MD4 and MD5 are seminal cryptographic hash functions proposed in early 1990s. MD4 consists of 48 steps and produces a 128-bit hash given a message of arbitrary finite size. MD5 is a more secure 64-step extension of MD4. Both MD4 and MD5 are vulnerable to practical collision attacks, yet it is still not realistic to invert them, i.e. to find a message given a hash. In 2007, the 39-step version of MD4 was inverted via reducing to SAT and applying a CDCL solver along with the so-called Dobbertin's constraints. As for MD5, in 2012 its 28-step version was inverted via a CDCL solver for one specified hash without adding any additional constraints. In this study, Cube-and-Conquer (a combination of CDCL and lookahead) is applied to invert step-reduced versions of MD4 and MD5. For this purpose, two algorithms are proposed. The first one generates inversion problems for MD4 by gradually modifying the Dobbertin's constraints. The second algorithm tries the cubing phase of Cube-and-Conquer with different cutoff thresholds to find the one with minimal runtime estimation of the conquer phase. This algorithm operates in two modes: (i) estimating the hardness of an arbitrary given formula; (ii) incomplete SAT-solving of a given satisfiable formula. While the first algorithm is focused on inverting step-reduced MD4, the second one is not area-specific and so is applicable to a variety of classes of hard SAT instances. In this study, for the first time in history, 40-, 41-, 42-, and 43-step MD4 are inverted via the first algorithm and the estimating mode of the second algorithm. 28-step MD5 is inverted for four hashes via the incomplete SAT-solving mode of the second algorithm. For three hashes out of them this is done for the first time.

命题模型计数或#SAT是计算布尔公式满足分配数量的问题。来自不同应用领域的许多问题，包括许多离散的概率推理问题，可以将#SAT求解器解决的模型计数问题转化为模型计数问题。但是，确切的#sat求解器通常无法扩展到工业规模实例。在本文中，我们提出了Neuro＃，这是一种学习分支启发式方法，以提高特定问题家族中的实例的精确#sat求解器的性能。我们通过实验表明，我们的方法减少了类似分布的持有实例的步骤，并将其推广到同一问题家族的更大实例。它能够在具有截然不同的结构的许多不同问题家族上实现这些结果。除了步骤计数的改进外，Neuro＃还可以在某些问题家族的较大实例上在较大的实例上实现壁式锁定速度的订单，尽管开头查询了模型。

大多数-AT是确定联合正常形式（CNF）中输入$ N $的最低价公式的问题至少为2 ^ {n-1} $令人满意的作业。在对概率规划和推论复杂性的各种AI社区中，广泛研究了多数饱和问题。虽然大多数饱满为期40多年来，但自然变体的复杂性保持开放：大多数 - $ k $ SAT，其中输入CNF公式仅限于最多$ k $的子句宽度。我们证明，每辆$ k $，大多数 - $ k $ sat是在p的。事实上，对于任何正整数$ k $和ratic $ \ rho \ in（0,1）$ in（0,1）$与有界分比者，我们给出了算法这可以确定给定的$ k $ -cnf是否至少有$ \ rho \ cdot 2 ^ n $令人满意的分配，在确定性线性时间（而先前的最着名的算法在指数时间中运行）。我们的算法对计算复杂性和推理的复杂性具有有趣的积极影响，显着降低了相关问题的已知复杂性，例如E-Maj-$ K $ Sat和Maj-Maj- $ K $ Sat。在我们的方法中，通过提取在$ k $ -cnf的相应设置系统中发现的向日葵，可以通过提取向日葵来解决阈值计数问题的有效方法。我们还表明，大多数 - $ k $ sat的易腐烂性有些脆弱。对于密切相关的gtmajority-sat问题（我们询问给定公式是否超过2 ^ {n-1} $满足分配），这已知是pp-cleanting的，我们表明gtmajority-$ k $ sat在p for $ k \ le 3 $，但为$ k \ geq 4 $完成np-cleante。这些结果是违反直觉的，因为这些问题的“自然”分类将是PP完整性，因为GTMAJority的复杂性存在显着差异 - $ k $ SAT和MOSTION- $ K $ SAT为所有$ k \ ge 4 $。

