文本表示的预培训(PT)已成功应用于低资源神经机器翻译(NMT)。但是,它通常无法在资源丰富的NMT上获得显着的收益(有时甚至更糟),与其随机定位(RI)对应物相当。我们迈出了第一步,通过两个探测分析来研究资源丰富的场景中PT和RI之间的互补性,并发现:1)PT并不提高准确性,而是通过实现平坦的损失景观而不是RI的概括。 2)PT不是提高词汇选择的信心,而是通过分配更平滑的词汇概率分布而不是RI的词汇分布来提高词汇选择的信心。基于这些见解,我们建议将它们的互补性与模型融合算法相结合,该算法利用最佳传输来对齐PT和RI之间的神经元。对两个资源丰富的翻译基准的实验,WMT'17英语 - 中国(20m)和WMT'19英语 - 德国人(36m),表明PT和RI可以彼此很好地互补,可以实现实质性的改进,考虑到这两个翻译准确性,考虑到同时的翻译准确性,概括和负多样性。探测工具和代码的发布:https://github.com/zanchangtong/ptvsri。
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我们描述了JD Explore Academy对WMT 2022共享的一般翻译任务的提交。我们参加了所有高资源曲目和一条中型曲目,包括中文英语,德语英语,捷克语英语,俄语 - 英语和日语英语。我们通过扩大两个主要因素,即语言对和模型大小,即\ textbf {vega-mt}系统来推动以前的工作的极限 - 进行翻译的双向培训。至于语言对,我们将“双向”扩展到“多向”设置,涵盖所有参与语言,以利用跨语言的常识,并将其转移到下游双语任务中。至于型号尺寸,我们将变压器限制到拥有近47亿参数的极大模型,以完全增强我们VEGA-MT的模型容量。此外,我们采用数据增强策略,例如单语数据的循环翻译以及双语和单语数据的双向自我训练,以全面利用双语和单语言数据。为了使我们的Vega-MT适应通用域测试集,设计了概括调整。根据受约束系统的官方自动分数,根据图1所示的sacrebleu,我们在{zh-en(33.5),en-zh(49.7)(49.7),de-en(33.7)上获得了第一名-de(37.8),CS-EN(54.9),En-CS(41.4)和En-Ru(32.7)},在{ru-en(45.1)和Ja-en(25.6)}和第三名上的第二名和第三名在{en-ja(41.5)}上; W.R.T彗星,我们在{zh-en(45.1),en-zh(61.7),de-en(58.0),en-de(63.2),cs-en(74.7),ru-en(ru-en(ru-en)上,我们获得了第一名64.9),en-ru(69.6)和en-ja(65.1)},分别在{en-cs(95.3)和ja-en(40.6)}上的第二名。将发布模型,以通过GitHub和Omniforce平台来促进MT社区。
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Pre-training is an effective technique for ensuring robust performance on a variety of machine learning tasks. It typically depends on large-scale crawled corpora that can result in toxic or biased models. Such data can also be problematic with respect to copyright, attribution, and privacy. Pre-training with synthetic tasks and data is a promising way of alleviating such concerns since no real-world information is ingested by the model. Our goal in this paper is to understand what makes for a good pre-trained model when using synthetic resources. We answer this question in the context of neural machine translation by considering two novel approaches to translation model pre-training. Our first approach studies the effect of pre-training on obfuscated data derived from a parallel corpus by mapping words to a vocabulary of 'nonsense' tokens. Our second approach explores the effect of pre-training on procedurally generated synthetic parallel data that does not depend on any real human language corpus. Our empirical evaluation on multiple language pairs shows that, to a surprising degree, the benefits of pre-training can be realized even with obfuscated or purely synthetic parallel data. In our analysis, we consider the extent to which obfuscated and synthetic pre-training techniques can be used to mitigate the issue of hallucinated model toxicity.
