于FEM解决方案。提出的框架进一步允许无缝集成观察到的数据,以解决反问题和构建生成模型。我们证明了方法对非线性泊松问题,具有复杂3D几何形状的弹性壳以及整合通用物理信息信息的神经网络(PINN)体系结构的有效性。与传统的FEM求解器相比,训练后,我们最多达到了三个数量级的速度,同时输出连贯的不确定性估计值。
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Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received significant attention as a representative deep learning-based technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Most fully connected network-based PINNs use automatic differentiation to construct loss functions that suffer from slow convergence and difficult boundary enforcement. In addition, although convolutional neural network (CNN)-based PINNs can significantly improve training efficiency, CNNs have difficulty in dealing with irregular geometries with unstructured meshes. Therefore, we propose a novel framework based on graph neural networks (GNNs) and radial basis function finite difference (RBF-FD). We introduce GNNs into physics-informed learning to better handle irregular domains with unstructured meshes. RBF-FD is used to construct a high-precision difference format of the differential equations to guide model training. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on Poisson and wave equations on irregular domains. We illustrate the generalizability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed algorithms on different PDE parameters, numbers of collection points, and several types of RBFs.
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在这项工作中,我们分析了不同程度的不同精度和分段多项式测试函数如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率,同时解决椭圆边界边界值问题,如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率。使用依靠INF-SUP条件的Petrov-Galerkin框架,我们在精确解决方案和合适的计算神经网络的合适的高阶分段插值之间得出了一个先验误差估计。数值实验证实了理论预测并突出了INF-SUP条件的重要性。我们的结果表明,以某种方式违反直觉,对于平滑解决方案,实现高衰减率的最佳策略在选择最低多项式程度的测试功能方面,同时使用适当高精度的正交公式。
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在本文中,我们开发了一种物理知识的神经网络(PINN)模型,用于具有急剧干扰初始条件的抛物线问题。作为抛物线问题的一个示例,我们考虑具有点(高斯)源初始条件的对流 - 分散方程(ADE)。在$ d $维的ADE中,在初始条件衰减中的扰动随时间$ t $ as $ t^{ - d/2} $,这可能会在Pinn解决方案中造成较大的近似错误。 ADE溶液中的局部大梯度使该方程的残余效率低下的(PINN)拉丁高立方体采样(常见)。最后,抛物线方程的PINN解对损耗函数中的权重选择敏感。我们提出了一种归一化的ADE形式,其中溶液的初始扰动不会降低幅度,并证明该归一化显着降低了PINN近似误差。我们提出了与通过其他方法选择的权重相比,损耗函数中的权重标准更准确。最后,我们提出了一种自适应采样方案,该方案可显着减少相同数量的采样(残差)点的PINN溶液误差。我们证明了提出的PINN模型的前进,反向和向后ADE的准确性。
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Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are algorithms from deep learning leveraging physical laws by including partial differential equations together with a respective set of boundary and initial conditions as penalty terms into their loss function. In this work, we observe the significant role of correctly weighting the combination of multiple competitive loss functions for training PINNs effectively. To this end, we implement and evaluate different methods aiming at balancing the contributions of multiple terms of the PINNs loss function and their gradients. After reviewing of three existing loss scaling approaches (Learning Rate Annealing, GradNorm and SoftAdapt), we propose a novel self-adaptive loss balancing scheme for PINNs named \emph{ReLoBRaLo} (Relative Loss Balancing with Random Lookback). We extensively evaluate the performance of the aforementioned balancing schemes by solving both forward as well as inverse problems on three benchmark PDEs for PINNs: Burgers' equation, Kirchhoff's plate bending equation and Helmholtz's equation. The results show that ReLoBRaLo is able to consistently outperform the baseline of existing scaling methods in terms of accuracy, while also inducing significantly less computational overhead.
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在本文中,我们演示并调查了一些挑战,这些挑战阻碍了使用物理知识的神经网络解决复杂问题的方式。特别是,我们可视化受过训练的模型的损失景观,并在存在物理学的情况下对反向传播梯度进行灵敏度分析。我们的发现表明,现有的方法产生了难以导航的高度非凸损失景观。此外,高阶PDE污染了可能阻碍或防止收敛的反向传播梯度。然后,我们提出了一种新的方法,该方法绕过了高阶PDE操作员的计算并减轻反向传播梯度的污染。为此,我们降低了解决方案搜索空间的维度,并通过非平滑解决方案促进学习问题。我们的配方还提供了一种反馈机制,可帮助我们的模型适应地专注于难以学习的领域的复杂区域。然后,我们通过调整Lagrange乘数方法来提出一个无约束的二重问题。我们运用我们的方法来解决由线性和非线性PDE控制的几个具有挑战性的基准问题。
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This paper proposes Friedrichs learning as a novel deep learning methodology that can learn the weak solutions of PDEs via a minmax formulation, which transforms the PDE problem into a minimax optimization problem to identify weak solutions. The name "Friedrichs learning" is for highlighting the close relationship between our learning strategy and Friedrichs theory on symmetric systems of PDEs. The weak solution and the test function in the weak formulation are parameterized as deep neural networks in a mesh-free manner, which are alternately updated to approach the optimal solution networks approximating the weak solution and the optimal test function, respectively. Extensive numerical results indicate that our mesh-free method can provide reasonably good solutions to a wide range of PDEs defined on regular and irregular domains in various dimensions, where classical numerical methods such as finite difference methods and finite element methods may be tedious or difficult to be applied.
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我们提出了一种用于加速物理信息神经网络(PINN)的新技术:离散训练的PINN(DT-PINNS)。已知在训练过程中通过自动分化在PINN损失函数中重复计算的计算在计算上是昂贵的,尤其是对于高阶导数而言。通过使用无网状径向基函数 - 限制差异(RBF-FD)计算出的高阶精确数值离散化来替换这些精确的空间衍生物来训练DT-PINN,并通过稀疏Matrix矢量乘法应用。 RBF-FD的使用允许在放置在不规则域几何上的点云样品上训练DT细胞。此外,尽管传统的PINN(香草杆)通常在GPU上以32位浮点(FP32)进行存储和培训,但我们表明对于DT-Pinns,GPU上使用FP64导致训练时间比FP32明显更快。香草杆具有可比精度。我们通过一系列实验证明了DT细菌的效率和准确性。首先,我们探讨了网络深度对具有随机权重的神经网络的数值和自动分化的影响,并表明三阶准确度及以上的RBF-FD近似值更有效,同时非常准确。然后,我们将DT-Pinns与线性和非线性泊松方程式上的香草细菌进行比较,并表明DT-Pinns在消费者GPU上更快的训练时间更快,而DT-PINN则获得了相似的损失。最后,我们还证明,可以通过使用RBF-FD离散空间衍生物并使用自动分化来获得PINN溶液(时空问题)的PINN溶液(时空问题)。我们的结果表明,FP64 DT-PINNS为FP32香草细菌提供了优越的成本准确性。
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