冲突驱动的子句学习（CDCL）是解决命题逻辑令人满意问题的非常成功的范式。这种求解器不是简单的深度优先回溯方法，而是以其他条款的形式了解了发生冲突的原因。但是，尽管CDCL求解器取得了巨大的成功，但仍然对以什么方式影响这些求解器的性能有限。考虑到不同的措施，本文非常令人惊讶地证明，从句学习（不摆脱某些条款）不仅可以帮助求解器，而且可能会大大恶化解决方案过程。通过进行广泛的经验分析，我们进一步发现，CDCL求解器的运行时分布是多模式的。这种多模式可以看作是上面描述的恶化现象的原因。同时，这也表明了为什么从条款删除结合条款学习的原因实际上是SAT解决的事实标准，尽管存在这种现象。作为最终贡献，我们表明Weibull混合物分布可以准确描述多模式分布。因此，在基本实例中添加新的子句具有长期运行时间的固有效果。该洞察力提供了一个解释，即为什么忘记条款的技术在CDCL求解器中有用，除了单位传播速度的优化。

组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近，它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例，而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是，近年来，人们对使用机器学习，尤其是图形神经网络（GNN）的兴趣激增，作为组合任务的关键构件，直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入，因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾，旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。

在多代理路径查找（MAPF）中，任务是从其初始位置找到多个代理的非冲突路径，以给定单个目标位置。 MAPF表示经常通过启发式搜索解决的古典人工智能问题。基于搜索的技术的重要替代方案是将MAPF编译为不同的形式主义，例如布尔满足性（SAT）。基于SAT的基于SAT的方法将SAT求解器视为外部工具，其任务是返回输入MAPF的布尔模型的所有决策变量的分配。我们在本短文中存在一种名为DPLL（MAPF）的新型编译方案，其中相对于MAPF规则的判定变量的部分分配的一致性检查直接集成到SAT求解器中。该方案允许在SAT求解器和一致性检查程序同时协同工作以创建布尔模型并搜索其令人满意的分配来进行更远的自动编译。

We present the Neural Satisfiability Network (NSNet), a general neural framework that models satisfiability problems as probabilistic inference and meanwhile exhibits proper explainability. Inspired by the Belief Propagation (BP), NSNet uses a novel graph neural network (GNN) to parameterize BP in the latent space, where its hidden representations maintain the same probabilistic interpretation as BP. NSNet can be flexibly configured to solve both SAT and #SAT problems by applying different learning objectives. For SAT, instead of directly predicting a satisfying assignment, NSNet performs marginal inference among all satisfying solutions, which we empirically find is more feasible for neural networks to learn. With the estimated marginals, a satisfying assignment can be efficiently generated by rounding and executing a stochastic local search. For #SAT, NSNet performs approximate model counting by learning the Bethe approximation of the partition function. Our evaluations show that NSNet achieves competitive results in terms of inference accuracy and time efficiency on multiple SAT and #SAT datasets.

Cohn and Umans proposed a framework for developing fast matrix multiplication algorithms based on the embedding computation in certain groups algebras. In subsequent work with Kleinberg and Szegedy, they connected this to the search for combinatorial objects called strong uniquely solvable puzzles (strong USPs). We begin a systematic computer-aided search for these objects. We develop and implement constraint-based algorithms build on reductions to $\mathrm{SAT}$ and $\mathrm{IP}$ to verify that puzzles are strong USPs, and to search for large strong USPs. We produce tight bounds on the maximum size of a strong USP for width $k \le 5$, construct puzzles of small width that are larger than previous work, and improve the upper bounds on strong USP size for $k \le 12$. Although our work only deals with puzzles of small-constant width, the strong USPs we find imply matrix multiplication algorithms that run in $O(n^\omega)$ time with exponent $\omega \le 2.66$. While our algorithms do not beat the fastest algorithms, our work provides evidence and, perhaps, a path to finding families of strong USPs that imply matrix multiplication algorithms that are more efficient than those currently known.

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is a task of finding non-conflicting paths connecting agents' specified initial and goal positions in a shared environment. We focus on compilation-based solvers in which the MAPF problem is expressed in a different well established formalism such as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), Boolean satisfiability (SAT), or constraint programming (CP). As the target solvers for these formalisms act as black-boxes it is challenging to integrate MAPF specific heuristics in the MAPF compilation-based solvers. We show in this work how the build a MAPF encoding for the target SAT solver in which domain specific heuristic knowledge is reflected. The heuristic knowledge is transferred to the SAT solver by selecting candidate paths for each agent and by constructing the encoding only for these candidate paths instead of constructing the encoding for all possible paths for an agent. The conducted experiments show that heuristically guided compilation outperforms the vanilla variants of the SAT-based MAPF solver.