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我们介绍了双图:一种简单但有效的训练策略,以提高神经机器翻译(NMT)性能。它由两个程序组成:双向预处理和单向填充。这两个过程均使用SIMCUT,这是一种简单的正则化方法,迫使原始句子对的输出分布之间的一致性。在不利用额外的数据集通过反翻译或集成大规模预认证的模型的情况下,BI-Simcut可以在五个翻译基准(数据尺寸从160K到20.20万)中实现强大的翻译性能:EN-的BLEU得分为31.16,EN-> DE和38.37的BLEU得分为38.37 de-> en在IWSLT14数据集上,en-> de的30.78和35.15在WMT14数据集上进行DE-> en,而WMT17数据集中的ZH-> EN为27.17。 Simcut不是一种新方法,而是简化和适用于NMT的cutoff(Shen等,2020)的版本,可以将其视为基于扰动的方法。鉴于Simcut和Bi-Simcut的普遍性和简单性,我们认为它们可以作为未来NMT研究的强大基准。
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我们提出了一种两阶段的培训方法,用于开发单个NMT模型,以翻译英语和英语的看不见的语言。对于第一阶段,我们将编码器模型初始化以鉴定XLM-R和Roberta的权重,然后对25种语言的平行数据进行多种语言微调。我们发现该模型可以推广到对看不见的语言的零击翻译。在第二阶段,我们利用这种概括能力从单语数据集生成合成的并行数据,然后用连续的反向翻译训练。最终模型扩展到了英语到许多方向,同时保持了多到英语的性能。我们称我们的方法为ecxtra(以英语为中心的跨语言(x)转移)。我们的方法依次利用辅助并行数据和单语言数据,并且在概念上很简单,仅在两个阶段都使用标准的跨熵目标。最终的ECXTRA模型对8种低资源语言的无监督NMT进行了评估,该语言为英语至哈萨克语(22.3> 10.4 bleu)以及其他15个翻译方向的竞争性能而获得了新的最先进。
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This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.
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对于多语言序列到序列预审预周序模型(多语言SEQ2SEQ PLM),例如姆巴特(Mbart),自制的预处理任务接受了多种单语言的培训,例如25种来自CommonCrawl的语言,而下游的跨语言任务通常在双语语言子集上进行,例如英语 - 德国人,存在数据差异,即领域的差异,以及跨语言学习客观差异,即在训练和填充阶段之间的任务差异。为了弥合上述跨语言域和任务差距,我们将使用额外的代码切换恢复任务扩展了香草预后管道。具体而言,第一阶段采用自我监督的代码转换还原任务作为借口任务,从而允许多语言SEQ2SEQ PLM获取一些域内对齐信息。在第二阶段,我们正常在下游数据上微调模型。 NLG评估(12个双语翻译任务,30个零射击任务和2项跨语言摘要任务)和NLU评估(7个跨语性自然语言推理任务)的实验表明,我们的模型超过了强大的基线MBART,具有标准的FINETUNNING,这表明了我们的模型策略,一致。分析表明,我们的方法可以缩小跨语性句子表示的欧几里得距离,并通过微不足道的计算成本改善模型概括。我们在:https://github.com/zanchangtong/csr4mbart上发布代码。
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已经表明,机器翻译模型通常在培训语料库中不常见的命名实体产生不良的翻译。早期命名实体翻译方法主要关注语音音译,忽略翻译中的句子上下文,并在域和语言覆盖范围内有限。为了解决这一限制,我们提出了深入的,一种去噪的实体预训练方法,它利用大量单机数据和知识库来改进句子中的命名实体转换准确性。此外,我们调查了一种多任务学习策略,使得在实体增强的单晶体数据和并行数据上FineTunes在实体上的训练有素的神经机器翻译模型中进一步改进实体翻译。三种语言对的实验结果表明,方法导致强大的脱景自动编码基线的显着改进,增益高达1.3 BLEU,高达9.2的英语翻译实体准确度。
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GPT-2和BERT展示了在各种自然语言处理任务上使用预训练的语言模型(LMS)的有效性。但是,在应用于资源丰富的任务时,LM微调通常会遭受灾难性的遗忘。在这项工作中,我们引入了一个协同的培训框架(CTNMT),该框架是将预训练的LMS集成到神经机器翻译(NMT)的关键。我们提出的CTNMT包括三种技术:a)渐近蒸馏,以确保NMT模型可以保留先前的预训练知识; b)动态的开关门,以避免灾难性忘记预训练的知识; c)根据计划的政策调整学习步伐的策略。我们在机器翻译中的实验表明,WMT14英语 - 德语对的CTNMT获得了最高3个BLEU得分,甚至超过了先前的最先进的预培训辅助NMT NMT的NMT。尽管对于大型WMT14英语法国任务,有400万句话,但我们的基本模型仍然可以显着改善最先进的变压器大型模型,超过1个BLEU得分。代码和模型可以从https://github.com/bytedance/neurst/tree/Master/Master/examples/ctnmt下载。
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We propose BERTSCORE, an automatic evaluation metric for text generation. Analogously to common metrics, BERTSCORE computes a similarity score for each token in the candidate sentence with each token in the reference sentence. However, instead of exact matches, we compute token similarity using contextual embeddings. We evaluate using the outputs of 363 machine translation and image captioning systems. BERTSCORE correlates better with human judgments and provides stronger model selection performance than existing metrics. Finally, we use an adversarial paraphrase detection task to show that BERTSCORE is more robust to challenging examples when compared to existing metrics.
