基于观察到的图，对在关系结构数据上应用机器学习技术的兴趣增加了。通常，该图并不能完全代表节点之间的真实关系。在这些设置中，构建以观测图为条件的生成模型可以考虑图形不确定性。各种现有技术要么依赖于限制性假设，无法在样品中保留拓扑特性，要么在较大的图表中昂贵。在这项工作中，我们介绍了用于通过图形构建分布的节点复制模型。随机图的采样是通过替换每个节点的邻居的邻居来进行采样的。采样图保留图形结构的关键特征，而无需明确定位它们。此外，该模型的采样非常简单，并与节点线性缩放。我们在三个任务中显示了复制模型的有用性。首先，在节点分类中，基于节点复制的贝叶斯公式在稀疏数据设置中实现了更高的精度。其次，我们采用建议的模型来减轻对抗攻击对图形拓扑的影响。最后，将模型纳入推荐系统设置，改善了对最新方法的回忆。

Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.

Graph AutoCododers（GAE）和变分图自动编码器（VGAE）作为链接预测的强大方法出现。他们的表现对社区探测问题的印象不那么令人印象深刻，根据最近和同意的实验评估，它们的表现通常超过了诸如louvain方法之类的简单替代方案。目前尚不清楚可以通过GAE和VGAE改善社区检测的程度，尤其是在没有节点功能的情况下。此外，不确定是否可以在链接预测上同时保留良好的性能。在本文中，我们表明，可以高精度地共同解决这两个任务。为此，我们介绍和理论上研究了一个社区保留的消息传递方案，通过在计算嵌入空间时考虑初始图形结构和基于模块化的先验社区来掺杂我们的GAE和VGAE编码器。我们还提出了新颖的培训和优化策略，包括引入一个模块化的正规器，以补充联合链路预测和社区检测的现有重建损失。我们通过对各种现实世界图的深入实验验证，证明了方法的经验有效性，称为模块化感知的GAE和VGAE。

在现代社交媒体和网络时代，现实世界现象的图表表示已成为我的洞察力的令人难以置信的源泉。通常，我们有兴趣了解图形中的实体如何互连。图形神经网络（GNN）已被证明是在各种图形学习任务中的一个非常有用的工具，包括节点分类，链路预测和边缘分类。但是，在大多数任务中，我们使用的图形数据可能是嘈杂的，并且可能包含虚假边缘。也就是说，与底层图形结构有很多不确定性。最近建模不确定性的方法一直使用贝叶斯框架，并将图表视为随机变量，与模型参数相关的概率。已经显示出介绍基于图形的模型，专门用于半监督节点分类，从而显示出更高的分类精度。然而，在最近的工作中提出的图表推理的方法没有考虑图表的结构。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的算法，使用邻域随机步行采样（BGCN-NRW）提出了一种名为贝叶斯图卷积网络的新颖算法，它使用了利用图形结构的Markov链蒙特卡罗（MCMC）的图形采样算法，通过使用变分或推理来减少过度拟合与半监督节点分类中的最先进的技术相比，层，并始终竞争的分类结果。

Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.

Low-dimensional embeddings of nodes in large graphs have proved extremely useful in a variety of prediction tasks, from content recommendation to identifying protein functions. However, most existing approaches require that all nodes in the graph are present during training of the embeddings; these previous approaches are inherently transductive and do not naturally generalize to unseen nodes. Here we present GraphSAGE, a general inductive framework that leverages node feature information (e.g., text attributes) to efficiently generate node embeddings for previously unseen data. Instead of training individual embeddings for each node, we learn a function that generates embeddings by sampling and aggregating features from a node's local neighborhood. Our algorithm outperforms strong baselines on three inductive node-classification benchmarks: we classify the category of unseen nodes in evolving information graphs based on citation and Reddit post data, and we show that our algorithm generalizes to completely unseen graphs using a multi-graph dataset of protein-protein interactions. * The two first authors made equal contributions. 1 While it is common to refer to these data structures as social or biological networks, we use the term graph to avoid ambiguity with neural network terminology.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely applied to different tasks such as bioinformatics, drug design, and social networks. However, recent studies have shown that GNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks which aim to mislead the node or subgraph classification prediction by adding subtle perturbations. Detecting these attacks is challenging due to the small magnitude of perturbation and the discrete nature of graph data. In this paper, we propose a general adversarial edge detection pipeline EDoG without requiring knowledge of the attack strategies based on graph generation. Specifically, we propose a novel graph generation approach combined with link prediction to detect suspicious adversarial edges. To effectively train the graph generative model, we sample several sub-graphs from the given graph data. We show that since the number of adversarial edges is usually low in practice, with low probability the sampled sub-graphs will contain adversarial edges based on the union bound. In addition, considering the strong attacks which perturb a large number of edges, we propose a set of novel features to perform outlier detection as the preprocessing for our detection. Extensive experimental results on three real-world graph datasets including a private transaction rule dataset from a major company and two types of synthetic graphs with controlled properties show that EDoG can achieve above 0.8 AUC against four state-of-the-art unseen attack strategies without requiring any knowledge about the attack type; and around 0.85 with knowledge of the attack type. EDoG significantly outperforms traditional malicious edge detection baselines. We also show that an adaptive attack with full knowledge of our detection pipeline is difficult to bypass it.

