离线增强学习(RL)定义了从静态记录数据集学习的任务,而无需与环境不断交互。学识渊博的政策与行为政策之间的分配变化使得价值函数必须保持保守,以使分布(OOD)的动作不会被严重高估。但是,现有的方法,对看不见的行为进行惩罚或与行为政策进行正规化,太悲观了,这抑制了价值功能的概括并阻碍了性能的提高。本文探讨了温和但足够的保守主义,可以在线学习,同时不损害概括。我们提出了轻度保守的Q学习(MCQ),其中通过分配了适当的伪Q值来积极训练OOD。从理论上讲,我们表明MCQ诱导了至少与行为策略的行为,并且对OOD行动不会发生错误的高估。 D4RL基准测试的实验结果表明,与先前的工作相比,MCQ取得了出色的性能。此外,MCQ在从离线转移到在线时显示出卓越的概括能力,并明显胜过基准。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We present state advantage weighting for offline reinforcement learning (RL). In contrast to action advantage $A(s,a)$ that we commonly adopt in QSA learning, we leverage state advantage $A(s,s^\prime)$ and QSS learning for offline RL, hence decoupling the action from values. We expect the agent can get to the high-reward state and the action is determined by how the agent can get to that corresponding state. Experiments on D4RL datasets show that our proposed method can achieve remarkable performance against the common baselines. Furthermore, our method shows good generalization capability when transferring from offline to online.
translated by 谷歌翻译
博学的无模型离线增强学习(RL)方法的策略通常被限制在数据集的支持范围内,以避免可能的危险危险分发措施或状态,从而使处理不支持的区域挑战。基于模型的RL方法通过使用经过训练的前进或反向动力学模型生成虚构轨迹来提供更丰富的数据集和收益概括。但是,想象的过渡可能不准确,因此降低了基础离线RL方法的性能。在本文中,我们建议通过使用训练有素的双向动力学模型和通过双重检查推出策略来增强离线数据集。我们通过信任前向模型和落后模型一致的样本来介绍保守主义。我们的方法是基于置信度的双向离线模型的想象力,可以生成可靠的样本,并可以与任何无模型的离线RL方法结合使用。 D4RL基准测试的实验结果表明,我们的方法显着提高了现有的无模型离线RL算法的性能,并在基线方法上取得了竞争性或更好的分数。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Effectively leveraging large, previously collected datasets in reinforcement learning (RL) is a key challenge for large-scale real-world applications. Offline RL algorithms promise to learn effective policies from previously-collected, static datasets without further interaction. However, in practice, offline RL presents a major challenge, and standard off-policy RL methods can fail due to overestimation of values induced by the distributional shift between the dataset and the learned policy, especially when training on complex and multi-modal data distributions. In this paper, we propose conservative Q-learning (CQL), which aims to address these limitations by learning a conservative Q-function such that the expected value of a policy under this Q-function lower-bounds its true value. We theoretically show that CQL produces a lower bound on the value of the current policy and that it can be incorporated into a policy learning procedure with theoretical improvement guarantees. In practice, CQL augments the standard Bellman error objective with a simple Q-value regularizer which is straightforward to implement on top of existing deep Q-learning and actor-critic implementations. On both discrete and continuous control domains, we show that CQL substantially outperforms existing offline RL methods, often learning policies that attain 2-5 times higher final return, especially when learning from complex and multi-modal data distributions.Preprint. Under review.
