Many applications of representation learning, such as privacy preservation, algorithmic fairness, and domain adaptation, desire explicit control over semantic information being discarded. This goal is formulated as satisfying two objectives: maximizing utility for predicting a target attribute while simultaneously being invariant (independent) to a known semantic attribute. Solutions to invariant representation learning (IRepL) problems lead to a trade-off between utility and invariance when they are competing. While existing works study bounds on this trade-off, two questions remain outstanding: 1) What is the exact trade-off between utility and invariance? and 2) What are the encoders (mapping the data to a representation) that achieve the trade-off, and how can we estimate it from training data? This paper addresses these questions for IRepLs in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS)s. Under the assumption that the distribution of a low-dimensional projection of high-dimensional data is approximately normal, we derive a closed-form solution for the global optima of the underlying optimization problem for encoders in RKHSs. This yields closed formulae for a near-optimal trade-off, corresponding optimal representation dimensionality, and the corresponding encoder(s). We also numerically quantify the trade-off on representative problems and compare them to those achieved by baseline IRepL algorithms.
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We introduce the Conditional Independence Regression CovariancE (CIRCE), a measure of conditional independence for multivariate continuous-valued variables. CIRCE applies as a regularizer in settings where we wish to learn neural features $\varphi(X)$ of data $X$ to estimate a target $Y$, while being conditionally independent of a distractor $Z$ given $Y$. Both $Z$ and $Y$ are assumed to be continuous-valued but relatively low dimensional, whereas $X$ and its features may be complex and high dimensional. Relevant settings include domain-invariant learning, fairness, and causal learning. The procedure requires just a single ridge regression from $Y$ to kernelized features of $Z$, which can be done in advance. It is then only necessary to enforce independence of $\varphi(X)$ from residuals of this regression, which is possible with attractive estimation properties and consistency guarantees. By contrast, earlier measures of conditional feature dependence require multiple regressions for each step of feature learning, resulting in more severe bias and variance, and greater computational cost. When sufficiently rich features are used, we establish that CIRCE is zero if and only if $\varphi(X) \perp \!\!\! \perp Z \mid Y$. In experiments, we show superior performance to previous methods on challenging benchmarks, including learning conditionally invariant image features.
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自我监督的表示学习解决辅助预测任务(称为借口任务),而不需要标记数据以学习有用的语义表示。这些借口任务仅使用输入特征,例如预测缺失的图像修补程序,从上下文中恢复图像的颜色通道,或者预测文本中的缺失单词;然而,预测该\ Texit {已知}信息有助于学习对下游预测任务的学习陈述。我们提供利用某些{\ EM重建}借口任务之间的统计连接的机制,以保证学习良好代表性。正式地,我们量化了借口任务的组件之间的近似独立性(标签和潜在变量的条件)允许我们学习可以通过训练在学习表示的顶部的线性层来解决下游任务的表示。我们证明了线性层即使对于复杂的地面真理函数类,也会产生小的近似误差,并且将急剧减少标记的样本复杂性。接下来,我们展示了我们方法的简单修改,导致非线性CCA,类似于流行的Simsiam算法,并显示了非线性CCA的类似保证。
