Searching for a path between two nodes in a graph is one of the most well-studied and fundamental problems in computer science. In numerous domains such as robotics, AI, or biology, practitioners develop search heuristics to accelerate their pathfinding algorithms. However, it is a laborious and complex process to hand-design heuristics based on the problem and the structure of a given use case. Here we present PHIL (Path Heuristic with Imitation Learning), a novel neural architecture and a training algorithm for discovering graph search and navigation heuristics from data by leveraging recent advances in imitation learning and graph representation learning. At training time, we aggregate datasets of search trajectories and ground-truth shortest path distances, which we use to train a specialized graph neural network-based heuristic function using backpropagation through steps of the pathfinding process. Our heuristic function learns graph embeddings useful for inferring node distances, runs in constant time independent of graph sizes, and can be easily incorporated in an algorithm such as A* at test time. Experiments show that PHIL reduces the number of explored nodes compared to state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets by 58.5\% on average, can be directly applied in diverse graphs ranging from biological networks to road networks, and allows for fast planning in time-critical robotics domains.
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组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近,它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例,而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是,近年来,人们对使用机器学习,尤其是图形神经网络(GNN)的兴趣激增,作为组合任务的关键构件,直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入,因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾,旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。
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我们提出了一个通用图形神经网络体系结构,可以作为任何约束满意度问题(CSP)作为末端2端搜索启发式训练。我们的体系结构可以通过政策梯度下降进行无监督的培训,以纯粹的数据驱动方式为任何CSP生成问题的特定启发式方法。该方法基于CSP的新型图表,既是通用又紧凑的,并且使我们能够使用一个GNN处理所有可能的CSP实例,而不管有限的Arity,关系或域大小。与以前的基于RL的方法不同,我们在全局搜索动作空间上运行,并允许我们的GNN在随机搜索的每个步骤中修改任何数量的变量。这使我们的方法能够正确利用GNN的固有并行性。我们进行了彻底的经验评估,从随机数据(包括图形着色,Maxcut,3-SAT和Max-K-Sat)中学习启发式和重要的CSP。我们的方法表现优于先验的神经组合优化的方法。它可以在测试实例上与常规搜索启发式竞争,甚至可以改善几个数量级,结构上比训练中看到的数量级更为复杂。
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蒙特卡洛树搜索(MCT)是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样,并存储动作的统计数据,以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而,该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术,但是,在更复杂的游戏(例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏)以及各种实用领域(例如,运输,日程安排或安全性)有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。
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这篇简短的评论旨在使读者熟悉与计划,调度和学习有关的最新作品。首先,我们研究最先进的计划算法。我们简要介绍神经网络。然后,我们更详细地探索图形神经网络,这是一种适合处理图形结构输入的神经网络的最新变体。我们简要描述了强化学习算法和迄今为止设计的一些方法的概念。接下来,我们研究了一些成功的方法,结合了用于路径规划的神经网络。最后,我们专注于不确定性的时间计划问题。
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This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.
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用于图形组合优化问题的神经网络溶剂的端到端培训,例如旅行销售人员问题(TSP)最近看到了感兴趣的激增,但在几百节节点的图表中保持棘手和效率低下。虽然最先进的学习驱动的方法对于TSP在培训的古典索引时与古典求解器密切相关,但它们无法通过实际尺度的实际情况概括到更大的情况。这项工作提出了一个端到端的神经组合优化流水线,统一几个卷纸,以确定促进比在训练中看到的实例的概括的归纳偏差,模型架构和学习算法。我们的受控实验提供了第一个原则上调查这种零拍摄的概括,揭示了超越训练数据的推断需要重新思考从网络层和学习范例到评估协议的神经组合优化流水线。此外,我们分析了深入学习的最近进步,通过管道的镜头路由问题,并提供新的方向,以刺激未来的研究。
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尽管深度强化学习(RL)最近取得了许多成功,但其方法仍然效率低下,这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示,以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法,可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用:(i)GRICA受到独立组件分析(ICA)的启发,并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外,格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 (ii)潜在表示预测(LARP)还需要更多的上下文:除了要求状态作为输入外,它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 (iii)重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示,以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL,而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现,每种方法都有其优势和缺点,并从我们的实验中得出结论,包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。
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Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.
