内核方法是强大的学习方法,允许执行非线性数据分析。尽管它们很受欢迎,但在大数据方案中,它们的可伸缩性差。已经提出了各种近似方法,包括随机特征近似,以减轻问题。但是,除了内核脊回归外,大多数这些近似内核方法的统计一致性尚不清楚,其中已证明随机特征近似不仅在计算上有效,而且在统计上与最小值最佳收敛速率一致。在本文中,我们通过研究近似KPCA的计算和统计行为之间的权衡,研究了内核主成分分析(KPCA)中随机特征近似的功效。我们表明,与KPCA相比,与KPCA相比,与KPCA相比,近似KPCA在与基于内核函数基于其对相应的特征面积的投影相关的误差方面是有效的。该分析取决于伯恩斯坦类型的不平等现象,对自我偶和式希尔伯特·史克米特(Hilbert-Schmidt)操作员价值u统计量的运营商和希尔伯特·史克米特(Hilbert-Schmidt)规范取决于独立利益。
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Over the last decade, an approach that has gained a lot of popularity to tackle non-parametric testing problems on general (i.e., non-Euclidean) domains is based on the notion of reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) embedding of probability distributions. The main goal of our work is to understand the optimality of two-sample tests constructed based on this approach. First, we show that the popular MMD (maximum mean discrepancy) two-sample test is not optimal in terms of the separation boundary measured in Hellinger distance. Second, we propose a modification to the MMD test based on spectral regularization by taking into account the covariance information (which is not captured by the MMD test) and prove the proposed test to be minimax optimal with a smaller separation boundary than that achieved by the MMD test. Third, we propose an adaptive version of the above test which involves a data-driven strategy to choose the regularization parameter and show the adaptive test to be almost minimax optimal up to a logarithmic factor. Moreover, our results hold for the permutation variant of the test where the test threshold is chosen elegantly through the permutation of the samples. Through numerical experiments on synthetic and real-world data, we demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed test in comparison to the MMD test.
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本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS(PCR-LE)的主要成分回归的统计性质,这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =(y_1,\ ldots,y_n)$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下,PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率(其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + d) )} $)和健美的测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + d)$)。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}:即,我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况,并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计($ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + m)$)和测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + m)$)收敛率。有趣的是,这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说,对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易,统计上讲,而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。
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我们考虑通过复制内核希尔伯特空间的相关协方差操作员对概率分布进行分析。我们表明,冯·诺伊曼(Von Neumann)的熵和这些操作员的相对熵与香农熵和相对熵的通常概念密切相关,并具有许多特性。它们与来自概率分布的各种口径的有效估计算法结合在一起。我们还考虑了产品空间,并表明对于张量产品内核,我们可以定义互信息和联合熵的概念,然后可以完美地表征独立性,但只能部分条件独立。我们最终展示了这些新的相对熵概念如何导致对数分区函数的新上限,这些函数可以与变异推理方法中的凸优化一起使用,从而提供了新的概率推理方法家族。
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We study a natural extension of classical empirical risk minimization, where the hypothesis space is a random subspace of a given space. In particular, we consider possibly data dependent subspaces spanned by a random subset of the data, recovering as a special case Nystrom approaches for kernel methods. Considering random subspaces naturally leads to computational savings, but the question is whether the corresponding learning accuracy is degraded. These statistical-computational tradeoffs have been recently explored for the least squares loss and self-concordant loss functions, such as the logistic loss. Here, we work to extend these results to convex Lipschitz loss functions, that might not be smooth, such as the hinge loss used in support vector machines. This unified analysis requires developing new proofs, that use different technical tools, such as sub-gaussian inputs, to achieve fast rates. Our main results show the existence of different settings, depending on how hard the learning problem is, for which computational efficiency can be improved with no loss in performance.
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We consider autocovariance operators of a stationary stochastic process on a Polish space that is embedded into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We investigate how empirical estimates of these operators converge along realizations of the process under various conditions. In particular, we examine ergodic and strongly mixing processes and obtain several asymptotic results as well as finite sample error bounds. We provide applications of our theory in terms of consistency results for kernel PCA with dependent data and the conditional mean embedding of transition probabilities. Finally, we use our approach to examine the nonparametric estimation of Markov transition operators and highlight how our theory can give a consistency analysis for a large family of spectral analysis methods including kernel-based dynamic mode decomposition.
