由于源极和目标环境之间的差异,深增强学习算法可以在现实世界的任务中表现不佳。这种差异通常被视为过渡动态的干扰。许多现有算法通过将干扰和应用于训练期间将其应用于源环境来学习强大的政策,这通常需要先验知识对模拟器的干扰和控制。然而,这些算法在目标环境中的干扰未知的情况下可能会失败,或者在模拟器中的模型中难以解决。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新型的无模型演员 - 评论家算法 - 即状态保守政策优化(SCPO) - 学习强大的政策,而不会提前建立干扰。具体地,SCPO将转换动态的干扰降低到状态空间中的干扰,然后通过简单的基于梯度的常规器近似。 SCPO的吸引人的功能包括实施简单,不需要额外了解干扰或专门设计的模拟器。在若干机器人控制任务中的实验表明,SCPO了解抵抗过渡动态的干扰的强大政策。
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Model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been demonstrated on a range of challenging decision making and control tasks. However, these methods typically suffer from two major challenges: very high sample complexity and brittle convergence properties, which necessitate meticulous hyperparameter tuning. Both of these challenges severely limit the applicability of such methods to complex, real-world domains. In this paper, we propose soft actor-critic, an offpolicy actor-critic deep RL algorithm based on the maximum entropy reinforcement learning framework. In this framework, the actor aims to maximize expected reward while also maximizing entropy. That is, to succeed at the task while acting as randomly as possible. Prior deep RL methods based on this framework have been formulated as Q-learning methods. By combining off-policy updates with a stable stochastic actor-critic formulation, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a range of continuous control benchmark tasks, outperforming prior on-policy and off-policy methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in contrast to other off-policy algorithms, our approach is very stable, achieving very similar performance across different random seeds.
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软演员 - 评论家(SAC)是最先进的偏离策略强化学习(RL)算法之一,其在基于最大熵的RL框架内。 SAC被证明在具有良好稳定性和稳健性的持续控制任务的列表中表现得非常好。 SAC了解一个随机高斯政策,可以最大限度地提高预期奖励和政策熵之间的权衡。要更新策略,SAC可最大限度地减少当前策略密度与软值函数密度之间的kl分歧。然后用于获得这种分歧的近似梯度的回报。在本文中,我们提出了跨熵策略优化(SAC-CEPO)的软演员 - 评论家,它使用跨熵方法(CEM)来优化SAC的政策网络。初始思想是使用CEM来迭代地对软价函数密度的最接近的分布进行采样,并使用结果分布作为更新策略网络的目标。为了降低计算复杂性,我们还介绍了一个解耦的策略结构,该策略结构将高斯策略解耦为一个策略,了解了学习均值的均值和另一个策略,以便只有CEM训练平均政策。我们表明,这种解耦的政策结构确实会聚到最佳,我们还通过实验证明SAC-CEPO实现对原始囊的竞争性能。
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强化学习(RL)被认为是在环境扰动下缺乏概括和鲁棒性,这过度限制了其对现实世界机器人技术的应用。先前的工作声称,将正则化添加到价值函数等同于学习不确定的稳健策略。尽管正规化的转换对其简单性和效率有吸引力,但它仍然缺乏连续的控制任务。在本文中,我们提出了一个名为$ \ textbf {u} $ nclectionty $ \ textbf {s} $ et $ et $ \ textbf {r} $ egularizer(usr)的新正常器功能。特别是,USR足够灵活,可以插入任何现有的RL框架中。为了处理未知的不确定性集,我们进一步提出了一种基于价值函数生成它们的新型对抗方法。我们在现实世界增强学习(RWRL)基准上评估了USR,这表明了扰动测试环境的稳健性能的改进。
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离线增强学习(RL)定义了从静态记录数据集学习的任务,而无需与环境不断交互。学识渊博的政策与行为政策之间的分配变化使得价值函数必须保持保守,以使分布(OOD)的动作不会被严重高估。但是,现有的方法,对看不见的行为进行惩罚或与行为政策进行正规化,太悲观了,这抑制了价值功能的概括并阻碍了性能的提高。本文探讨了温和但足够的保守主义,可以在线学习,同时不损害概括。我们提出了轻度保守的Q学习(MCQ),其中通过分配了适当的伪Q值来积极训练OOD。从理论上讲,我们表明MCQ诱导了至少与行为策略的行为,并且对OOD行动不会发生错误的高估。 D4RL基准测试的实验结果表明,与先前的工作相比,MCQ取得了出色的性能。此外,MCQ在从离线转移到在线时显示出卓越的概括能力,并明显胜过基准。
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尽管强化学习(RL)对于不确定性下的顺序决策问题有效,但在风险或安全性是具有约束力约束的现实系统中,它仍然无法蓬勃发展。在本文中,我们将安全限制作为非零和游戏制定了RL问题。在用最大熵RL部署的同时,此配方会导致一个安全的对手引导的软角色批评框架,称为SAAC。在SAAC中,对手旨在打破安全约束,而RL代理的目标是在对手的策略下最大程度地提高约束价值功能。对代理的价值函数的安全限制仅表现为代理商和对手政策之间的排斥项。与以前的方法不同,SAAC可以解决不同的安全标准,例如安全探索,均值差异风险敏感性和类似CVAR的相干风险敏感性。我们说明了这些约束的对手的设计。然后,在每种变化中,我们都表明,除了学习解决任务外,代理人与对手的不安全行为不同。最后,对于具有挑战性的持续控制任务,我们证明SAAC可以实现更快的融合,提高效率和更少的失败以满足安全限制,而不是风险避免风险的分布RL和风险中性的软性参与者批判性算法。