我们提出了一个通用图形神经网络体系结构，可以作为任何约束满意度问题（CSP）作为末端2端搜索启发式训练。我们的体系结构可以通过政策梯度下降进行无监督的培训，以纯粹的数据驱动方式为任何CSP生成问题的特定启发式方法。该方法基于CSP的新型图表，既是通用又紧凑的，并且使我们能够使用一个GNN处理所有可能的CSP实例，而不管有限的Arity，关系或域大小。与以前的基于RL的方法不同，我们在全局搜索动作空间上运行，并允许我们的GNN在随机搜索的每个步骤中修改任何数量的变量。这使我们的方法能够正确利用GNN的固有并行性。我们进行了彻底的经验评估，从随机数据（包括图形着色，Maxcut，3-SAT和Max-K-Sat）中学习启发式和重要的CSP。我们的方法表现优于先验的神经组合优化的方法。它可以在测试实例上与常规搜索启发式竞争，甚至可以改善几个数量级，结构上比训练中看到的数量级更为复杂。

Deep neural networks have emerged as a widely used and effective means for tackling complex, real-world problems. However, a major obstacle in applying them to safety-critical systems is the great difficulty in providing formal guarantees about their behavior. We present a novel, scalable, and efficient technique for verifying properties of deep neural networks (or providing counter-examples). The technique is based on the simplex method, extended to handle the non-convex Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU ) activation function, which is a crucial ingredient in many modern neural networks. The verification procedure tackles neural networks as a whole, without making any simplifying assumptions. We evaluated our technique on a prototype deep neural network implementation of the next-generation airborne collision avoidance system for unmanned aircraft (ACAS Xu). Results show that our technique can successfully prove properties of networks that are an order of magnitude larger than the largest networks verified using existing methods.

命题满足（SAT）是一个NP完整的问题，它影响了许多研究领域，例如计划，验证和安全性。主流现代SAT求解器基于冲突驱动的子句学习（CDCL）算法。最近的工作旨在通过图神经网络（GNNS）产生的预测来改善其可变分支启发式方法来增强CDCL SAT求解器。但是，到目前为止，这种方法要么尚未使解决方案更有效，要么需要在线访问大量的GPU资源。为了使GNN改进实用，本文提出了一种称为Neurocomb的方法，该方法以两个见解为基础：（1）重要变量和条款的预测可以与动态分支相结合，为更有效的混合分支策略，（2）它是（2）它是足以在SAT解决开始之前仅查询神经模型一次。 NeuroComb被实施，以增强称为Minisat的经典CDCL求解器，以及最新的CDCL求解器，称为葡萄糖。结果，它允许Minisat在最近的SATCOMP-2021竞争问题设置中解决11％和葡萄糖更多的问题，仅计算资源需求只有一个GPU。因此，NeuroComb是通过机器学习改善SAT解决的有效和实用方法。

We present an approach for the verification of feed-forward neural networks in which all nodes have a piece-wise linear activation function. Such networks are often used in deep learning and have been shown to be hard to verify for modern satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) and integer linear programming (ILP) solvers.The starting point of our approach is the addition of a global linear approximation of the overall network behavior to the verification problem that helps with SMT-like reasoning over the network behavior. We present a specialized verification algorithm that employs this approximation in a search process in which it infers additional node phases for the non-linear nodes in the network from partial node phase assignments, similar to unit propagation in classical SAT solving. We also show how to infer additional conflict clauses and safe node fixtures from the results of the analysis steps performed during the search. The resulting approach is evaluated on collision avoidance and handwritten digit recognition case studies.

在过去的十年中，神经网络（NNS）已被广泛用于许多应用程序，包括安全系统，例如自主系统。尽管采用了新兴的采用，但众所周知，NNS容易受到对抗攻击的影响。因此，提供确保此类系统正常工作的保证非常重要。为了解决这些问题，我们介绍了一个修复不安全NNS W.R.T.的框架。安全规范，即利用可满足的模型理论（SMT）求解器。我们的方法能够通过仅修改其重量值的一些重量值来搜索新的，安全的NN表示形式。此外，我们的技术试图最大程度地提高与原始网络在其决策边界方面的相似性。我们进行了广泛的实验，以证明我们提出的框架能够产生安全NNS W.R.T.的能力。对抗性的鲁棒性特性，只有轻度的准确性损失（就相似性而言）。此外，我们将我们的方法与天真的基线进行比较，以证明其有效性。总而言之，我们提供了一种算法以自动修复具有安全性的算法，并建议一些启发式方法以提高其计算性能。当前，通过遵循这种方法，我们能够产生由分段线性relu激活函数组成的小型（即具有多达数百个参数）的小型（即具有多达数百个参数）。然而，我们的框架是可以合成NNS W.R.T.的一般框架。一阶逻辑规范的任何可决定片段。