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尽管大规模的经验风险最小化(ERM)在各种机器学习任务中取得了高精度,但公平的ERM受到公平限制与随机优化的不兼容的阻碍。我们考虑具有离散敏感属性以及可能需要随机求解器的可能性大型模型和数据集的公平分类问题。现有的内部处理公平算法在大规模设置中要么是不切实际的,因为它们需要在每次迭代时进行大量数据,要么不保证它们会收敛。在本文中,我们开发了第一个具有保证收敛性的随机内处理公平算法。对于人口统计学,均衡的赔率和公平的机会均等的概念,我们提供了算法的略有变化,称为Fermi,并证明这些变化中的每一个都以任何批次大小收敛于随机优化。从经验上讲,我们表明Fermi适合具有多个(非二进制)敏感属性和非二进制目标的随机求解器,即使Minibatch大小也很小,也可以很好地表现。广泛的实验表明,与最先进的基准相比,FERMI实现了所有经过测试的设置之间的公平违规和测试准确性之间最有利的权衡,该基准是人口统计学奇偶校验,均衡的赔率,均等机会,均等机会。这些好处在小批量的大小和非二元分类具有大量敏感属性的情况下尤其重要,这使得费米成为大规模问题的实用公平算法。
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内核方法是强大的学习方法,允许执行非线性数据分析。尽管它们很受欢迎,但在大数据方案中,它们的可伸缩性差。已经提出了各种近似方法,包括随机特征近似,以减轻问题。但是,除了内核脊回归外,大多数这些近似内核方法的统计一致性尚不清楚,其中已证明随机特征近似不仅在计算上有效,而且在统计上与最小值最佳收敛速率一致。在本文中,我们通过研究近似KPCA的计算和统计行为之间的权衡,研究了内核主成分分析(KPCA)中随机特征近似的功效。我们表明,与KPCA相比,与KPCA相比,与KPCA相比,近似KPCA在与基于内核函数基于其对相应的特征面积的投影相关的误差方面是有效的。该分析取决于伯恩斯坦类型的不平等现象,对自我偶和式希尔伯特·史克米特(Hilbert-Schmidt)操作员价值u统计量的运营商和希尔伯特·史克米特(Hilbert-Schmidt)规范取决于独立利益。
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对比学习在各种自我监督的学习任务中取得了最先进的表现,甚至优于其监督的对应物。尽管其经验成功,但对为什么对比学习作品的理论认识仍然有限。在本文中,(i)我们证明,对比学习胜过AutoEncoder,一种经典无监督的学习方法,适用于特征恢复和下游任务;(ii)我们还说明标记数据在监督对比度学习中的作用。这为最近的发现提供了理论支持,即对标签对比学习的结果提高了域名下游任务中学识表的表现,但它可能会损害转移学习的性能。我们通过数值实验验证了我们的理论。
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This paper proposes a novel multivariate definition of statistical dependence using a functional methodology inspired by Alfred R\'enyi. We define a new symmetric and self-adjoint cross density kernel through a recursive bidirectional statistical mapping between conditional densities of continuous random processes, which estimates their statistical dependence. Therefore, the kernel eigenspectrum is proposed as a new multivariate statistical dependence measure, and the formulation requires fewer assumptions about the data generation model than current methods. The measure can also be estimated from realizations. The proposed functional maximum correlation algorithm (FMCA) is applied to a learning architecture with two multivariate neural networks. The FMCA optimal solution is an equilibrium point that estimates the eigenspectrum of the cross density kernel. Preliminary results with synthetic data and medium size image datasets corroborate the theory. Four different strategies of applying the cross density kernel are thoroughly discussed and implemented to show the versatility and stability of the methodology, and it transcends supervised learning. When two random processes are high-dimensional real-world images and white uniform noise, respectively, the algorithm learns a factorial code i.e., the occurrence of a code guarantees that a certain input in the training set was present, which is quite important for feature learning.
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自我监督的学习(SSL)推测,投入和成对的积极关系足以学习有意义的表示。尽管SSL最近达到了一个里程碑:在许多模式下,胜过监督的方法\点,理论基础是有限的,特定于方法的,并且未能向从业者提供原则上的设计指南。在本文中,我们提出了一个统一的框架,这些框架是在光谱歧管学习的掌舵下,以解决这些局限性。通过这项研究的过程,我们将严格证明Vic​​reg,Simclr,Barlowtwins等。对应于诸如Laplacian eigenmaps,多维缩放等方面的同名光谱方法。然后,此统一将使我们能够获得(i)每种方法的闭合形式的最佳表示,(ii)每种方法的线性态度中的封闭形式的最佳网络参数,(iii)在期间使用的成对关系的影响对每个数量和下游任务性能的培训,以及最重要的是,(iv)分别针对全球和局部光谱嵌入方法的对比度和非对抗性方法之间的第一个理论桥梁,暗示了每种方法的益处和限制。例如,(i)如果成对关系与下游任务一致,则可以成功采用任何SSL方法并将恢复监督方法,但是在低数据状态下,Vicreg的不变性超参数应该很高; (ii)如果成对关系与下游任务未对准,则与SIMCLR或BARLOWTWINS相比,具有小型不变性高参数的VICREG。
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对于函数的矩阵或凸起的正半明确度(PSD)的形状约束在机器学习和科学的许多应用中起着核心作用,包括公制学习,最佳运输和经济学。然而,存在很少的功能模型,以良好的经验性能和理论担保来强制执行PSD-NESS或凸起。在本文中,我们介绍了用于在PSD锥中的值的函数的内核平方模型,其扩展了最近建议编码非负标量函数的内核平方型号。我们为这类PSD函数提供了一个代表性定理,表明它构成了PSD函数的普遍近似器,并在限定的平等约束的情况下导出特征值界限。然后,我们将结果应用于建模凸起函数,通过执行其Hessian的核心量子表示,并表明可以因此表示任何平滑且强凸的功能。最后,我们说明了我们在PSD矩阵值回归任务中的方法以及标准值凸起回归。
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Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.