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最近的进步表明,使用强化学习和搜索来解决NP-HARD相关的任务的成功,例如旅行推销员优化,图表编辑距离计算等。但是,尚不清楚如何有效,准确地检测到如何有效地检测大型目标图中的一个小查询图,它是图数据库搜索,生物医学分析,社交组发现等中的核心操作。此任务称为子图匹配,本质上是在查询图和大型目标图之间执行子图同构检查。解决这个经典问题的一种有前途的方法是“学习进行搜索”范式,其中强化学习(RL)代理人的设计具有学习的政策,以指导搜索算法以快速找到解决方案而无需任何解决方案实例进行监督。但是,对于子图匹配的特定任务,尽管查询图通常由用户作为输入给出,但目标图通常更大。它为神经网络设计带来了挑战,并可能导致解决方案和奖励稀疏性。在本文中,我们提出了两项​​创新的N-BLS来应对挑战:(1)一种新颖的编码器折线神经网络体系结构,以动态计算每个搜索状态下查询和目标图之间的匹配信息; (2)蒙特卡洛树搜索增强了双层搜索框架,用于培训政策和价值网络。在五个大型现实世界目标图上进行的实验表明,N-BLS可以显着改善子图匹配性能。
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复杂的推理问题包含确定良好行动计划所需的计算成本各不相同的状态。利用此属性,我们提出了自适应亚go搜索(ADASUBS),这是一种适应性地调整计划范围的搜索方法。为此,ADASUBS在不同距离上产生了不同的子目标。采用验证机制来迅速滤除无法到达的子目标,从而使人专注于可行的进一步子目标。通过这种方式,ADASUBS受益于计划的效率更长的子目标,以及对较短的计划的良好控制。我们表明,ADASUB在三个复杂的推理任务上大大超过了层次规划算法:Sokoban,The Rubik的Cube和不平等现象证明了基准INT,为INT设定了新的最先进。
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Influence Maximization (IM) is a classical combinatorial optimization problem, which can be widely used in mobile networks, social computing, and recommendation systems. It aims at selecting a small number of users such that maximizing the influence spread across the online social network. Because of its potential commercial and academic value, there are a lot of researchers focusing on studying the IM problem from different perspectives. The main challenge comes from the NP-hardness of the IM problem and \#P-hardness of estimating the influence spread, thus traditional algorithms for overcoming them can be categorized into two classes: heuristic algorithms and approximation algorithms. However, there is no theoretical guarantee for heuristic algorithms, and the theoretical design is close to the limit. Therefore, it is almost impossible to further optimize and improve their performance. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the technology based on Machine Learning (ML) has achieved remarkable achievements in many fields. In view of this, in recent years, a number of new methods have emerged to solve combinatorial optimization problems by using ML-based techniques. These methods have the advantages of fast solving speed and strong generalization ability to unknown graphs, which provide a brand-new direction for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Therefore, we abandon the traditional algorithms based on iterative search and review the recent development of ML-based methods, especially Deep Reinforcement Learning, to solve the IM problem and other variants in social networks. We focus on summarizing the relevant background knowledge, basic principles, common methods, and applied research. Finally, the challenges that need to be solved urgently in future IM research are pointed out.
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Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.
