工作流程调度是一个并行和分布式计算（PDC）的长期研究，旨在有效地利用计算资源来满足用户的服务要求。最近提出的调度方法利用边缘计算平台的低响应时间来优化服务质量（QoS）。然而，由于计算异质性，移动设备的延迟以及工作负载资源要求的挥发性，因此由于计算异质性而挑战，在移动边缘云系统中的调度工作流程应用是具有挑战性的。为了克服这些困难，它是必不可少的，但同时具有挑战性，开发一种有效地模拟QoS目标的长视力优化方案。在这项工作中，我们提出了MCDS：Monte Carlo学习使用Deep代理模型来有效地安排移动边缘云计算系统中的工作流程应用。 MCD是一种基于人工智能（AI）的调度方法，它使用基于树的搜索策略和基于深度神经网络的代理模型来估计即时动作的长期QoS影响，以实现调度决策的鲁棒优化。物理和模拟边缘云试验台的实验表明，MCD在能耗，响应时间，SLA违规方面可以改善最先进的方法，违规和成本分别至少为6.13,4.56,45.09和30.71％。

The emergence of latency-critical AI applications has been supported by the evolution of the edge computing paradigm. However, edge solutions are typically resource-constrained, posing reliability challenges due to heightened contention for compute and communication capacities and faulty application behavior in the presence of overload conditions. Although a large amount of generated log data can be mined for fault prediction, labeling this data for training is a manual process and thus a limiting factor for automation. Due to this, many companies resort to unsupervised fault-tolerance models. Yet, failure models of this kind can incur a loss of accuracy when they need to adapt to non-stationary workloads and diverse host characteristics. To cope with this, we propose a novel modeling approach, called DeepFT, to proactively avoid system overloads and their adverse effects by optimizing the task scheduling and migration decisions. DeepFT uses a deep surrogate model to accurately predict and diagnose faults in the system and co-simulation based self-supervised learning to dynamically adapt the model in volatile settings. It offers a highly scalable solution as the model size scales by only 3 and 1 percent per unit increase in the number of active tasks and hosts. Extensive experimentation on a Raspberry-Pi based edge cluster with DeFog benchmarks shows that DeepFT can outperform state-of-the-art baseline methods in fault-detection and QoS metrics. Specifically, DeepFT gives the highest F1 scores for fault-detection, reducing service deadline violations by up to 37\% while also improving response time by up to 9%.

最近，已经提出了使用代理模型的智能调度方法，以便在异构雾环境中有效地分配易失性任务。确定性代理模型，深神经网络（DNN）和基于梯度的优化等进步允许达到低能量消耗和响应时间。然而，确定估计优化的客观值的确定性代理模型，不考虑可以导致高服务级别协议（SLA）违规率的服务质量（QoS）目标函数的不确定性。此外，DNN训练的脆性性质，防止这些模型达到最小的能量或响应时间。为了克服这些困难，我们提出了一种新的调度程序：GOSH I.E.使用二阶衍生物和异源塑料深层代理模型的梯度优化。 GOSH使用二阶梯度基于基于梯度的优化方法来获得更好的QoS并减少迭代的次数，以收敛到调度决定，随后降低调度时间。 GOSH而不是Vanilla DNN，使用自然参数网络来近似客观分数。此外，较低的置信度优化方法可以通过采用基于误差的探索来在贪婪最小化和不确定性降低之间找到最佳权衡。因此，GOSH及其共模的扩展GOSH *可以快速调整并达到比基线方法更好的客观评分。我们表明GOSH *达到比GOSH更好的客观分数，但它仅适用于高资源可用性设置，而GOSH则适用于有限的资源设置。 GOSH和GOSH的真实系统实验*在能源消耗，响应时间和SLA分别违反最多18,27和82％的情况下，对最先进的技术进行了显着改善。