近年来，在平衡（超级）图分配算法的设计和评估中取得了重大进展。我们调查了过去十年的实用算法的趋势，用于平衡（超级）图形分区以及未来的研究方向。我们的工作是对先前有关该主题的调查的更新。特别是，该调查还通过涵盖了超图形分区和流算法来扩展先前的调查，并额外关注并行算法。

Partial MaxSAT (PMS) and Weighted PMS (WPMS) are two practical generalizations of the MaxSAT problem. In this paper, we propose a local search algorithm for these problems, called BandHS, which applies two multi-armed bandits to guide the search directions when escaping local optima. One bandit is combined with all the soft clauses to help the algorithm select to satisfy appropriate soft clauses, and the other bandit with all the literals in hard clauses to help the algorithm select appropriate literals to satisfy the hard clauses. These two bandits can improve the algorithm's search ability in both feasible and infeasible solution spaces. We further propose an initialization method for (W)PMS that prioritizes both unit and binary clauses when producing the initial solutions. Extensive experiments demonstrate the excellent performance and generalization capability of our proposed methods, that greatly boost the state-of-the-art local search algorithm, SATLike3.0, and the state-of-the-art SAT-based incomplete solver, NuWLS-c.

我们提出了一种改善机器学习（ML）决策树（DTS）的准确性拦截权衡的方法。特别是，我们将最大的满足技术应用于计算最低纯DTS（MPDT）。我们提高了先前方法的运行时，并证明这些MPDT可以优于ML Framework Sklearn生成的DTS的准确性。

优化在离散变量上的高度复杂的成本/能源功能是不同科学学科和行业的许多公开问题的核心。一个主要障碍是在硬实例中的某些变量子集之间的出现，导致临界减慢或集体冻结了已知的随机本地搜索策略。通常需要指数计算工作来解冻这种变量，并探索配置空间的其他看不见的区域。在这里，我们通过开发自适应梯度的策略来介绍一个量子启发的非本球非识别蒙特卡罗（NMC）算法，可以有效地学习成本函数的关键实例的几何特征。该信息随行使用，以构造空间不均匀的热波动，用于以各种长度尺度集体未填充变量，规避昂贵的勘探与开发权衡。我们将算法应用于两个最具挑战性的组合优化问题：随机k可满足（K-SAT）附近计算阶段转换和二次分配问题（QAP）。我们在专业的确定性求解器和通用随机求解器上观察到显着的加速和鲁棒性。特别是，对于90％的随机4-SAT实例，我们发现了最佳专用确定性算法无法访问的解决方案，该算法（SP）具有最强的10％实例的解决方案质量的大小提高。我们还通过最先进的通用随机求解器（APT）显示出在最先进的通用随机求解器（APT）上的时间到溶液的两个数量级改善。

We present a way to create small yet difficult model counting instances. Our generator is highly parameterizable: the number of variables of the instances it produces, as well as their number of clauses and the number of literals in each clause, can all be set to any value. Our instances have been tested on state of the art model counters, against other difficult model counting instances, in the Model Counting Competition. The smallest unsolved instances of the competition, both in terms of number of variables and number of clauses, were ours. We also observe a peak of difficulty when fixing the number of variables and varying the number of clauses, in both random instances and instances built by our generator. Using these results, we predict the parameter values for which the hardest to count instances will occur.

算法配置（AC）与对参数化算法最合适的参数配置的自动搜索有关。目前，文献中提出了各种各样的交流问题变体和方法。现有评论没有考虑到AC问题的所有衍生物，也没有提供完整的分类计划。为此，我们引入分类法以分别描述配置方法的交流问题和特征。我们回顾了分类法的镜头中现有的AC文献，概述相关的配置方法的设计选择，对比方法和问题变体相互对立，并描述行业中的AC状态。最后，我们的评论为研究人员和从业人员提供了AC领域的未来研究方向。