translated by 谷歌翻译
强化学习(RL)已在域中展示有效,在域名可以通过与其操作环境进行积极互动来学习政策。但是,如果我们将RL方案更改为脱机设置,代理商只能通过静态数据集更新其策略,其中脱机强化学习中的一个主要问题出现,即分配转移。我们提出了一种悲观的离线强化学习(PESSORL)算法,以主动引导代理通过操纵价值函数来恢复熟悉的区域。我们专注于由分销外(OOD)状态引起的问题,并且故意惩罚训练数据集中不存在的状态的高值,以便学习的悲观值函数下限界限状态空间内的任何位置。我们在各种基准任务中评估Pessorl算法,在那里我们表明我们的方法通过明确处理OOD状态,与这些方法仅考虑ood行动时,我们的方法通过明确处理OOD状态。
translated by 谷歌翻译
依赖于太多的实验来学习良好的行动,目前的强化学习(RL)算法在现实世界的环境中具有有限的适用性,这可能太昂贵,无法探索探索。我们提出了一种批量RL算法,其中仅使用固定的脱机数据集来学习有效策略,而不是与环境的在线交互。批量RL中的有限数据产生了在培训数据中不充分表示的状态/行动的价值估计中的固有不确定性。当我们的候选政策从生成数据的候选政策发散时,这导致特别严重的外推。我们建议通过两个直接的惩罚来减轻这个问题:减少这种分歧的政策限制和减少过于乐观估计的价值约束。在全面的32个连续动作批量RL基准测试中,我们的方法对最先进的方法进行了比较,无论如何收集离线数据如何。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Off-policy reinforcement learning aims to leverage experience collected from prior policies for sample-efficient learning. However, in practice, commonly used off-policy approximate dynamic programming methods based on Q-learning and actor-critic methods are highly sensitive to the data distribution, and can make only limited progress without collecting additional on-policy data. As a step towards more robust off-policy algorithms, we study the setting where the off-policy experience is fixed and there is no further interaction with the environment. We identify bootstrapping error as a key source of instability in current methods. Bootstrapping error is due to bootstrapping from actions that lie outside of the training data distribution, and it accumulates via the Bellman backup operator. We theoretically analyze bootstrapping error, and demonstrate how carefully constraining action selection in the backup can mitigate it. Based on our analysis, we propose a practical algorithm, bootstrapping error accumulation reduction (BEAR). We demonstrate that BEAR is able to learn robustly from different off-policy distributions, including random and suboptimal demonstrations, on a range of continuous control tasks.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the problem of learning policies entirely from a large batch of previously collected data. This problem setting offers the promise of utilizing such datasets to acquire policies without any costly or dangerous active exploration. However, it is also challenging, due to the distributional shift between the offline training data and those states visited by the learned policy. Despite significant recent progress, the most successful prior methods are model-free and constrain the policy to the support of data, precluding generalization to unseen states. In this paper, we first observe that an existing model-based RL algorithm already produces significant gains in the offline setting compared to model-free approaches. However, standard model-based RL methods, designed for the online setting, do not provide an explicit mechanism to avoid the offline setting's distributional shift issue. Instead, we propose to modify the existing model-based RL methods by applying them with rewards artificially penalized by the uncertainty of the dynamics. We