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It is important to guarantee that machine learning algorithms deployed in the real world do not result in unfairness or unintended social consequences. Fair ML has largely focused on the protection of single attributes in the simpler setting where both attributes and target outcomes are binary. However, the practical application in many a real-world problem entails the simultaneous protection of multiple sensitive attributes, which are often not simply binary, but continuous or categorical. To address this more challenging task, we introduce FairCOCCO, a fairness measure built on cross-covariance operators on reproducing kernel Hilbert Spaces. This leads to two practical tools: first, the FairCOCCO Score, a normalised metric that can quantify fairness in settings with single or multiple sensitive attributes of arbitrary type; and second, a subsequent regularisation term that can be incorporated into arbitrary learning objectives to obtain fair predictors. These contributions address crucial gaps in the algorithmic fairness literature, and we empirically demonstrate consistent improvements against state-of-the-art techniques in balancing predictive power and fairness on real-world datasets.
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Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.
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确定点过程(DPP)是排斥点模式的统计模型。取样和推理都是DPPS的易用,这是具有负依赖性的模型中的罕见特征,解释了他们在机器学习和空间统计中的普及。已经在有限情况下提出了参数和非参数推断方法,即当点模式生活在有限的地面集中时。在连续的情况下,只有研究参数方法,而DPPS的非参数最大可能性 - 追踪课程运算符的优化问题 - 仍然是一个打开的问题。在本文中,我们表明,这种最大可能性(MLE)问题的受限制版本落入了RKHS中的非负面函数的最新代表定理的范围内。这导致有限的尺寸问题,具有强大的统计关系到原始MLE。此外,我们提出,分析,并展示了解决这个有限尺寸问题的定点算法。最后,我们还提供了对DPP的相关核的受控估计,从而提供更多的解释性。
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已经假设量子计算机可以很好地为机器学习中的应用提供很好。在本作工作中,我们分析通过量子内核定义的函数类。量子计算机提供了有效地计算符合难以计算的指数大密度运算符的内部产品。然而,具有指数大的特征空间使得普遍化的问题造成泛化的问题。此外,能够有效地评估高尺寸空间中的内部产品本身不能保证量子优势,因为已经是经典的漫步核可以对应于高或无限的维度再现核Hilbert空间(RKHS)。我们分析量子内核的频谱属性,并发现我们可以期待优势如果其RKHS低维度,并且包含很难经典计算的功能。如果已知目标函数位于该类中,则这意味着量子优势,因为量子计算机可以编码这种电感偏压,而没有同样的方式对功能类进行经典有效的方式。但是,我们表明查找合适的量子内核并不容易,因为内核评估可能需要指数倍数的测量。总之,我们的信息是有点令人发声的:我们猜测量子机器学习模型只有在我们设法将关于传递到量子电路的问题的知识编码的情况下,才能提供加速,同时将相同的偏差置于经典模型。难的。然而,在学习由量子流程生成的数据时,这些情况可能会被典雅地发生,但对于古典数据集来说,它们似乎更难。
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对于高维和非参数统计模型,速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到,但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略,以获得对任何估计方差的下限,偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的,并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限,用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中,将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型,包括高斯白噪声模型,边界估计问题,高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用,发生不同类型的偏差差异发生,其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡,我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动,以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中,发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用,但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。
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在高赌注域中的机器学习工具的实际应用通常被调节为公平,因此预测目标应该满足相对于受保护属性的奇偶校验的一些定量概念。然而,公平性和准确性之间的确切权衡并不完全清楚,即使是对分类问题的基本范式也是如此。在本文中,我们通过在任何公平分类器的群体误差之和中提供较低的界限,在分类设置中表征统计奇偶校验和准确性之间的固有权衡。我们不可能的定理可以被解释为公平的某种不确定性原则:如果基本率不同,那么符合统计奇偶校验的任何公平分类器都必须在至少一个组中产生很大的错误。我们进一步扩展了这一结果,以便在学习公平陈述的角度下给出任何(大约)公平分类者的联合误差的下限。为了表明我们的下限是紧张的,假设Oracle访问贝叶斯(潜在不公平)分类器,我们还构造了一种返回一个随机分类器的算法,这是最佳和公平的。有趣的是,当受保护的属性可以采用超过两个值时,这个下限的扩展不承认分析解决方案。然而,在这种情况下,我们表明,通过解决线性程序,我们可以通过解决我们作为电视 - 重心问题的术语,电视距离的重心问题来有效地计算下限。在上面,我们证明,如果集团明智的贝叶斯最佳分类器是关闭的,那么学习公平的表示导致公平的替代概念,称为准确性奇偶校验,这使得错误率在组之间关闭。最后,我们还在现实世界数据集上进行实验,以确认我们的理论发现。
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We reformulate unsupervised dimension reduction problem (UDR) in the language of tempered distributions, i.e. as a problem of approximating an empirical probability density function by another tempered distribution, supported in a $k$-dimensional subspace. We show that this task is connected with another classical problem of data science -- the sufficient dimension reduction problem (SDR). In fact, an algorithm for the first problem induces an algorithm for the second and vice versa. In order to reduce an optimization problem over distributions to an optimization problem over ordinary functions we introduce a nonnegative penalty function that ``forces'' the support of the model distribution to be $k$-dimensional. Then we present an algorithm for the minimization of the penalized objective, based on the infinite-dimensional low-rank optimization, which we call the alternating scheme. Also, we design an efficient approximate algorithm for a special case of the problem, where the distance between the empirical distribution and the model distribution is measured by Maximum Mean Discrepancy defined by a Mercer kernel of a certain type. We test our methods on four examples (three UDR and one SDR) using synthetic data and standard datasets.
