我们引入了来自多个机器人手的对象的神经隐式表示。多个机器人手之间的不同抓地力被编码为共享的潜在空间。学会了每个潜在矢量以两个3D形状的签名距离函数来解码对象的3D形状和机器人手的3D形状。此外，学会了潜在空间中的距离度量，以保留不同机器人手之间的graSps之间的相似性，其中根据机器人手的接触区域定义了grasps的相似性。该属性使我们能够在包括人手在内的不同抓地力之间转移抓地力，并且GRASP转移有可能在机器人之间分享抓地力，并使机器人能够从人类那里学习掌握技能。此外，我们隐式表示中对象和grasps的编码符号距离函数可用于6D对象姿势估计，并从部分点云中掌握触点优化，这可以在现实世界中启用机器人抓握。

掌握姿势估计是机器人与现实世界互动的重要问题。但是，大多数现有方法需要事先可用的精确3D对象模型或大量的培训注释。为了避免这些问题，我们提出了transrasp，一种类别级别的rasp姿势估计方法，该方法通过仅标记一个对象实例来预测一类对象的掌握姿势。具体而言，我们根据其形状对应关系进行掌握姿势转移，并提出一个掌握姿势细化模块，以进一步微调抓地力姿势，以确保成功的掌握。实验证明了我们方法对通过转移的抓握姿势实现高质量抓地力的有效性。我们的代码可在https://github.com/yanjh97/transgrasp上找到。

机器人操纵计划是找到一系列机器人配置的问题，该配置涉及与场景中的对象的交互，例如掌握，放置，工具使用等来实现这种相互作用，传统方法需要手工设计的特征和对象表示，它仍然是如何以灵活有效的方式描述与任意对象的这种交互的开放问题。例如，通过3D建模的最新进步启发，例如，NERF，我们提出了一种方法来表示对象作为神经隐式功能，我们可以在其中定义和共同列车交互约束函数。所提出的像素对准表示直接从具有已知相机几何形状的相机图像推断出，当时在整个操纵管道中作为感知组件，同时能够实现连续的机器人操纵计划。

Reliably planning fingertip grasps for multi-fingered hands lies as a key challenge for many tasks including tool use, insertion, and dexterous in-hand manipulation. This task becomes even more difficult when the robot lacks an accurate model of the object to be grasped. Tactile sensing offers a promising approach to account for uncertainties in object shape. However, current robotic hands tend to lack full tactile coverage. As such, a problem arises of how to plan and execute grasps for multi-fingered hands such that contact is made with the area covered by the tactile sensors. To address this issue, we propose an approach to grasp planning that explicitly reasons about where the fingertips should contact the estimated object surface while maximizing the probability of grasp success. Key to our method's success is the use of visual surface estimation for initial planning to encode the contact constraint. The robot then executes this plan using a tactile-feedback controller that enables the robot to adapt to online estimates of the object's surface to correct for errors in the initial plan. Importantly, the robot never explicitly integrates object pose or surface estimates between visual and tactile sensing, instead it uses the two modalities in complementary ways. Vision guides the robots motion prior to contact; touch updates the plan when contact occurs differently than predicted from vision. We show that our method successfully synthesises and executes precision grasps for previously unseen objects using surface estimates from a single camera view. Further, our approach outperforms a state of the art multi-fingered grasp planner, while also beating several baselines we propose.

我们呈现神经描述符字段（NDFS），对象表示，其通过类别级别描述符在对象和目标（例如用于悬挂的机器人夹具或用于悬挂的机架）之间进行编码和相对姿势。我们使用此表示进行对象操作，在这里，在给定任务演示时，我们要在同一类别中对新对象实例重复相同的任务。我们建议通过搜索（通过优化）来实现这一目标，为演示中观察到的描述符匹配的姿势。 NDFS通过不依赖于专家标记的关键点的3D自动编码任务，方便地以自我监督的方式培训。此外，NDFS是SE（3） - 保证在所有可能的3D对象翻译和旋转中推广的性能。我们展示了在仿真和真正的机器人上的少数（5-10）示范中的操纵任务的学习。我们的性能遍历两个对象实例和6-DOF对象姿势，并且显着优于最近依赖于2D描述符的基线。项目网站：https://yilundu.github.io/ndf/。