theoretically show that the algorithm maximizes a lower bound of the policy's return under the true MDP. We also characterize the trade-off between the gain and risk of leaving the support of the batch data. Our algorithm, Model-based Offline Policy Optimization (MOPO), outperforms standard model-based RL algorithms and prior state-of-the-art model-free offline RL algorithms on existing offline RL benchmarks and two challenging continuous control tasks that require generalizing from data collected for a different task. * equal contribution. † equal advising. Orders randomized.34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),
translated by 谷歌翻译
离线增强学习(RL)提供了一个有希望的方向,可以利用大量离线数据来实现复杂的决策任务。由于分配转移问题,当前的离线RL算法通常被设计为在价值估计和行动选择方面是保守的。但是,这种保守主义在现实情况下遇到观察偏差时,例如传感器错误和对抗性攻击时会损害学习政策的鲁棒性。为了权衡鲁棒性和保守主义,我们通过一种新颖的保守平滑技术提出了强大的离线增强学习(RORL)。在RORL中,我们明确地介绍了数据集附近国家的策略和价值函数的正则化,以及对这些OOD状态的其他保守价值估计。从理论上讲,我们表明RORL比线性MDP中的最新理论结果更紧密地构成。我们证明RORL可以在一般离线RL基准上实现最新性能,并且对对抗性观察的扰动非常强大。
translated by 谷歌翻译
离线增强学习吸引了人们对解决传统强化学习的应用挑战的极大兴趣。离线增强学习使用先前收集的数据集来训练代理而无需任何互动。为了解决对OOD的高估(分布式)动作的高估,保守的估计值对所有输入都具有较低的价值。以前的保守估计方法通常很难避免OOD作用对Q值估计的影响。此外,这些算法通常需要失去一些计算效率,以实现保守估计的目的。在本文中,我们提出了一种简单的保守估计方法,即双重保守估计(DCE),该方法使用两种保守估计方法来限制政策。我们的算法引入了V功能,以避免分发作用的错误,同时隐含得出保守的估计。此外,我们的算法使用可控的罚款术语,改变了培训中保守主义的程度。从理论上讲,我们说明了该方法如何影响OOD动作和分布动作的估计。我们的实验分别表明,两种保守的估计方法影响了所有国家行动的估计。 DCE展示了D4RL的最新性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在没有高保真模拟环境的情况下,学习有效的加强学习(RL)政策可以解决现实世界中的复杂任务。在大多数情况下,我们只有具有简化动力学的不完善的模拟器,这不可避免地导致RL策略学习中的SIM到巨大差距。最近出现的离线RL领域为直接从预先收集的历史数据中学习政策提供了另一种可能性。但是,为了达到合理的性能,现有的离线RL算法需要不切实际的离线数据,并具有足够的州行动空间覆盖范围进行培训。这提出了一个新问题:是否有可能通过在线RL中的不完美模拟器中的离线RL中的有限数据中的学习结合到无限制的探索,以解决两种方法的缺点?在这项研究中,我们提出了动态感知的混合离线和对线增强学习(H2O)框架,以为这个问题提供肯定的答案。 H2O引入了动态感知的政策评估方案,该方案可以自适应地惩罚Q函数在模拟的状态行动对上具有较大的动态差距,同时也允许从固定的现实世界数据集中学习。通过广泛的模拟和现实世界任务以及理论分析,我们证明了H2O与其他跨域在线和离线RL算法相对于其他跨域的表现。 H2O提供了全新的脱机脱机RL范式,该范式可能会阐明未来的RL算法设计,以解决实用的现实世界任务。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在离线强化学习(离线RL)中,主要挑战之一是处理学习策略与给定数据集之间的分布转变。为了解决这个问题,最近的离线RL方法试图引入保守主义偏见,以鼓励在高信心地区学习。无模型方法使用保守的正常化或特殊网络结构直接对策略或价值函数学习进行这样的偏见,但它们约束的策略搜索限制了脱机数据集之外的泛化。基于模型的方法使用保守量量化学习前瞻性动态模型,然后生成虚构的轨迹以扩展脱机数据集。然而,由于离线数据集中的有限样本,保守率量化通常在支撑区域内遭受全面化。不可靠的保守措施将误导基于模型的想象力,以不受欢迎的地区,导致过多的行为。为了鼓励更多的保守主义,我们提出了一种基于模型的离线RL框架,称为反向离线模型的想象(ROMI)。我们与新颖的反向策略结合使用逆向动力学模型,该模型可以生成导致脱机数据集中的目标目标状态的卷展栏。这些反向的想象力提供了无通知的数据增强,以便无模型策略学习,并使远程数据集的保守概括。 ROMI可以有效地与现成的无模型算法组合,以实现基于模型的概括,具有适当的保守主义。经验结果表明,我们的方法可以在离线RL基准任务中产生更保守的行为并实现最先进的性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
离线增强学习(RL)将经典RL算法的范式扩展到纯粹从静态数据集中学习,而无需在学习过程中与基础环境进行交互。离线RL的一个关键挑战是政策培训的不稳定,这是由于离线数据的分布与学习政策的未结束的固定状态分配之间的不匹配引起的。为了避免分配不匹配的有害影响,我们将当前政策的未静置固定分配正规化在政策优化过程中的离线数据。此外,我们训练动力学模型既实施此正规化,又可以更好地估计当前策略的固定分布,从而减少了分布不匹配引起的错误。在各种连续控制的离线RL数据集中,我们的方法表示竞争性能,从而验证了我们的算法。该代码公开可用。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们根据相对悲观主义的概念,在数据覆盖不足的情况下提出了经过对抗训练的演员评论家(ATAC),这是一种新的无模型算法(RL)。 ATAC被设计为两人Stackelberg游戏:政策演员与受对抗训练的价值评论家竞争,后者发现参与者不如数据收集行为策略的数据一致方案。我们证明,当演员在两人游戏中不后悔时,运行ATAC会产生一项政策,证明1)在控制悲观程度的各种超级参数上都超过了行为政策,而2)与最佳竞争。 policy covered by data with appropriately chosen hyperparameters.与现有作品相比,尤其是我们的框架提供了一般函数近似的理论保证,也提供了可扩展到复杂环境和大型数据集的深度RL实现。在D4RL基准测试中,ATAC在一系列连续的控制任务上始终优于最先进的离线RL算法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
