Influence Maximization (IM) is a classical combinatorial optimization problem, which can be widely used in mobile networks, social computing, and recommendation systems. It aims at selecting a small number of users such that maximizing the influence spread across the online social network. Because of its potential commercial and academic value, there are a lot of researchers focusing on studying the IM problem from different perspectives. The main challenge comes from the NP-hardness of the IM problem and \#P-hardness of estimating the influence spread, thus traditional algorithms for overcoming them can be categorized into two classes: heuristic algorithms and approximation algorithms. However, there is no theoretical guarantee for heuristic algorithms, and the theoretical design is close to the limit. Therefore, it is almost impossible to further optimize and improve their performance. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the technology based on Machine Learning (ML) has achieved remarkable achievements in many fields. In view of this, in recent years, a number of new methods have emerged to solve combinatorial optimization problems by using ML-based techniques. These methods have the advantages of fast solving speed and strong generalization ability to unknown graphs, which provide a brand-new direction for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Therefore, we abandon the traditional algorithms based on iterative search and review the recent development of ML-based methods, especially Deep Reinforcement Learning, to solve the IM problem and other variants in social networks. We focus on summarizing the relevant background knowledge, basic principles, common methods, and applied research. Finally, the challenges that need to be solved urgently in future IM research are pointed out.

深度强化学习（DRL）赋予了各种人工智能领域，包括模式识别，机器人技术，推荐系统和游戏。同样，图神经网络（GNN）也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近，GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类：（1）算法增强，其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性； （2）特定于应用程序的增强，其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查，我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处，尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后，集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示，这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。

Graph mining tasks arise from many different application domains, ranging from social networks, transportation to E-commerce, etc., which have been receiving great attention from the theoretical and algorithmic design communities in recent years, and there has been some pioneering work employing the research-rich Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to address graph data mining tasks. However, these graph mining methods and RL models are dispersed in different research areas, which makes it hard to compare them. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of RL and graph mining methods and generalize these methods to Graph Reinforcement Learning (GRL) as a unified formulation. We further discuss the applications of GRL methods across various domains and summarize the method descriptions, open-source codes, and benchmark datasets of GRL methods. Furthermore, we propose important directions and challenges to be solved in the future. As far as we know, this is the latest work on a comprehensive survey of GRL, this work provides a global view and a learning resource for scholars. In addition, we create an online open-source for both interested scholars who want to enter this rapidly developing domain and experts who would like to compare GRL methods.

在线社交平台，例如Twitter，Facebook，LinkedIn和微信在过去十年中的发展非常快，并且是人们互相交流和共享信息的最有效平台之一。由于“口口相传”的效果，信息通常可以在这些社交媒体平台上迅速传播。因此，重要的是研究推动信息扩散的机制并量化信息传播的后果。许多努力都集中在这个问题上，以帮助我们更好地理解并在病毒营销和广告中实现更高的性能。另一方面，在过去的几年中，神经网络的发展蓬勃发展，导致大量的图表学习（GRL）模型。与传统模型相比，GRL方法通常被证明更有效。在本文中，我们对现有作品进行了全面的审查，该综述使用GRL方法用于普及预测问题，并根据其主要使用的模型和技术将相关文献分为两个大类：基于嵌入的方法和深度学习方法。深度学习方法进一步分为六个小类：卷积神经网络，图形卷积网络，图形注意力网络，图形神经网络，复发性神经网络和增强学习。我们比较这些不同模型的性能，并讨论它们的优势和局限性。最后，我们概述了受欢迎程度预测问题的挑战和未来机会。

组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近，它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例，而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是，近年来，人们对使用机器学习，尤其是图形神经网络（GNN）的兴趣激增，作为组合任务的关键构件，直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入，因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾，旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。

Deep learning has been shown to be successful in a number of domains, ranging from acoustics, images, to natural language processing. However, applying deep learning to the ubiquitous graph data is non-trivial because of the unique characteristics of graphs. Recently, substantial research efforts have been devoted to applying deep learning methods to graphs, resulting in beneficial advances in graph analysis techniques. In this survey, we comprehensively review the different types of deep learning methods on graphs. We divide the existing methods into five categories based on their model architectures and training strategies: graph recurrent neural networks, graph convolutional networks, graph autoencoders, graph reinforcement learning, and graph adversarial methods. We then provide a comprehensive overview of these methods in a systematic manner mainly by following their development history. We also analyze the differences and compositions of different methods. Finally, we briefly outline the applications in which they have been used and discuss potential future research directions.