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In the field of reinforcement learning, because of the high cost and risk of policy training in the real world, policies are trained in a simulation environment and transferred to the corresponding real-world environment. However, the simulation environment does not perfectly mimic the real-world environment, lead to model misspecification. Multiple studies report significant deterioration of policy performance in a real-world environment. In this study, we focus on scenarios involving a simulation environment with uncertainty parameters and the set of their possible values, called the uncertainty parameter set. The aim is to optimize the worst-case performance on the uncertainty parameter set to guarantee the performance in the corresponding real-world environment. To obtain a policy for the optimization, we propose an off-policy actor-critic approach called the Max-Min Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithm (M2TD3), which solves a max-min optimization problem using a simultaneous gradient ascent descent approach. Experiments in multi-joint dynamics with contact (MuJoCo) environments show that the proposed method exhibited a worst-case performance superior to several baseline approaches.
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离线增强学习(RL)提供了一个有希望的方向,可以利用大量离线数据来实现复杂的决策任务。由于分配转移问题,当前的离线RL算法通常被设计为在价值估计和行动选择方面是保守的。但是,这种保守主义在现实情况下遇到观察偏差时,例如传感器错误和对抗性攻击时会损害学习政策的鲁棒性。为了权衡鲁棒性和保守主义,我们通过一种新颖的保守平滑技术提出了强大的离线增强学习(RORL)。在RORL中,我们明确地介绍了数据集附近国家的策略和价值函数的正则化,以及对这些OOD状态的其他保守价值估计。从理论上讲,我们表明RORL比线性MDP中的最新理论结果更紧密地构成。我们证明RORL可以在一般离线RL基准上实现最新性能,并且对对抗性观察的扰动非常强大。
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强大的加强学习试图使预测对系统的动态或奖励的变化更加强大。当从数据中估算环境的动态和奖励时,此问题尤其重要。在本文中,我们近似使用$ \ phi $ divergence使用近似风险的配方来限制强大的增强学习。我们表明,通过目标的标准偏差惩罚,可以鲁esthing稳健地进行经典的增强学习配方。在经典的健身房环境中提出和测试了两种基于分布强化学习的算法,一种用于离散的算法,一种用于连续的动作空间,以证明算法的鲁棒性。
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基于模型的强化学习引起了广泛的样本效率。尽管到目前为止,它令人印象深刻,但仍然不清楚如何适当安排重要的超参数,以实现足够的性能,例如基于Dyna样式的算法中的政策优化的实际数据比。在本文中,我们首先分析了实际数据在政策培训中的作用,这表明逐渐增加了实际数据的比例会产生更好的性能。灵感来自分析,我们提出了一个名为autombpo的框架,以自动安排真实的数据比以及基于培训模型的策略优化(MBPO)算法的其他超参数,是基于模型的方法的代表性运行情况。在几个连续控制任务上,由AutomBPO安排的HyperParameters培训的MBPO实例可以显着超越原始的,并且AutomBPO找到的真实数据比例计划显示了与我们的理论分析的一致性。
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在许多顺序决策问题(例如,机器人控制,游戏播放,顺序预测),人类或专家数据可用包含有关任务的有用信息。然而,来自少量专家数据的模仿学习(IL)可能在具有复杂动态的高维环境中具有挑战性。行为克隆是一种简单的方法,由于其简单的实现和稳定的收敛而被广泛使用,但不利用涉及环境动态的任何信息。由于对奖励和政策近似器或偏差,高方差梯度估计器,难以在实践中难以在实践中努力训练的许多现有方法。我们介绍了一种用于动态感知IL的方法,它通过学习单个Q函数来避免对抗训练,隐含地代表奖励和策略。在标准基准测试中,隐式学习的奖励显示与地面真实奖励的高正面相关性,说明我们的方法也可以用于逆钢筋学习(IRL)。我们的方法,逆软Q学习(IQ-Learn)获得了最先进的结果,在离线和在线模仿学习设置中,显着优于现有的现有方法,这些方法都在所需的环境交互和高维空间中的可扩展性中,通常超过3倍。
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我们在马尔可夫决策过程的状态空间上提出了一种新的行为距离,并展示使用该距离作为塑造深度加强学习代理的学习言论的有效手段。虽然由于高计算成本和基于样本的算法缺乏缺乏样本的距离,但是,虽然现有的国家相似性通常难以在规模上学习,但我们的新距离解决了这两个问题。除了提供详细的理论分析外,我们还提供了学习该距离的经验证据,与价值函数产生的结构化和信息化表示,包括对街机学习环境基准的强劲结果。