Variational Graph Autoencoders (VGAEs) are powerful models for unsupervised learning of node representations from graph data. In this work, we systematically analyze modeling node attributes in VGAEs and show that attribute decoding is important for node representation learning. We further propose a new learning model, interpretable NOde Representation with Attribute Decoding (NORAD). The model encodes node representations in an interpretable approach: node representations capture community structures in the graph and the relationship between communities and node attributes. We further propose a rectifying procedure to refine node representations of isolated notes, improving the quality of these nodes' representations. Our empirical results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed model when learning graph data in an interpretable approach.

时间图代表实体之间的动态关系，并发生在许多现实生活中的应用中，例如社交网络，电子商务，通信，道路网络，生物系统等。他们需要根据其生成建模和表示学习的研究超出与静态图有关的研究。在这项调查中，我们全面回顾了近期针对处理时间图提出的神经时间依赖图表的学习和生成建模方法。最后，我们确定了现有方法的弱点，并讨论了我们最近发表的论文提格的研究建议[24]。

图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域，其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务，例如链路预测，节点分类，群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法，但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长，例如预测准确性，运行时间，可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体，参数选择，可伸缩性，硬件和软件平台，下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程，矩阵分解，浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类，链路预测，群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验，并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能，并总结了结果。因此，本文可以作为比较指南，以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。

Clustering is a fundamental problem in network analysis that finds closely connected groups of nodes and separates them from other nodes in the graph, while link prediction is to predict whether two nodes in a network are likely to have a link. The definition of both naturally determines that clustering must play a positive role in obtaining accurate link prediction tasks. Yet researchers have long ignored or used inappropriate ways to undermine this positive relationship. In this article, We construct a simple but efficient clustering-driven link prediction framework(ClusterLP), with the goal of directly exploiting the cluster structures to obtain connections between nodes as accurately as possible in both undirected graphs and directed graphs. Specifically, we propose that it is easier to establish links between nodes with similar representation vectors and cluster tendencies in undirected graphs, while nodes in a directed graphs can more easily point to nodes similar to their representation vectors and have greater influence in their own cluster. We customized the implementation of ClusterLP for undirected and directed graphs, respectively, and the experimental results using multiple real-world networks on the link prediction task showed that our models is highly competitive with existing baseline models. The code implementation of ClusterLP and baselines we use are available at https://github.com/ZINUX1998/ClusterLP.

图形神经网络（GNNS）在提供图形结构时良好工作。但是，这种结构可能并不总是在现实世界应用中可用。该问题的一个解决方案是推断任务特定的潜在结构，然后将GNN应用于推断的图形。不幸的是，可能的图形结构的空间与节点的数量超级呈指数，因此任务特定的监督可能不足以学习结构和GNN参数。在这项工作中，我们提出了具有自我监督或拍打的邻接和GNN参数的同时学习，这是通过自我监督来推断图形结构的更多监督的方法。一个综合实验研究表明，缩小到具有数十万个节点的大图和胜过了几种模型，以便在已建立的基准上学习特定于任务的图形结构。

Recent advancements in deep neural networks for graph-structured data have led to state-of-the-art performance on recommender system benchmarks. However, making these methods practical and scalable to web-scale recommendation tasks with billions of items and hundreds of millions of users remains a challenge.Here we describe a large-scale deep recommendation engine that we developed and deployed at Pinterest. We develop a dataefficient Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) algorithm PinSage, which combines efficient random walks and graph convolutions to generate embeddings of nodes (i.e., items) that incorporate both graph structure as well as node feature information. Compared to prior GCN approaches, we develop a novel method based on highly efficient random walks to structure the convolutions and design a novel training strategy that relies on harder-and-harder training examples to improve robustness and convergence of the model.We deploy PinSage at Pinterest and train it on 7.5 billion examples on a graph with 3 billion nodes representing pins and boards, and 18 billion edges. According to offline metrics, user studies and A/B tests, PinSage generates higher-quality recommendations than comparable deep learning and graph-based alternatives. To our knowledge, this is the largest application of deep graph embeddings to date and paves the way for a new generation of web-scale recommender systems based on graph convolutional architectures.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become increasingly important in recent years due to their state-of-the-art performance on many important downstream applications. Existing GNNs have mostly focused on learning a single node representation, despite that a node often exhibits polysemous behavior in different contexts. In this work, we develop a persona-based graph neural network framework called PersonaSAGE that learns multiple persona-based embeddings for each node in the graph. Such disentangled representations are more interpretable and useful than a single embedding. Furthermore, PersonaSAGE learns the appropriate set of persona embeddings for each node in the graph, and every node can have a different number of assigned persona embeddings. The framework is flexible enough and the general design helps in the wide applicability of the learned embeddings to suit the domain. We utilize publicly available benchmark datasets to evaluate our approach and against a variety of baselines. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of PersonaSAGE for a variety of important tasks including link prediction where we achieve an average gain of 15% while remaining competitive for node classification. Finally, we also demonstrate the utility of PersonaSAGE with a case study for personalized recommendation of different entity types in a data management platform.