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深度强化学习(DRL)赋予了各种人工智能领域,包括模式识别,机器人技术,推荐系统和游戏。同样,图神经网络(GNN)也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近,GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类:(1)算法增强,其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性; (2)特定于应用程序的增强,其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查,我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处,尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后,集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示,这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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广泛适用的在线匹配问题中的挑战在于在未来输入不确定性时进行不可撤销的作业。大多数理论上的政策本质上都是近视或贪婪。在定期重复匹配过程的实际应用程序中,可以利用基础数据分布来更好地决策。我们提出了一个端到端的强化学习框架,用于根据历史数据的反复试验得出更好的匹配政策。我们设计了一组神经网络体系结构,设计功能表示,并在两个在线匹配问题中对它们进行经验评估:边缘加权的在线双方匹配和在线次级两部分匹配。我们表明,大多数学习方法在四个合成和现实世界数据集上的经典基线算法始终如一地表现更好。平均而言,我们提出的模型在各种合成和现实世界数据集上提高了3-10%的匹配质量。我们的代码可在https://github.com/lyeskhalil/corl上公开获取。
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在各种现实世界应用中,组合优化问题作为混合整数线性程序(MILP)无处不在。规范的分支和结合算法通过构建越来越约束的子问题的搜索树来寻求精确解决MILP。实际上,其解决时间性能取决于启发式方法,例如选择下一个变量来约束(“分支”)。最近,机器学习(ML)已成为分支的有希望的范式。但是,先前的工作一直在努力应用强化学习(RL),理由是稀疏的奖励,艰难的探索和部分可观察性是重大挑战。取而代之的是,领先的ML方法论通过模仿学习(IL)近似高质量的手工启发式方法,这排除了新型政策的发现并需要昂贵的数据标签。在这项工作中,我们提出了复古分支。一种简单而有效的分支RL方法。通过回顾性将搜索树解构为子树中包含的多个路径,我们使代理能够从更短的轨迹中学习具有更可预测的下一步状态。在对四个组合任务的实验中,我们的方法可以在没有任何专家指导或预培训的情况下学习分支。我们的表现优于当前最新的RL分支算法,比最佳IL方法在MILPS上具有500个约束和1000个变量的最佳性能的20%以内,并验证了我们的回顾性构建轨迹对于实现的必要这些结果。
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允许代理商通过沟通共享信息对于解决多代理增强学习中的复杂任务至关重要。在这项工作中,我们考虑了给定通信协议是否可以表达任意政策的问题。通过观察许多现有协议可以看作是图神经网络(GNN)的实例,我们证明了联合动作选择与节点标记的等效性。通过证明其表达能力的标准GNN方法,我们从现有的GNN文献中汲取了限制,并考虑使用以下方式增强剂观察:(1)独特的代理ID和(2)随机噪声。我们提供了有关这些方法如何产生普遍表达性交流的理论分析,并证明它们能够针对相同代理的任意行动集。从经验上讲,这些增强被发现可以改善需要表达性交流的任务的性能,而通常发现最佳通信协议是任务依赖性的。
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The design of good heuristics or approximation algorithms for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems often requires significant specialized knowledge and trial-and-error. Can we automate this challenging, tedious process, and learn the algorithms instead? In many real-world applications, it is typically the case that the same optimization problem is solved again and again on a regular basis, maintaining the same problem structure but differing in the data. This provides an opportunity for learning heuristic algorithms that exploit the structure of such recurring problems. In this paper, we propose a unique combination of reinforcement learning and graph embedding to address this challenge. The learned greedy policy behaves like a meta-algorithm that incrementally constructs a solution, and the action is determined by the output of a graph embedding network capturing the current state of the solution. We show that our framework can be applied to a diverse range of optimization problems over graphs, and learns effective algorithms for the Minimum Vertex Cover, Maximum Cut and Traveling Salesman problems.
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回溯搜索算法通常用于解决约束满足问题(CSP)。回溯搜索的效率在很大程度上取决于可变排序启发式。目前,最常用的启发式是根据专家知识进行手工制作的。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于深度的加强学习方法,可以自动发现新的变量订购启发式,更好地适用于给定类CSP实例。我们显示,直接优化搜索成本很难用于自动启动,并建议优化在搜索树中到达叶节点的预期成本。为了捕获变量和约束之间的复杂关系,我们设计基于图形神经网络的表示方案,可以处理具有不同大小和约束的CSP实例。随机CSP实例上的实验结果表明,学习的政策在最小化搜索树大小的方面优于古典手工制作的启发式,并且可以有效地推广到比训练中使用的实例。
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