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Reinforcement learning (RL) gained considerable attention by creating decision-making agents that maximize rewards received from fully observable environments. However, many real-world problems are partially or noisily observable by nature, where agents do not receive the true and complete state of the environment. Such problems are formulated as partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Some studies applied RL to POMDPs by recalling previous decisions and observations or inferring the true state of the environment from received observations. Nevertheless, aggregating observations and decisions over time is impractical for environments with high-dimensional continuous state and action spaces. Moreover, so-called inference-based RL approaches require large number of samples to perform well since agents eschew uncertainty in the inferred state for the decision-making. Active inference is a framework that is naturally formulated in POMDPs and directs agents to select decisions by minimising expected free energy (EFE). This supplies reward-maximising (exploitative) behaviour in RL, with an information-seeking (exploratory) behaviour. Despite this exploratory behaviour of active inference, its usage is limited to discrete state and action spaces due to the computational difficulty of the EFE. We propose a unified principle for joint information-seeking and reward maximization that clarifies a theoretical connection between active inference and RL, unifies active inference and RL, and overcomes their aforementioned limitations. Our findings are supported by strong theoretical analysis. The proposed framework's superior exploration property is also validated by experimental results on partial observable tasks with high-dimensional continuous state and action spaces. Moreover, the results show that our model solves reward-free problems, making task reward design optional.
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深度加强学习(DRL)的框架为连续决策提供了强大而广泛适用的数学形式化。本文提出了一种新的DRL框架,称为\ emph {$ f $-diveliventcence加强学习(frl)}。在FRL中,通过最大限度地减少学习政策和采样策略之间的$ F $同时执行策略评估和政策改进阶段,这与旨在最大化预期累计奖励的传统DRL算法不同。理论上,我们证明最小化此类$ F $ - 可以使学习政策会聚到最佳政策。此外,我们将FRL框架中的培训代理程序转换为通过Fenchel Concugate的特定$ F $函数转换为鞍点优化问题,这构成了政策评估和政策改进的新方法。通过数学证据和经验评估,我们证明FRL框架有两个优点:(1)政策评估和政策改进过程同时进行,(2)高估价值函数的问题自然而缓解。为了评估FRL框架的有效性,我们对Atari 2600的视频游戏进行实验,并显示在FRL框架中培训的代理匹配或超越基线DRL算法。
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在许多增强学习(RL)应用中,观察空间由人类开发人员指定并受到物理实现的限制,因此可能会随时间的巨大变化(例如,观察特征的数量增加)。然而,当观察空间发生变化时,前一项策略可能由于输入特征不匹配而失败,并且另一个策略必须从头开始培训,这在计算和采样复杂性方面效率低。在理论上见解之后,我们提出了一种新颖的算法,该算法提取源任务中的潜在空间动态,并将动态模型传送到目标任务用作基于模型的常规程序。我们的算法适用于观察空间的彻底变化(例如,从向量的基于矢量的观察到图像的观察),没有任何任务映射或目标任务的任何先前知识。实证结果表明,我们的算法显着提高了目标任务中学习的效率和稳定性。
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While reinforcement learning algorithms provide automated acquisition of optimal policies, practical application of such methods requires a number of design decisions, such as manually designing reward functions that not only define the task, but also provide sufficient shaping to accomplish it. In this paper, we view reinforcement learning as inferring policies that achieve desired outcomes, rather than as a problem of maximizing rewards. To solve this inference problem, we establish a novel variational inference formulation that allows us to derive a well-shaped reward function which can be learned directly from environment interactions. From the corresponding variational objective, we also derive a new probabilistic Bellman backup operator and use it to develop an off-policy algorithm to solve goal-directed tasks. We empirically demonstrate that this method eliminates the need to hand-craft reward functions for a suite of diverse manipulation and locomotion tasks and leads to effective goal-directed behaviors.