We formulate grasp learning as a neural field and present Neural Grasp Distance Fields (NGDF). Here, the input is a 6D pose of a robot end effector and output is a distance to a continuous manifold of valid grasps for an object. In contrast to current approaches that predict a set of discrete candidate grasps, the distance-based NGDF representation is easily interpreted as a cost, and minimizing this cost produces a successful grasp pose. This grasp distance cost can be incorporated directly into a trajectory optimizer for joint optimization with other costs such as trajectory smoothness and collision avoidance. During optimization, as the various costs are balanced and minimized, the grasp target is allowed to smoothly vary, as the learned grasp field is continuous. In simulation benchmarks with a Franka arm, we find that joint grasping and planning with NGDF outperforms baselines by 63% execution success while generalizing to unseen query poses and unseen object shapes. Project page: https://sites.google.com/view/neural-grasp-distance-fields.

抓握是通过在一组触点上施加力和扭矩来挑选对象的过程。深度学习方法的最新进展允许在机器人对象抓地力方面快速进步。我们在过去十年中系统地调查了出版物，特别感兴趣使用最终效果姿势的所有6度自由度抓住对象。我们的综述发现了四种用于机器人抓钩的常见方法：基于抽样的方法，直接回归，强化学习和示例方法。此外，我们发现了围绕抓握的两种“支持方法”，这些方法使用深入学习来支持抓握过程，形状近似和负担能力。我们已经将本系统评论（85篇论文）中发现的出版物提炼为十个关键要点，我们认为对未来的机器人抓握和操纵研究至关重要。该调查的在线版本可从https://rhys-newbury.github.io/projects/6dof/获得

成功掌握对象的能力在机器人中是至关重要的，因为它可以实现多个交互式下游应用程序。为此，大多数方法要么计算兴趣对象的完整6D姿势，要么学习预测一组掌握点。虽然前一种方法对多个对象实例或类没有很好地扩展，但后者需要大的注释数据集，并且受到新几何形状的普遍性能力差的阻碍。为了克服这些缺点，我们建议教授一个机器人如何用简单而简短的人类示范掌握一个物体。因此，我们的方法既不需要许多注释图像，也不限于特定的几何形状。我们首先介绍了一个小型RGB-D图像，显示人对象交互。然后利用该序列来构建表示所描绘的交互的相关手和对象网格。随后，我们完成重建对象形状的缺失部分，并估计了场景中的重建和可见对象之间的相对变换。最后，我们从物体和人手之间的相对姿势转移a-prioriz知识，随着当前对象在场景中的估计到机器人的必要抓握指令。与丰田的人类支持机器人（HSR）在真实和合成环境中的详尽评估证明了我们所提出的方法的适用性及其优势与以前的方法相比。

操纵铰接对象通常需要多个机器人臂。使多个机器人武器能够在铰接物体上协作地完成操纵任务是一项挑战性。在本文中，我们呈现$ \ textbf {v-mao} $，这是一个学习铰接物体的多臂操纵的框架。我们的框架包括一个变分生成模型，可以为每个机器人臂的物体刚性零件学习接触点分布。从与模拟环境的交互获得训练信号，该模拟环境是通过规划和用于铰接对象的对象控制的新颖制定的新颖制定。我们在定制的Mujoco仿真环境中部署了我们的框架，并证明我们的框架在六种不同的对象和两个不同的机器人上实现了高成功率。我们还表明，生成建模可以有效地学习铰接物体上的接触点分布。

我们建议学习使用隐式功能通过灵巧的手来产生抓握运动来操纵。通过连续的时间输入，该模型可以生成连续且平滑的抓握计划。我们命名了建议的模型连续掌握函数（CGF）。 CGF是通过使用3D人类演示的有条件变异自动编码器的生成建模来学习的。我们将首先通过运动重试将大规模的人类对象相互作用轨迹转换为机器人演示，然后使用这些演示训练CGF。在推断期间，我们使用CGF进行采样，以在模拟器中生成不同的抓握计划，并选择成功的抓握计划以转移到真实的机器人中。通过对不同人类数据的培训，我们的CGF允许概括来操纵多个对象。与以前的计划算法相比，CGF更有效，并且在转移到真正的Allegro手抓住的情况下，成功率显着提高。我们的项目页面位于https://jianglongye.com/cgf

Generating grasp poses is a crucial component for any robot object manipulation task. In this work, we formulate the problem of grasp generation as sampling a set of grasps using a variational autoencoder and assess and refine the sampled grasps using a grasp evaluator model. Both Grasp Sampler and Grasp Refinement networks take 3D point clouds observed by a depth camera as input. We evaluate our approach in simulation and real-world robot experiments. Our approach achieves 88% success rate on various commonly used objects with diverse appearances, scales, and weights. Our model is trained purely in simulation and works in the real world without any extra steps. The video of our experiments can be found here.