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我们提出和研究内核偶联梯度方法(KCGM),并在可分离的希尔伯特空间上进行最小二乘回归的随机投影。考虑两种类型的随机草图和nyStr \“ {o} m子采样产生的随机投影,我们在适当的停止规则下证明了有关算法的规范变体的最佳统计结果。尤其是我们的结果表明,如果投影维度显示了投影维度与问题的有效维度成正比,带有随机草图的KCGM可以最佳地概括,同时获得计算优势。作为推论,我们在良好条件方面的经典KCGM得出了最佳的经典KCGM,因为目标函数可能不会不会在假设空间中。
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我们解决了条件平均嵌入(CME)的内核脊回归估算的一致性,这是给定$ y $ x $的条件分布的嵌入到目标重现内核hilbert space $ hilbert space $ hilbert Space $ \ Mathcal {H} _y $ $ $ $ 。 CME允许我们对目标RKHS功能的有条件期望,并已在非参数因果和贝叶斯推论中使用。我们解决了错误指定的设置,其中目标CME位于Hilbert-Schmidt操作员的空间中,该操作员从$ \ Mathcal {H} _X _x $和$ L_2 $和$ \ MATHCAL {H} _Y $ $之间的输入插值空间起作用。该操作员的空间被证明是新定义的矢量值插值空间的同构。使用这种同构,我们在未指定的设置下为经验CME估计量提供了一种新颖的自适应统计学习率。我们的分析表明,我们的费率与最佳$ o(\ log n / n)$速率匹配,而无需假设$ \ Mathcal {h} _y $是有限维度。我们进一步建立了学习率的下限,这表明所获得的上限是最佳的。
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我们研究了非参数脊的最小二乘的学习属性。特别是,我们考虑常见的估计人的估计案例,由比例依赖性内核定义,并专注于规模的作用。这些估计器内插数据,可以显示规模来通过条件号控制其稳定性。我们的分析表明,这是不同的制度,具体取决于样本大小,其尺寸与问题的平滑度之间的相互作用。实际上,当样本大小小于数据维度中的指数时,可以选择比例,以便学习错误减少。随着样本尺寸变大,总体错误停止减小但有趣地可以选择规模,使得噪声引起的差异仍然存在界线。我们的分析结合了概率,具有来自插值理论的许多分析技术。
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我们考虑在非参数环境中对高阶希尔伯特空间的高阶估计估计。我们提出的估计器缩小了Bochner积分量的$ U $统计估计器,而不是希尔伯特领域的预指定目标元素。根据$ u $统计的内核的退化,我们构建了一致的收缩估计量,并具有快速的收敛速度,并产生了Oracle不平等,比较了$ u $统计估计器的风险及其收缩版。令人惊讶的是,我们表明,通过假设$ u $统计的内核完全退化而设计的收缩估计器也是一致的估计器,即使内核不是完全退化。这项工作涵盖并改进了Krikamol等人,2016年,JMLR和Zhou等,2019,JMVA,它仅处理繁殖的内核Hilbert Space中的平均元素和协方差操作员估计。我们还将结果专注于正常的平均估计,并表明对于$ d \ ge 3 $,拟议的估算器严格根据平均误差的样本平均值进行了改进。
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我们为在一般来源条件下的希尔伯特量表中的新型Tikhonov登记学习问题提供了最小的自适应率。我们的分析不需要在假设类中包含回归函数,并且最著名的是不使用传统的\ textit {先验{先验}假设。使用插值理论,我们证明了Mercer运算符的光谱可以在存在“紧密''$ l^{\ infty} $嵌入的存在的情况下,可以推断出合适的Hilbert鳞片的嵌入。我们的分析利用了新的傅立叶能力条件在某些参数制度中,修改后的Mercer运算符的最佳Lorentz范围空间。
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在本文中,我们研究了可分离的希尔伯特空间的回归问题,并涵盖了繁殖核希尔伯特空间的非参数回归。我们研究了一类光谱/正则化算法,包括脊回归,主成分回归和梯度方法。我们证明了最佳,高概率的收敛性在研究算法的规范变体方面,考虑到对假设空间的能力假设以及目标函数的一般源条件。因此,我们以最佳速率获得了几乎确定的收敛结果。我们的结果改善并推广了先前的结果,以填补了无法实现的情况的理论差距。
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Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.