Edge Federation是一种新的计算范式，无缝地互连多个边缘服务提供商的资源。此类系统中的一个关键挑战是在受约束设备中部署基于延迟和AI的资源密集型应用程序。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了一种新型的基于记忆有效的深度学习模型，即生成优化网络（GON）。与甘斯不同，成人使用单个网络既区分输入又生成样本，从而大大降低了它们的内存足迹。利用奇数的低内存足迹，我们提出了一种称为Dragon的分散性故障耐受性方法，该方法运行模拟（按照数字建模双胞胎）来快速预测和优化边缘联邦的性能。在多个基于Raspberry-Pi的联合边缘配置上使用现实世界边缘计算基准测试的广泛实验表明，龙可以胜过故障检测和服务质量（QOS）指标的基线方法。具体而言，所提出的方法给出了与最佳深度学习方法（DL）方法更高的F1分数，而与启发式方法相比，记忆力较低。这使得违反能源消耗，响应时间和服务水平协议分别提高了74％，63％和82％。

由于边缘设备的不可靠性以及现代应用的严格的服务截止日期，构建一个容错的边缘系统可以快速地对节点过载或故障发生的挑战是具有挑战性的。此外，不必要的任务迁移可能会强调系统网络，从而强调需要智能和解析故障恢复方案。现有方法通常无法适应高度挥发性的工作量或准确地检测和诊断故障以获得最佳修复。因此，需要一种坚固且主动的容错机制来满足服务级别目标。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种使用生成的对冲网络（GaN）的复合AI模型来预测集装箱边缘部署中的主动容错的抢占迁移决策。 Pregan使用串联的共同模拟与GaN一起学习几次异常的分类器，并主动预测可靠计算的迁移决策。基于Raspberry-PI的边缘环境的广泛实验表明，Pregan可以在故障检测，诊断和分类中优于最先进的基线方法，从而实现高质量的服务。与所考虑的基线中的最佳方法相比，Pregan完成了5.1％的准确故障检测，更高的诊断得分和23.8％的开销。

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。

Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.

计算机架构和系统已优化了很长时间，以便高效执行机器学习（ML）模型。现在，是时候重新考虑ML和系统之间的关系，并让ML转换计算机架构和系统的设计方式。这有一个双重含义：改善设计师的生产力，以及完成良性周期。在这篇论文中，我们对应用ML进行计算机架构和系统设计的工作进行了全面的审查。首先，我们考虑ML技术在架构/系统设计中的典型作用，即快速预测建模或设计方法，我们执行高级分类学。然后，我们总结了通过ML技术解决的计算机架构/系统设计中的常见问题，并且所用典型的ML技术来解决它们中的每一个。除了在狭义中强调计算机架构外，我们采用数据中心可被认为是仓库规模计算机的概念;粗略的计算机系统中提供粗略讨论，例如代码生成和编译器;我们还注意ML技术如何帮助和改造设计自动化。我们进一步提供了对机会和潜在方向的未来愿景，并设想应用ML的计算机架构和系统将在社区中蓬勃发展。

基于深度强化学习（DRL）的神经调度程序已经显示出巨大的解决现实世界资源分配问题的潜力，因为它们在集群计算领域表现出显着的性能增长。在本文中，我们通过广泛的实验和与非神经，启发式调度程序进行比较，调查了神经调度程序对芯片（SOC）资源分配的域（SOC）资源域的可行性。关键发现是三倍。首先，由于i）SOC计算资源的异质性和ii）由传入工作中的随机性引起的可变动作集，因此为群集计算域而设计的神经调度程序对SOC无法正常工作。其次，我们的新型神经调度程序技术，折衷的相互作用匹配（EIM）克服了上述挑战，从而显着改善了现有的神经调度程序。具体而言，我们合理化了基于EIM的神经调度程序的性能增长背后的根本原因。第三，我们发现平均处理元件（PE）切换延迟和平均PE计算时间的比率也会显着影响神经SOC调度程序的性能，即使使用EIM。因此，未来的神经SOC调度程序设计必须考虑该指标及其实施开销，以实施实用性。

培训深神经网络（DNNS）在企业和云数据中心都广受欢迎。现有的DNN培训调度程序将GPU视为主要资源，并分配其他资源，例如CPU和内存与作业要求的GPU数量成正比。不幸的是，这些调度程序不考虑作业对CPU，内存和存储资源分配的敏感性的影响。在这项工作中，我们提出了Synergy，这是一种对共享GPU群集的资源敏感调度程序。通过乐观的分析，协同作用侵犯了DNN对不同资源的敏感性；某些工作可能会从GPU育儿分配中受益更多，而某些工作可能不会受到GPU育儿分配的影响。 Synergy使用新的近乎最佳的在线算法在共享的多租户集群上安排的一组作业进行了多余的工作量感知作业。我们的实验表明，与传统的GPU育儿计划相比，工作量感知的CPU和内存分配可以提高平均JCT高达3.4倍。