手动相互作用的研究需要为高维多手指模型产生可行的掌握姿势，这通常依赖于分析抓取的合成，从而产生脆弱且不自然的结果。本文介绍了Grasp'd，这是一种与已知模型和视觉输入的可区分接触模拟的掌握方法。我们使用基于梯度的方法作为基于采样的GRASP合成的替代方法，该方法在没有简化假设的情况下失败，例如预先指定的接触位置和本本特征。这样的假设限制了掌握发现，尤其是排除了高接触功率掌握。相比之下，我们基于模拟的方法允许即使对于具有高度自由度的抓地力形态，也可以稳定，高效，物理逼真，高接触抓紧合成。我们确定并解决了对基于梯度的优化进行掌握模拟的挑战，例如非平滑对象表面几何形状，接触稀疏性和坚固的优化景观。 GRASP-D与人类和机器人手模型的分析掌握合成相比，并且结果抓紧超过4倍，超过4倍，从而导致较高的GRASP稳定性。视频和代码可在https://graspd-eccv22.github.io/上获得。

We present a unified and compact representation for object rendering, 3D reconstruction, and grasp pose prediction that can be inferred from a single image within a few seconds. We achieve this by leveraging recent advances in the Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) literature that learn category-level priors and fine-tune on novel objects with minimal data and time. Our insight is that we can learn a compact shape representation and extract meaningful additional information from it, such as grasping poses. We believe this to be the first work to retrieve grasping poses directly from a NeRF-based representation using a single viewpoint (RGB-only), rather than going through a secondary network and/or representation. When compared to prior art, our method is two to three orders of magnitude smaller while achieving comparable performance at view reconstruction and grasping. Accompanying our method, we also propose a new dataset of rendered shoes for training a sim-2-real NeRF method with grasping poses for different widths of grippers.

As the basis for prehensile manipulation, it is vital to enable robots to grasp as robustly as humans. In daily manipulation, our grasping system is prompt, accurate, flexible and continuous across spatial and temporal domains. Few existing methods cover all these properties for robot grasping. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for grasp perception to enable robots these abilities. Specifically, we develop a dense supervision strategy with real perception and analytic labels in the spatial-temporal domain. Additional awareness of objects' center-of-mass is incorporated into the learning process to help improve grasping stability. Utilization of grasp correspondence across observations enables dynamic grasp tracking. Our model, AnyGrasp, can generate accurate, full-DoF, dense and temporally-smooth grasp poses efficiently, and works robustly against large depth sensing noise. Embedded with AnyGrasp, we achieve a 93.3% success rate when clearing bins with over 300 unseen objects, which is comparable with human subjects under controlled conditions. Over 900 MPPH is reported on a single-arm system. For dynamic grasping, we demonstrate catching swimming robot fish in the water.

Recent 3D-based manipulation methods either directly predict the grasp pose using 3D neural networks, or solve the grasp pose using similar objects retrieved from shape databases. However, the former faces generalizability challenges when testing with new robot arms or unseen objects; and the latter assumes that similar objects exist in the databases. We hypothesize that recent 3D modeling methods provides a path towards building digital replica of the evaluation scene that affords physical simulation and supports robust manipulation algorithm learning. We propose to reconstruct high-quality meshes from real-world point clouds using state-of-the-art neural surface reconstruction method (the Real2Sim step). Because most simulators take meshes for fast simulation, the reconstructed meshes enable grasp pose labels generation without human efforts. The generated labels can train grasp network that performs robustly in the real evaluation scene (the Sim2Real step). In synthetic and real experiments, we show that the Real2Sim2Real pipeline performs better than baseline grasp networks trained with a large dataset and a grasp sampling method with retrieval-based reconstruction. The benefit of the Real2Sim2Real pipeline comes from 1) decoupling scene modeling and grasp sampling into sub-problems, and 2) both sub-problems can be solved with sufficiently high quality using recent 3D learning algorithms and mesh-based physical simulation techniques.