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Pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing pre-training methods underutilize the benefits of language understanding for generation. Inspired by the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we propose a GAN-style model for encoder-decoder pre-training by introducing an auxiliary discriminator, unifying the ability of language understanding and generation in a single model. Our model, named as GanLM, is trained with two pre-training objectives: replaced token detection and replaced token denoising. Specifically, given masked source sentences, the generator outputs the target distribution and the discriminator predicts whether the target sampled tokens from distribution are incorrect. The target sentence is replaced with misclassified tokens to construct noisy previous context, which is used to generate the gold sentence. In general, both tasks improve the ability of language understanding and generation by selectively using the denoising data. Extensive experiments in language generation benchmarks show that GanLM with the powerful language understanding capability outperforms various strong pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves state-of-the-art performance.
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令牌词汇的选择会影响机器翻译的性能。本文旨在弄清楚什么是良好的词汇,以及没有试用培训的最佳词汇。为了回答这些问题,我们首先为从信息理论的角度提供了对词汇的作用的替代理解。这是由此激励,我们制定了词汇化的追求 - 找到了具有正确尺寸的最佳令牌词典 - 作为最佳运输(OT)问题。我们提出Volt,简单而有效的解决方案,没有试用培训。经验结果表明,在不同场景中,Volt优于广泛使用的词汇,包括WMT-14英语 - 德语和TED的52翻译方向。例如,伏特达到近70%的词汇量减少和英语 - 德语翻译中的0.5个BLEU增益。此外,与BPE搜索相比,Volt在英语 - 德语翻译中将搜索时间从384 GPU小时从384 GPU小时到30 GPU小时。代码在https://github.com/jingjing-nlp/volt上获得。
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幻觉是一种困扰神经机器翻译的一种病理翻译,最近引起了很多关注。简而言之,幻觉翻译是流利的句子,但与源输入几乎没有关系。可以说,如何发生幻觉仍然是一个开放的问题。在本文中,我们建议使用探测方法从模型架构的角度研究幻觉的原因,旨在避免将来的架构设计中的此类问题。通过对各种NMT数据集进行实验,我们发现幻觉通常伴随着不足的编码器,尤其是嵌入式和脆弱的交叉分离,而有趣的是,跨煽动会减轻编码器引起的一些错误。
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神经机器翻译(NMT)模型在大型双语数据集上已有效。但是,现有的方法和技术表明,该模型的性能高度取决于培训数据中的示例数量。对于许多语言而言,拥有如此数量的语料库是一个牵强的梦想。我们从单语言词典探索新语言的单语扬声器中汲取灵感,我们研究了双语词典对具有极低或双语语料库的语言的适用性。在本文中,我们使用具有NMT模型的双语词典探索方法,以改善资源极低的资源语言的翻译。我们将此工作扩展到多语言系统,表现出零拍的属性。我们详细介绍了字典质量,培训数据集大小,语言家族等对翻译质量的影响。多种低资源测试语言的结果表明,我们的双语词典方法比基线相比。
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以前的工作主要侧重于改善NLU任务的交叉传输,具有多语言预用编码器(MPE),或提高与伯特的监督机器翻译的性能。然而,探索了,MPE是否可以有助于促进NMT模型的交叉传递性。在本文中,我们专注于NMT中的零射频转移任务。在此任务中,NMT模型培训,只有一个语言对的并行数据集和搁置架MPE,然后它直接测试在零拍语言对上。我们为此任务提出了Sixt,一个简单而有效的模型。 SIXT利用了两阶段培训计划利用MPE,并进一步改进了解离编码器和容量增强的解码器。使用此方法,SIMPT显着优于MBart,这是一个用于NMT的预磨削的多语言编码器解码器模型,平均改善了14个源语言的零拍摄的任何英语测试集上的7.1 BLEU。此外,培训计算成本和培训数据较少,我们的模型在15个任何英语测试组上实现了比Criss和M2M-100,两个强大的多语言NMT基线更好的性能。
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Directly training a document-to-document (Doc2Doc) neural machine translation (NMT) via Transformer from scratch, especially on small datasets usually fails to converge. Our dedicated probing tasks show that 1) both the absolute position and relative position information gets gradually weakened or even vanished once it reaches the upper encoder layers, and 2) the vanishing of absolute position information in encoder output causes the training failure of Doc2Doc NMT. To alleviate this problem, we propose a position-aware Transformer (P-Transformer) to enhance both the absolute and relative position information in both self-attention and cross-attention. Specifically, we integrate absolute positional information, i.e., position embeddings, into the query-key pairs both in self-attention and cross-attention through a simple yet effective addition operation. Moreover, we also integrate relative position encoding in self-attention. The proposed P-Transformer utilizes sinusoidal position encoding and does not require any task-specified position embedding, segment embedding, or attention mechanism. Through the above methods, we build a Doc2Doc NMT model with P-Transformer, which ingests the source document and completely generates the target document in a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) way. In addition, P-Transformer can be applied to seq2seq-based document-to-sentence (Doc2Sent) and sentence-to-sentence (Sent2Sent) translation. Extensive experimental results of Doc2Doc NMT show that P-Transformer significantly outperforms strong baselines on widely-used 9 document-level datasets in 7 language pairs, covering small-, middle-, and large-scales, and achieves a new state-of-the-art. Experimentation on discourse phenomena shows that our Doc2Doc NMT models improve the translation quality in both BLEU and discourse coherence. We make our code available on Github.