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Effectively leveraging large, previously collected datasets in reinforcement learning (RL) is a key challenge for large-scale real-world applications. Offline RL algorithms promise to learn effective policies from previously-collected, static datasets without further interaction. However, in practice, offline RL presents a major challenge, and standard off-policy RL methods can fail due to overestimation of values induced by the distributional shift between the dataset and the learned policy, especially when training on complex and multi-modal data distributions. In this paper, we propose conservative Q-learning (CQL), which aims to address these limitations by learning a conservative Q-function such that the expected value of a policy under this Q-function lower-bounds its true value. We theoretically show that CQL produces a lower bound on the value of the current policy and that it can be incorporated into a policy learning procedure with theoretical improvement guarantees. In practice, CQL augments the standard Bellman error objective with a simple Q-value regularizer which is straightforward to implement on top of existing deep Q-learning and actor-critic implementations. On both discrete and continuous control domains, we show that CQL substantially outperforms existing offline RL methods, often learning policies that attain 2-5 times higher final return, especially when learning from complex and multi-modal data distributions.Preprint. Under review.
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Various types of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods have been developed, assuming that agents' policies are based on true states. Recent works have improved the robustness of MARL under uncertainties from the reward, transition probability, or other partners' policies. However, in real-world multi-agent systems, state estimations may be perturbed by sensor measurement noise or even adversaries. Agents' policies trained with only true state information will deviate from optimal solutions when facing adversarial state perturbations during execution. MARL under adversarial state perturbations has limited study. Hence, in this work, we propose a State-Adversarial Markov Game (SAMG) and make the first attempt to study the fundamental properties of MARL under state uncertainties. We prove that the optimal agent policy and the robust Nash equilibrium do not always exist for an SAMG. Instead, we define the solution concept, robust agent policy, of the proposed SAMG under adversarial state perturbations, where agents want to maximize the worst-case expected state value. We then design a gradient descent ascent-based robust MARL algorithm to learn the robust policies for the MARL agents. Our experiments show that adversarial state perturbations decrease agents' rewards for several baselines from the existing literature, while our algorithm outperforms baselines with state perturbations and significantly improves the robustness of the MARL policies under state uncertainties.
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无模型的深度增强学习(RL)已成功应用于挑战连续控制域。然而,较差的样品效率可防止这些方法广泛用于现实世界领域。我们通过提出一种新的无模型算法,现实演员 - 评论家(RAC)来解决这个问题,旨在通过学习关于Q函数的各种信任的政策家庭来解决价值低估和高估之间的权衡。我们构建不确定性惩罚Q-Learning(UPQ),该Q-Learning(UPQ)使用多个批评者的合并来控制Q函数的估计偏差,使Q函数平稳地从低于更高的置信范围偏移。随着这些批评者的指导,RAC采用通用价值函数近似器(UVFA),同时使用相同的神经网络学习许多乐观和悲观的政策。乐观的政策会产生有效的探索行为,而悲观政策会降低价值高估的风险,以确保稳定的策略更新和Q函数。该方法可以包含任何违规的演员 - 评论家RL算法。我们的方法实现了10倍的样本效率和25 \%的性能改进与SAC在最具挑战性的人形环境中,获得了11107美元的集中奖励1107美元,价格为10 ^ 6美元。所有源代码都可以在https://github.com/ihuhuhu/rac获得。
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采用合理的策略是具有挑战性的,但对于智能代理商的智能代理人至关重要,其资源有限,在危险,非结构化和动态环境中工作,以改善系统实用性,降低整体成本并增加任务成功概率。深度强化学习(DRL)帮助组织代理的行为和基于其状态的行为,并代表复杂的策略(行动的组成)。本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯链条的新型分层策略分解方法,将复杂的政策分为几个简单的子手段,并将其作为贝叶斯战略网络(BSN)组织。我们将这种方法整合到最先进的DRL方法中,软演奏者 - 批评者(SAC),并通过组织几个子主管作为联合政策来构建相应的贝叶斯软演奏者(BSAC)模型。我们将建议的BSAC方法与标准连续控制基准(Hopper-V2,Walker2D-V2和Humanoid-V2)在SAC和其他最先进的方法(例如TD3,DDPG和PPO)中进行比较 - Mujoco与Openai健身房环境。结果表明,BSAC方法的有希望的潜力可显着提高训练效率。可以从https://github.com/herolab-uga/bsac访问BSAC的开源代码。
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