现有的离线增强学习(RL)方法面临一些主要挑战,尤其是学识渊博的政策与行为政策之间的分配转变。离线Meta-RL正在成为应对这些挑战的一种有前途的方法,旨在从一系列任务中学习信息丰富的元基础。然而,如我们的实证研究所示,离线元RL在具有良好数据集质量的任务上的单个任务RL方法可能胜过,这表明必须在“探索”不合时宜的情况下进行精细的平衡。通过遵循元元素和“利用”离线数据集的分配状态行为,保持靠近行为策略。通过这种经验分析的激励,我们探索了基于模型的离线元RL,并具有正则政策优化(MERPO),该策略优化(MERPO)学习了一种用于有效任务结构推理的元模型,并提供了提供信息的元元素,以安全地探索过分分布状态 - 行为。特别是,我们使用保守的政策评估和正规政策改进,设计了一种新的基于元指数的基于元指数的基于元模型的参与者批判性(RAC),作为MERPO的关键构建块作为Merpo的关键构建块;而其中的内在权衡是通过在两个正规机构之间达到正确的平衡来实现的,一个是基于行为政策,另一个基于元政策。从理论上讲,我们学识渊博的政策可以保证对行为政策和元政策都有保证的改进,从而确保通过离线元RL对新任务的绩效提高。实验证实了Merpo优于现有的离线META-RL方法的出色性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在许多顺序决策问题(例如,机器人控制,游戏播放,顺序预测),人类或专家数据可用包含有关任务的有用信息。然而,来自少量专家数据的模仿学习(IL)可能在具有复杂动态的高维环境中具有挑战性。行为克隆是一种简单的方法,由于其简单的实现和稳定的收敛而被广泛使用,但不利用涉及环境动态的任何信息。由于对奖励和政策近似器或偏差,高方差梯度估计器,难以在实践中难以在实践中努力训练的许多现有方法。我们介绍了一种用于动态感知IL的方法,它通过学习单个Q函数来避免对抗训练,隐含地代表奖励和策略。在标准基准测试中,隐式学习的奖励显示与地面真实奖励的高正面相关性,说明我们的方法也可以用于逆钢筋学习(IRL)。我们的方法,逆软Q学习(IQ-Learn)获得了最先进的结果,在离线和在线模仿学习设置中,显着优于现有的现有方法,这些方法都在所需的环境交互和高维空间中的可扩展性中,通常超过3倍。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Behavioural cloning (BC) is a commonly used imitation learning method to infer a sequential decision-making policy from expert demonstrations. However, when the quality of the data is not optimal, the resulting behavioural policy also performs sub-optimally once deployed. Recently, there has been a surge in offline reinforcement learning methods that hold the promise to extract high-quality policies from sub-optimal historical data. A common approach is to perform regularisation during training, encouraging updates during policy evaluation and/or policy improvement to stay close to the underlying data. In this work, we investigate whether an offline approach to improving the quality of the existing data can lead to improved behavioural policies without any changes in the BC algorithm. The proposed data improvement approach - Trajectory Stitching (TS) - generates new trajectories (sequences of states and actions) by `stitching' pairs of states that were disconnected in the original data and generating their connecting new action. By construction, these new transitions are guaranteed to be highly plausible according to probabilistic models of the environment, and to improve a state-value function. We demonstrate that the iterative process of replacing old trajectories with new ones incrementally improves the underlying behavioural policy. Extensive experimental results show that significant performance gains can be achieved using TS over BC policies extracted from the original data. Furthermore, using the D4RL benchmarking suite, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art results are obtained by combining TS with two existing offline learning methodologies reliant on BC, model-based offline planning (MBOP) and policy constraint (TD3+BC).