Recently, automated co-design of machine learning (ML) models and accelerator architectures has attracted significant attention from both the industry and academia. However, most co-design frameworks either explore a limited search space or employ suboptimal exploration techniques for simultaneous design decision investigations of the ML model and the accelerator. Furthermore, training the ML model and simulating the accelerator performance is computationally expensive. To address these limitations, this work proposes a novel neural architecture and hardware accelerator co-design framework, called CODEBench. It is composed of two new benchmarking sub-frameworks, CNNBench and AccelBench, which explore expanded design spaces of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and CNN accelerators. CNNBench leverages an advanced search technique, BOSHNAS, to efficiently train a neural heteroscedastic surrogate model to converge to an optimal CNN architecture by employing second-order gradients. AccelBench performs cycle-accurate simulations for a diverse set of accelerator architectures in a vast design space. With the proposed co-design method, called BOSHCODE, our best CNN-accelerator pair achieves 1.4% higher accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset compared to the state-of-the-art pair, while enabling 59.1% lower latency and 60.8% lower energy consumption. On the ImageNet dataset, it achieves 3.7% higher Top1 accuracy at 43.8% lower latency and 11.2% lower energy consumption. CODEBench outperforms the state-of-the-art framework, i.e., Auto-NBA, by achieving 1.5% higher accuracy and 34.7x higher throughput, while enabling 11.0x lower energy-delay product (EDP) and 4.0x lower chip area on CIFAR-10.

事件处理是动态和响应互联网（物联网）的基石。该领域的最近方法基于代表性状态转移（REST）原则，其允许将事件处理任务放置在遵循相同原理的任何设备上。但是，任务应在边缘设备之间正确分布，以确保公平资源利用率和保证无缝执行。本文调查了深入学习的使用，以公平分配任务。提出了一种基于关注的神经网络模型，在不同场景下产生有效的负载平衡解决方案。所提出的模型基于变压器和指针网络架构，并通过Advantage演员批评批评学习算法训练。该模型旨在缩放到事件处理任务的数量和边缘设备的数量，不需要重新调整甚至再刷新。广泛的实验结果表明，拟议的模型在许多关键绩效指标中优于传统的启发式。通用设计和所获得的结果表明，所提出的模型可能适用于几个其他负载平衡问题变化，这使得该提案是由于其可扩展性和效率而在现实世界场景中使用的有吸引力的选择。

智能物联网环境（iiote）由可以协作执行半自动的IOT应用的异构装置，其示例包括高度自动化的制造单元或自主交互收获机器。能量效率是这种边缘环境中的关键，因为它们通常基于由无线和电池运行设备组成的基础设施，例如电子拖拉机，无人机，自动引导车辆（AGV）S和机器人。总能源消耗从多种技术技术汲取贡献，使得能够实现边缘计算和通信，分布式学习以及分布式分区和智能合同。本文提供了本技术的最先进的概述，并说明了它们的功能和性能，特别关注资源，延迟，隐私和能源消耗之间的权衡。最后，本文提供了一种在节能IIOTE和路线图中集成这些能力技术的愿景，以解决开放的研究挑战

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.

随着智能设备和物联网无处不在的部署的出现，机器学习推断的数据源已越来越多地转移到网络的边缘。现有的机器学习推理平台通常假设一个均匀的基础架构，并且不考虑包括边缘设备，本地集线器，边缘数据中心和云数据中心的更复杂和分层的计算基础架构。另一方面，最近的Automl工作为异质环境提供了可行的解决方案，用于模型压缩，修剪和量化。对于机器学习模型，现在我们可能很容易找到甚至生成一系列在准确性和效率之间进行不同权衡的模型。我们设计和实施Jellybean，这是一种用于服务和优化机器学习推理工作流程的系统。给定的服务级目标（例如，吞吐量，准确性），Jellybean选择了满足准确性目标的最具成本效益的模型，并决定如何在基础架构的不同层次上部署它们。评估表明，与最先进的模型选择和工人分配解决方案相比，Jellybean的视觉问题回答总成本最高可达58％，而NVIDIA AI City Challenge的车辆跟踪最多可达36％。 Jellybean还优于先前的ML服务系统（例如，在云上火花）的服务成本高达5倍。