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我们考虑通过复制内核希尔伯特空间的相关协方差操作员对概率分布进行分析。我们表明,冯·诺伊曼(Von Neumann)的熵和这些操作员的相对熵与香农熵和相对熵的通常概念密切相关,并具有许多特性。它们与来自概率分布的各种口径的有效估计算法结合在一起。我们还考虑了产品空间,并表明对于张量产品内核,我们可以定义互信息和联合熵的概念,然后可以完美地表征独立性,但只能部分条件独立。我们最终展示了这些新的相对熵概念如何导致对数分区函数的新上限,这些函数可以与变异推理方法中的凸优化一起使用,从而提供了新的概率推理方法家族。
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这项调查旨在提供线性模型及其背后的理论的介绍。我们的目标是对读者进行严格的介绍,并事先接触普通最小二乘。在机器学习中,输出通常是输入的非线性函数。深度学习甚至旨在找到需要大量计算的许多层的非线性依赖性。但是,这些算法中的大多数都基于简单的线性模型。然后,我们从不同视图中描述线性模型,并找到模型背后的属性和理论。线性模型是回归问题中的主要技术,其主要工具是最小平方近似,可最大程度地减少平方误差之和。当我们有兴趣找到回归函数时,这是一个自然的选择,该回归函数可以最大程度地减少相应的预期平方误差。这项调查主要是目的的摘要,即线性模型背后的重要理论的重要性,例如分布理论,最小方差估计器。我们首先从三种不同的角度描述了普通的最小二乘,我们会以随机噪声和高斯噪声干扰模型。通过高斯噪声,该模型产生了可能性,因此我们引入了最大似然估计器。它还通过这种高斯干扰发展了一些分布理论。最小二乘的分布理论将帮助我们回答各种问题并引入相关应用。然后,我们证明最小二乘是均值误差的最佳无偏线性模型,最重要的是,它实际上接近了理论上的极限。我们最终以贝叶斯方法及以后的线性模型结束。
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切成薄片的相互信息(SMI)定义为在随机变量的一维随机投影之间的平均值(MI)项。它是对经典MI依赖的替代度量,该量子保留了许多特性,但更可扩展到高维度。但是,对SMI本身和其估计率的定量表征取决于环境维度,这对于理解可伸缩性至关重要,仍然晦涩难懂。这项工作将原始的SMI定义扩展到$ K $ -SMI,该定义将预测视为$ k $维二维子空间,并提供了有关其依赖性尺寸的多方面帐户。在2-Wasserstein指标中使用差分熵连续性的新结果,我们对Monte Carlo(MC)基于$ K $ -SMI的估计的错误得出了尖锐的界限,并明确依赖于$ K $和环境维度,揭示了他们与样品数量的相互作用。然后,我们将MC Integrator与神经估计框架相结合,以提供端到端$ K $ -SMI估算器,为此建立了最佳的收敛率。随着尺寸的增长,我们还探索了人口$ k $ -smi的渐近学,从而为高斯近似结果提供了在适当的力矩范围下衰减的残差。我们的理论通过数值实验验证,并适用于切片Infogan,该切片完全提供了$ k $ -smi的可伸缩性问题的全面定量说明,包括SMI作为特殊情况,当$ k = 1 $。
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