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过度分化的神经网络倾向于完全符合嘈杂的训练数据,但在测试数据上概括。灵感来自这一实证观察,最近的工作试图了解在更简单的线性模型中的良性过度或无害插值的这种现象。以前的理论工作批判性地假设数据特征是统计独立的,或者输入数据是高维的;这会阻止具有结构化特征映射的一般非参数设置。在本文中,我们为再生内核希尔伯特空间中的上限回归和分类风险提供了一般和灵活的框架。关键贡献是我们的框架在数据革处矩阵上描述了精确的充分条件,在这种情况下发生无害的插值。我们的结果恢复了现有的独立功能结果(具有更简单的分析),但它们还表明,在更常规的环境中可能发生无害的插值,例如有界正常系统的功能。此外,我们的结果表明,以先前仅针对高斯特征的方式显示分类和回归性能之间的渐近分离。
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内核方法是机器学习中最流行的技术之一,使用再现内核希尔伯特空间(RKHS)的属性来解决学习任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的数据分析框架,与再现内核Hilbert $ C ^ * $ - 模块(rkhm)和rkhm中的内核嵌入(kme)。由于RKHM包含比RKHS或VVRKHS)的更丰富的信息,因此使用RKHM的分析使我们能够捕获和提取诸如功能数据的结构属性。我们向RKHM展示了rkhm理论的分支,以适用于数据分析,包括代表性定理,以及所提出的KME的注射性和普遍性。我们还显示RKHM概括RKHS和VVRKHS。然后,我们提供采用RKHM和提议的KME对数据分析的具体程序。
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The phenomenon of benign overfitting is one of the key mysteries uncovered by deep learning methodology: deep neural networks seem to predict well, even with a perfect fit to noisy training data. Motivated by this phenomenon, we consider when a perfect fit to training data in linear regression is compatible with accurate prediction. We give a characterization of linear regression problems for which the minimum norm interpolating prediction rule has near-optimal prediction accuracy. The characterization is in terms of two notions of the effective rank of the data covariance. It shows that overparameterization is essential for benign overfitting in this setting: the number of directions in parameter space that are unimportant for prediction must significantly exceed the sample size. By studying examples of data covariance properties that this characterization shows are required for benign overfitting, we find an important role for finite-dimensional data: the accuracy of the minimum norm interpolating prediction rule approaches the best possible accuracy for a much narrower range of properties of the data distribution when the data lies in an infinite dimensional space versus when the data lies in a finite dimensional space whose dimension grows faster than the sample size.
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对于高维和非参数统计模型,速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到,但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略,以获得对任何估计方差的下限,偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的,并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限,用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中,将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型,包括高斯白噪声模型,边界估计问题,高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用,发生不同类型的偏差差异发生,其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡,我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动,以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中,发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用,但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。
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Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.
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无限尺寸空间之间的学习运营商是机器学习,成像科学,数学建模和仿真等广泛应用中出现的重要学习任务。本文研究了利用深神经网络的Lipschitz运营商的非参数估计。 Non-asymptotic upper bounds are derived for the generalization error of the empirical risk minimizer over a properly chosen network class.在假设目标操作员表现出低维结构的情况下,由于训练样本大小增加,我们的误差界限衰减,根据我们估计中的内在尺寸,具有吸引力的快速速度。我们的假设涵盖了实际应用中的大多数情况,我们的结果通过利用操作员估算中的低维结构来产生快速速率。我们还研究了网络结构(例如,网络宽度,深度和稀疏性)对神经网络估计器的泛化误差的影响,并提出了对网络结构的选择来定量地最大化学习效率的一般建议。
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现代神经网络通常以强烈的过度构造状态运行:它们包含许多参数,即使实际标签被纯粹随机的标签代替,它们也可以插入训练集。尽管如此,他们在看不见的数据上达到了良好的预测错误:插值训练集并不会导致巨大的概括错误。此外,过度散色化似乎是有益的,因为它简化了优化景观。在这里,我们在神经切线(NT)制度中的两层神经网络的背景下研究这些现象。我们考虑了一个简单的数据模型,以及各向同性协变量的矢量,$ d $尺寸和$ n $隐藏的神经元。我们假设样本量$ n $和尺寸$ d $都很大,并且它们在多项式上相关。我们的第一个主要结果是对过份术的经验NT内核的特征结构的特征。这种表征意味着必然的表明,经验NT内核的最低特征值在$ ND \ gg n $后立即从零界限,因此网络可以在同一制度中精确插值任意标签。我们的第二个主要结果是对NT Ridge回归的概括误差的表征,包括特殊情况,最小值-ULL_2 $ NORD插值。我们证明,一旦$ nd \ gg n $,测试误差就会被内核岭回归之一相对于无限宽度内核而近似。多项式脊回归的误差依次近似后者,从而通过与激活函数的高度组件相关的“自我诱导的”项增加了正则化参数。多项式程度取决于样本量和尺寸(尤其是$ \ log n/\ log d $)。
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