With the increasing growth of information through smart devices, increasing the quality level of human life requires various computational paradigms presentation including the Internet of Things, fog, and cloud. Between these three paradigms, the cloud computing paradigm as an emerging technology adds cloud layer services to the edge of the network so that resource allocation operations occur close to the end-user to reduce resource processing time and network traffic overhead. Hence, the resource allocation problem for its providers in terms of presenting a suitable platform, by using computational paradigms is considered a challenge. In general, resource allocation approaches are divided into two methods, including auction-based methods(goal, increase profits for service providers-increase user satisfaction and usability) and optimization-based methods(energy, cost, network exploitation, Runtime, reduction of time delay). In this paper, according to the latest scientific achievements, a comprehensive literature study (CLS) on artificial intelligence methods based on resource allocation optimization without considering auction-based methods in various computing environments are provided such as cloud computing, Vehicular Fog Computing, wireless, IoT, vehicular networks, 5G networks, vehicular cloud architecture,machine-to-machine communication(M2M),Train-to-Train(T2T) communication network, Peer-to-Peer(P2P) network. Since deep learning methods based on artificial intelligence are used as the most important methods in resource allocation problems; Therefore, in this paper, resource allocation approaches based on deep learning are also used in the mentioned computational environments such as deep reinforcement learning, Q-learning technique, reinforcement learning, online learning, and also Classical learning methods such as Bayesian learning, Cummins clustering, Markov decision process.

未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术，例如5G和5G网络，车辆网络，无人机（UAV）网络和物联网（IOT）。此外，未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定，以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法，例如单药强化学习（RL）或深入强化学习（DRL），以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是，这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模，而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习（MARL）允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境，还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果，MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率，并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中，我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是，我们提供了MARL的教程，以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是，我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后，我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问，传输电源控制，计算卸载，内容缓存，数据包路由，无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。

最近，使用卷积神经网络（CNNS）存在移动和嵌入式应用的爆炸性增长。为了减轻其过度的计算需求，开发人员传统上揭示了云卸载，突出了高基础设施成本以及对网络条件的强烈依赖。另一方面，强大的SOC的出现逐渐启用设备执行。尽管如此，低端和中层平台仍然努力充分运行最先进的CNN。在本文中，我们展示了Dyno，一种分布式推断框架，将两全其人的最佳框架结合起来解决了几个挑战，例如设备异质性，不同的带宽和多目标要求。启用这是其新的CNN特定数据包装方法，其在onloading计算时利用CNN的不同部分的精度需求的可变性以及其新颖的调度器，该调度器共同调谐分区点并在运行时传输数据精度适应其执行环境的推理。定量评估表明，Dyno优于当前最先进的，通过竞争对手的CNN卸载系统，在竞争对手的CNN卸载系统上提高吞吐量超过一个数量级，最高可达60倍的数据。

As the number of distributed services (or microservices) of cloud-native applications grows, resource management becomes a challenging task. These applications tend to be user-facing and latency-sensitive, and our goal is to continuously minimize the amount of CPU resources allocated while still satisfying the application latency SLO. Although previous efforts have proposed simple heuristics and sophisticated ML-based techniques, we believe that a practical resource manager should accurately scale CPU resources for diverse applications, with minimum human efforts and operation overheads. To this end, we ask: can we systematically break resource management down to subproblems solvable by practical policies? Based on the notion of CPU-throttle-based performance target, we decouple the mechanisms of SLO feedback and resource control, and implement a two-level framework -- Autothrottle. It combines a lightweight learned controller at the global level, and agile per-microservice controllers at the local level. We evaluate Autothrottle on three microservice applications, with both short-term and 21-day production workload traces. Empirical results show Autothrottle's superior CPU core savings up to 26.21% over the best-performing baselines across applications, while maintaining the latency SLO.

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.