translated by 谷歌翻译
离线强化学习(RL)任务要求代理从预先收集的数据集中学习,没有与环境进行进一步的交互。尽管有可能超越行为政策,但基于RL的方法通常是不切实际的,因为培训不稳定并引导外推错误,这始终需要通过在线评估进行仔细的超参数调整。相比之下,离线模仿学习(IL)没有这样的问题,因为它直接在不估计值函数的情况下直接了解策略。然而,IL通常限制在行为政策的能力,并且倾向于从政策混合收集的数据集中学习平庸行为。在本文中,我们的目标是利用IL但缓解这种缺点。观察行为克隆能够使用较少的数据模仿邻近的策略,我们提出\ Textit {课程脱机仿制学习(线圈)},它利用具有更高回报的自适应邻近策略的体验挑选策略,并提高了当前策略沿课程阶段。在连续控制基准测试中,我们将线圈与基于仿制的和基于RL的方法进行比较,表明它不仅避免了在混合数据集上学习平庸行为,而且甚至与最先进的离线RL方法竞争。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) promises the ability to learn effective policies solely using existing, static datasets, without any costly online interaction. To do so, offline RL methods must handle distributional shift between the dataset and the learned policy. The most common approach is to learn conservative, or lower-bound, value functions, which underestimate the return of out-of-distribution (OOD) actions. However, such methods exhibit one notable drawback: policies optimized on such value functions can only behave according to a fixed, possibly suboptimal, degree of conservatism. However, this can be alleviated if we instead are able to learn policies for varying degrees of conservatism at training time and devise a method to dynamically choose one of them during evaluation. To do so, in this work, we propose learning value functions that additionally condition on the degree of conservatism, which we dub confidence-conditioned value functions. We derive a new form of a Bellman backup that simultaneously learns Q-values for any degree of confidence with high probability. By conditioning on confidence, our value functions enable adaptive strategies during online evaluation by controlling for confidence level using the history of observations thus far. This approach can be implemented in practice by conditioning the Q-function from existing conservative algorithms on the confidence. We theoretically show that our learned value functions produce conservative estimates of the true value at any desired confidence. Finally, we empirically show that our algorithm outperforms existing conservative offline RL algorithms on multiple discrete control domains.
translated by 谷歌翻译
与政策策略梯度技术相比,使用先前收集的数据的无模型的无模型深钢筋学习(RL)方法可以提高采样效率。但是,当利益政策的分布与收集数据的政策之间的差异时,非政策学习变得具有挑战性。尽管提出了良好的重要性抽样和范围的政策梯度技术来补偿这种差异,但它们通常需要一系列长轨迹,以增加计算复杂性并引起其他问题,例如消失或爆炸梯度。此外,由于需要行动概率,它们对连续动作领域的概括严格受到限制,这不适合确定性政策。为了克服这些局限性,我们引入了一种替代的非上政策校正算法,用于连续作用空间,参与者 - 批判性非政策校正(AC-OFF-POC),以减轻先前收集的数据引入的潜在缺陷。通过由代理商对随机采样批次过渡的状态的最新动作决策计算出的新颖差异度量,该方法不需要任何策略的实际或估计的行动概率,并提供足够的一步重要性抽样。理论结果表明,引入的方法可以使用固定的独特点获得收缩映射,从而可以进行“安全”的非政策学习。我们的经验结果表明,AC-Off-POC始终通过有效地安排学习率和Q学习和政策优化的学习率,以比竞争方法更少的步骤改善最新的回报。
translated by 谷歌翻译