在本文中，我们提出了一条基于截短的签名距离函数（TSDF）体积的接触点检测的新型抓紧管道，以实现闭环7度自由度（7-DOF）在杂物环境上抓住。我们方法的关键方面是1）提议的管道以多视图融合，接触点采样和评估以及碰撞检查，可提供可靠且无碰撞的7-DOF抓手姿势，并带有真实的碰撞 - 时间性能；2）基于接触的姿势表示有效地消除了基于正常方法的歧义，从而提供了更精确和灵活的解决方案。广泛的模拟和实体机器人实验表明，在模拟和物理场景中，就掌握成功率而言，提出的管道可以选择更多的反物和稳定的抓握姿势，并优于基于正常的基线。

在本文中，我们探讨了机器人是否可以学会重新应用一组多样的物体以实现各种所需的掌握姿势。只要机器人的当前掌握姿势未能执行所需的操作任务，需要重新扫描。具有这种能力的赋予机器人具有在许多领域中的应用，例如制造或国内服务。然而，由于日常物体中的几何形状和状态和行动空间的高维度，这是一个具有挑战性的任务。在本文中，我们提出了一种机器人系统，用于将物体的部分点云和支持环境作为输入，输出序列和放置操作的序列来转换到所需的对象掌握姿势。关键技术包括神经稳定放置预测器，并通过利用和改变周围环境来引发基于图形的解决方案。我们介绍了一个新的和具有挑战性的合成数据集，用于学习和评估所提出的方法。我们展示了我们提出的系统与模拟器和现实世界实验的有效性。我们的项目网页上有更多视频和可视化示例。

多目标高维运动优化问题在机器人技术中无处不在，并且信息丰富的梯度受益。为此，我们要求所有成本函数都可以微分。我们建议学习任务空间，数据驱动的成本功能作为扩散模型。扩散模型代表表达性的多模式分布，并在整个空间中表现出适当的梯度。我们通过将学习的成本功能与单个目标功能中的其他潜在学到的或手工调整的成本相结合，并通过梯度下降共同优化所有这些属性来优化运动。我们在一组复杂的掌握和运动计划问题中展示了联合优化的好处，并与将掌握的掌握选择与运动优化相提并论相比。

Being able to grasp objects is a fundamental component of most robotic manipulation systems. In this paper, we present a new approach to simultaneously reconstruct a mesh and a dense grasp quality map of an object from a depth image. At the core of our approach is a novel camera-centric object representation called the "object shell" which is composed of an observed "entry image" and a predicted "exit image". We present an image-to-image residual ConvNet architecture in which the object shell and a grasp-quality map are predicted as separate output channels. The main advantage of the shell representation and the corresponding neural network architecture, ShellGrasp-Net, is that the input-output pixel correspondences in the shell representation are explicitly represented in the architecture. We show that this coupling yields superior generalization capabilities for object reconstruction and accurate grasp quality estimation implicitly considering the object geometry. Our approach yields an efficient dense grasp quality map and an object geometry estimate in a single forward pass. Both of these outputs can be used in a wide range of robotic manipulation applications. With rigorous experimental validation, both in simulation and on a real setup, we show that our shell-based method can be used to generate precise grasps and the associated grasp quality with over 90% accuracy. Diverse grasps computed on shell reconstructions allow the robot to select and execute grasps in cluttered scenes with more than 93% success rate.

我们提出了GRASP提案网络（GP-NET），这是一种卷积神经网络模型，可以为移动操纵器生成6-DOF GRASP。为了训练GP-NET，我们合成生成一个包含深度图像和地面真相掌握信息的数据集，以供超过1400个对象。在现实世界实验中，我们使用egad！掌握基准测试，以评估两种常用算法的GP-NET，即体积抓地力网络（VGN）和在PAL TIAGO移动操纵器上进行的GRASP抓取网络（VGN）和GRASP姿势检测包（GPD）。GP-NET的掌握率为82.2％，而VGN为57.8％，GPD的成功率为63.3％。与机器人握把中最新的方法相反，GP-NET可以在不限制工作空间的情况下使用移动操纵器抓住对象，用于抓住对象，需要桌子进行分割或需要高端GPU。为了鼓励使用GP-NET，我们在https://aucoroboticsmu.github.io/gp-net/上提供ROS包以及我们的代码和预培训模型。