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Text generation has made significant advances in the last few years. Yet, evaluation metrics have lagged behind, as the most popular choices (e.g., BLEU and ROUGE) may correlate poorly with human judgments. We propose BLEURT, a learned evaluation metric based on BERT that can model human judgments with a few thousand possibly biased training examples. A key aspect of our approach is a novel pre-training scheme that uses millions of synthetic examples to help the model generalize. BLEURT provides state-ofthe-art results on the last three years of the WMT Metrics shared task and the WebNLG Competition dataset. In contrast to a vanilla BERT-based approach, it yields superior results even when the training data is scarce and out-of-distribution.
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Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation (kNNMT) is a simple and effective method of augmenting neural machine translation (NMT) with a token-level nearest neighbor retrieval mechanism. The effectiveness of kNNMT directly depends on the quality of retrieved neighbors. However, original kNNMT builds datastores based on representations from NMT models, which would result in poor retrieval accuracy when NMT models are not good enough, leading to sub-optimal translation performance. In this paper, we propose PRED, a framework that leverages Pre-trained models for Datastores in kNN-MT. Better representations from pre-trained models allow us to build datastores of better quality. We also design a novel contrastive alignment objective to mitigate the representation gap between the NMT model and pre-trained models, enabling the NMT model to retrieve from better datastores. We conduct extensive experiments on both bilingual and multilingual translation benchmarks, including WMT17 English $\leftrightarrow$ Chinese, WMT14 English $\leftrightarrow$ German, IWSLT14 German $\leftrightarrow$ English, and IWSLT14 multilingual datasets. Empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of PRED.
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本文介绍了一种新的数据增强方法,用于神经机器翻译,该方法可以在语言内部和跨语言内部实施更强的语义一致性。我们的方法基于条件掩盖语言模型(CMLM),该模型是双向的,可以在左右上下文以及标签上有条件。我们证明CMLM是生成上下文依赖性单词分布的好技术。特别是,我们表明CMLM能够通过在替换过程中对源和目标进行调节来实现语义一致性。此外,为了增强多样性,我们将软词替换的想法纳入了数据增强,该概念用词汇上的概率分布代替了一个单词。在不同量表的四个翻译数据集上进行的实验表明,总体解决方案会导致更现实的数据增强和更好的翻译质量。与最新作品相比,我们的方法始终取得了最佳性能,并且在基线上的提高了1.90个BLEU点。
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在完全共享所有语言参数的多语言神经机器翻译模型中,通常使用人工语言令牌来指导转换为所需的目标语言。但是,最近的研究表明,预备语言代币有时无法将多语言神经机器翻译模型导航到正确的翻译方向,尤其是在零弹性翻译上。为了减轻此问题,我们提出了两种方法:语言嵌入实施例和语言意识的多头关注,以学习信息丰富的语言表示,以将翻译转换为正确的方向。前者体现了沿着从源到目标的信息流中的不同关键切换点的语言,旨在放大翻译方向引导信号。后者利用矩阵而不是向量来表示连续空间中的语言。矩阵分为多个头,以学习多个子空间中的语言表示。在两个数据集上进行大规模多语言神经机器翻译的实验结果表明,语言意识到的多头注意力受益于监督和零弹性翻译,并大大减轻了脱靶翻译问题。进一步的语言类型学预测实验表明,通过我们的方法学到的基于基质的语言表示能够捕获丰富的语言类型学特征。
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