从消息传递机制中受益，图形神经网络（GNN）在图形数据上的繁荣任务上已经成功。但是，最近的研究表明，攻击者可以通过恶意修改图形结构来灾难性地降低GNN的性能。解决此问题的直接解决方案是通过在两个末端节点的成对表示之间学习度量函数来建模边缘权重，该指标函数试图将低权重分配给对抗边缘。现有方法使用监督GNN学到的原始功能或表示形式来对边缘重量进行建模。但是，两种策略都面临着一些直接问题：原始特征不能代表节点的各种特性（例如结构信息），而受监督的GNN学到的表示可能会遭受分类器在中毒图上的差异性能。我们需要携带特征信息和尽可能糊状的结构信息并且对结构扰动不敏感的表示形式。为此，我们提出了一条名为stable的无监督管道，以优化图形结构。最后，我们将精心设计的图输入到下游分类器中。对于这一部分，我们设计了一个高级GCN，可显着增强香草GCN的鲁棒性，而不会增加时间复杂性。在四个现实世界图基准上进行的广泛实验表明，稳定的表现优于最先进的方法，并成功防御各种攻击。

图表的深度学习模型对节点分类的任务取得了很强的性能。尽管他们扩散，目前没有对对抗性袭击的稳健性的研究。然而，在域中可能被使用，例如，网上，对手很常见。图表的深度学习模型很容易被愚弄吗？在这项工作中，我们介绍了对归属图的对抗性攻击的第一次研究，特别是专注于利用图形卷积思想的模型。除了在考试时间的攻击之外，我们还解决了更具挑战性的中毒/致病攻击，这些攻击专注于机器学习模型的训练阶段。我们生成针对节点特征和图形结构的对抗扰动，从而占用了实例之间的依赖关系。此外，我们确保通过保留重要数据特征来确保扰动仍然是不可抑制的。为了应对基础的离散域，我们提出了一种有效的NetTack利用增量计算的算法。我们的实验研究表明，即使仅在扰动时，节点分类的准确性也显着下降。甚至更多，我们的攻击是可转移的：学习攻击概括到其他最先进的节点分类模型和无监督的方法，同样也是成功的，即使仅给出了关于图形的有限知识时也是成功的。

图表神经网络（GNNS）在行业中，由于各种预测任务的表现令人印象深刻，在行业中获得了显着的采用。然而，单独的性能是不够的。任何广泛部署的机器学习算法都必须强大到对抗性攻击。在这项工作中，我们调查了GNN的这个方面，识别漏洞，并将它们链接到图形属性，可能导致更安全和强大的GNN的开发。具体而言，我们制定任务和模型不可知逃避攻击问题，其中对手修改了测试图以影响任何未知下游任务的性能。提出的算法，盛大（$ GR $ APH $ A $ TTACK通过$ N $ eighbors $ D $ Istorration）显示节点邻域的失真在急剧损害预测性能方面是有效的。虽然邻里失真是一个NP难题，但是宏伟设计了通过具有深入$ Q $ -Learning的图形同构网络的新组合的启发式。关于实际数据集的广泛实验表明，平均而言，盛大的速度高达50美元，而不是最先进的技术，同时速度超过100美元。

We present Deep Graph Infomax (DGI), a general approach for learning node representations within graph-structured data in an unsupervised manner. DGI relies on maximizing mutual information between patch representations and corresponding high-level summaries of graphs-both derived using established graph convolutional network architectures. The learnt patch representations summarize subgraphs centered around nodes of interest, and can thus be reused for downstream node-wise learning tasks. In contrast to most prior approaches to unsupervised learning with GCNs, DGI does not rely on random walk objectives, and is readily applicable to both transductive and inductive learning setups. We demonstrate competitive performance on a variety of node classification benchmarks, which at times even exceeds the performance of supervised learning.

Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been increasingly deployed in various applications that involve learning on non-Euclidean data. However, recent studies show that GNNs are vulnerable to graph adversarial attacks. Although there are several defense methods to improve GNN robustness by eliminating adversarial components, they may also impair the underlying clean graph structure that contributes to GNN training. In addition, few of those defense models can scale to large graphs due to their high computational complexity and memory usage. In this paper, we propose GARNET, a scalable spectral method to boost the adversarial robustness of GNN models. GARNET first leverages weighted spectral embedding to construct a base graph, which is not only resistant to adversarial attacks but also contains critical (clean) graph structure for GNN training. Next, GARNET further refines the base graph by pruning additional uncritical edges based on probabilistic graphical model. GARNET has been evaluated on various datasets, including a large graph with millions of nodes. Our extensive experiment results show that GARNET achieves adversarial accuracy improvement and runtime speedup over state-of-the-art GNN (defense) models by up to 13.27% and 14.7x, respectively.