社交机器人被称为社交网络上的自动帐户，这些帐户试图像人类一样行事。尽管图形神经网络（GNNS）已大量应用于社会机器人检测领域，但大量的领域专业知识和先验知识大量参与了最先进的方法，以设计专门的神经网络体系结构，以设计特定的神经网络体系结构。分类任务。但是，在模型设计中涉及超大的节点和网络层，通常会导致过度平滑的问题和缺乏嵌入歧视。在本文中，我们提出了罗斯加斯（Rosgas），这是一种新颖的加强和自我监督的GNN Architecture搜索框架，以适应性地指出了最合适的多跳跃社区和GNN体系结构中的层数。更具体地说，我们将社交机器人检测问题视为以用户为中心的子图嵌入和分类任务。我们利用异构信息网络来通过利用帐户元数据，关系，行为特征和内容功能来展示用户连接。 Rosgas使用多代理的深钢筋学习（RL）机制来导航最佳邻域和网络层的搜索，以分别学习每个目标用户的子图嵌入。开发了一种用于加速RL训练过程的最接近的邻居机制，Rosgas可以借助自我监督的学习来学习更多的判别子图。 5个Twitter数据集的实验表明，Rosgas在准确性，训练效率和稳定性方面优于最先进的方法，并且在处理看不见的样本时具有更好的概括。

在社交网络中找到有影响力的用户是一个基本问题，具有许多可能的应用程序。将社交网络视为图形，可以通过位于网络中给定数量的跳数内的邻居的数量来测量一组用户的影响，其中每个跳标标记了影响扩散的步骤。在本文中，我们将IM的问题减少到预算受限的D-Hop主导集合问题（KDDSP）。我们提出了一个统一的机器学习（ML）框架，FastCover，通过以无人监督的方式学习高效的贪婪策略来解决KDDSP。作为框架的一个关键组成部分，我们设计了一种新颖的图形神经网络（GNN）架构，图反转关注网络（GRAT），其捕获邻居之间的扩散过程。与用于组合优化问题的大多数启发式算法和并发ML框架不同，FastCover确定从GNN的一个正向传播的节点的分数确定整个种子集，并且在图形大小中具有时间复杂性准线性。综合图和现实世界社交网络的实验表明，FastCover通过并发算法呈现的更好或相当的质量来找到解决方案，同时实现超过1000x的加速。

Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.

Steiner树问题（STP）在图中旨在在连接给定的顶点集的图表中找到一个最小权重的树。它是一种经典的NP - 硬组合优化问题，具有许多现实世界应用（例如，VLSI芯片设计，运输网络规划和无线传感器网络）。为STP开发了许多精确和近似算法，但它们分别遭受高计算复杂性和弱案例解决方案保证。还开发了启发式算法。但是，它们中的每一个都需要应用域知识来设计，并且仅适用于特定方案。最近报道的观察结果，同一NP-COLLECLIAL问题的情况可能保持相同或相似的组合结构，但主要在其数据中不同，我们调查将机器学习技术应用于STP的可行性和益处。为此，我们基于新型图形神经网络和深增强学习设计了一种新型模型瓦坎。 Vulcan的核心是一种新颖的紧凑型图形嵌入，将高瞻度图形结构数据（即路径改变信息）转换为低维矢量表示。鉴于STP实例，Vulcan使用此嵌入来对其路径相关的信息进行编码，并基于双层Q网络（DDQN）将编码的图形发送到深度加强学习组件，以找到解决方案。除了STP之外，Vulcan还可以通过将解决方案（例如，SAT，MVC和X3C）来减少到STP来找到解决方案。我们使用现实世界和合成数据集进行广泛的实验，展示了vulcan的原型，并展示了它的功效和效率。

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。

图表是一个宇宙数据结构，广泛用于组织现实世界中的数据。像交通网络，社交和学术网络这样的各种实际网络网络可以由图表代表。近年来，目睹了在网络中代表顶点的快速发展，进入低维矢量空间，称为网络表示学习。表示学习可以促进图形数据上的新算法的设计。在本调查中，我们对网络代表学习的当前文献进行了全面审查。现有算法可以分为三组：浅埋模型，异构网络嵌入模型，图形神经网络的模型。我们为每个类别审查最先进的算法，并讨论这些算法之间的基本差异。调查的一个优点是，我们系统地研究了不同类别的算法底层的理论基础，这提供了深入的见解，以更好地了解网络表示学习领域的发展。

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This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.

Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.

随着组合优化的机器学习领域，通过这种新的视角，传统问题重新敷设和重新进行了折叠。大多数文献中的绝大多数侧重于小的图形问题，而几个真实问题致力于大图。在这里，我们专注于两个这样的问题：影响估计，＃p-coll counting问题，以及影响最大化，np-colly问题。我们开发Glie，一个图形神经网络（GNN），其固有地参数化影响估计的上限并在小模拟图上培训。实验表明，Glie为真正的图表提供了精确的影响，该估计比列车集大10倍。更重要的是，它可以用于对大大更大图的影响最大化，因为预测排名不受精度降低的影响。我们使用Glie制定一个Cely Optimization，而不是模拟的影响估计，超越了影响最大化的基准，尽管具有计算开销。为了平衡时间复杂性和影响质量，我们提出了两种不同的方法。第一个是Q-Network，学会使用Glie的预测顺序选择种子。第二种基于Glie的表示在构建种子集的同时，基于Glie的表示来定义一个可怕的子模块功能。后者提供了时间效率和影响的最佳组合，表现优于SOTA基准。

The stock market prediction has been a traditional yet complex problem researched within diverse research areas and application domains due to its non-linear, highly volatile and complex nature. Existing surveys on stock market prediction often focus on traditional machine learning methods instead of deep learning methods. Deep learning has dominated many domains, gained much success and popularity in recent years in stock market prediction. This motivates us to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on stock market prediction focusing on deep learning techniques. We present four elaborated subtasks of stock market prediction and propose a novel taxonomy to summarize the state-of-the-art models based on deep neural networks from 2011 to 2022. In addition, we also provide detailed statistics on the datasets and evaluation metrics commonly used in the stock market. Finally, we highlight some open issues and point out several future directions by sharing some new perspectives on stock market prediction.

深度强化学习（DRL）和深度多机构的强化学习（MARL）在包括游戏AI，自动驾驶汽车，机器人技术等各种领域取得了巨大的成功。但是，众所周知，DRL和Deep MARL代理的样本效率低下，即使对于相对简单的问题设置，通常也需要数百万个相互作用，从而阻止了在实地场景中的广泛应用和部署。背后的一个瓶颈挑战是众所周知的探索问题，即如何有效地探索环境和收集信息丰富的经验，从而使政策学习受益于最佳研究。在稀疏的奖励，吵闹的干扰，长距离和非平稳的共同学习者的复杂环境中，这个问题变得更加具有挑战性。在本文中，我们对单格和多代理RL的现有勘探方法进行了全面的调查。我们通过确定有效探索的几个关键挑战开始调查。除了上述两个主要分支外，我们还包括其他具有不同思想和技术的著名探索方法。除了算法分析外，我们还对一组常用基准的DRL进行了全面和统一的经验比较。根据我们的算法和实证研究，我们终于总结了DRL和Deep Marl中探索的公开问题，并指出了一些未来的方向。

这篇简短的评论旨在使读者熟悉与计划，调度和学习有关的最新作品。首先，我们研究最先进的计划算法。我们简要介绍神经网络。然后，我们更详细地探索图形神经网络，这是一种适合处理图形结构输入的神经网络的最新变体。我们简要描述了强化学习算法和迄今为止设计的一些方法的概念。接下来，我们研究了一些成功的方法，结合了用于路径规划的神经网络。最后，我们专注于不确定性的时间计划问题。

在本文中，我们介绍了有关典型乘车共享系统中决策优化问题的强化学习方法的全面，深入的调查。涵盖了有关乘车匹配，车辆重新定位，乘车，路由和动态定价主题的论文。在过去的几年中，大多数文献都出现了，并且要继续解决一些核心挑战：模型复杂性，代理协调和多个杠杆的联合优化。因此，我们还引入了流行的数据集和开放式仿真环境，以促进进一步的研发。随后，我们讨论了有关该重要领域的强化学习研究的许多挑战和机会。