聚类是一个流行的无监督学习工具,通常用于发现较大的人口中的群体,例如客户段或患者亚型。但是,尽管它用作子组发现的工具和描述 - 很少有最先进的算法提供了发现的群集后面的任何理由或描述。我们提出了一种用于可解释聚类的新方法,即群集数据点和构建在被发现的集群周围的多个群体来解释它们。我们的框架允许在多台上进行额外的约束 - 包括确保构建多托的超平面是轴平行的或稀疏,具有整数系数。我们制定通过多拓构造群集作为混合整数非线性程序(MINLP)的问题。要解决我们的配方,我们提出了一种两相方法,我们首先使用交替的最小化初始化群集和多核酸,然后使用坐标下降来提升聚类性能。我们在一套综合和真实的世界聚类问题上基准测试方法,其中我们的算法优于艺术可解释和不可解释的聚类算法的状态。
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本文考虑了在分解正常形式(DNF,ANDS的DNF,ANDS,相当于判定规则集)或联合正常形式(CNF,ORS)作为分类模型的联合正常形式的学习。为规则简化,将整数程序配制成最佳贸易分类准确性。我们还考虑公平设定,并扩大制定,以包括对两种不同分类措施的明确限制:机会平等和均等的赔率。列生成(CG)用于有效地搜索候选条款(连词或剖钉)的指数数量,而不需要启发式规则挖掘。此方法还会绑定所选规则集之间的间隙和培训数据上的最佳规则集。要处理大型数据集,我们建议使用随机化的近似CG算法。与三个最近提出的替代方案相比,CG算法主导了16个数据集中的8个中的精度简单折衷。当最大限度地提高精度时,CG与为此目的设计的规则学习者具有竞争力,有时发现明显更简单的解决方案,这些解决方案不太准确。与其他公平和可解释的分类器相比,我们的方法能够找到符合较严格的公平概念的规则集,以适度的折衷准确性。
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最小的平方和群集(MSSC)或K-Means型聚类,传统上被认为是无监督的学习任务。近年来,使用背景知识来提高集群质量,促进聚类过程的可解释性已成为数学优化和机器学习研究的热门研究课题。利用数据群集中的背景信息的问题称为半监督或约束群集。在本文中,我们为半监控MSSC提供了一种新的分支和绑定算法,其中背景知识被包含为成对必须 - 链接和无法链接约束。对于较低的界限,我们解决了MSSC离散优化模型的Semidefinite编程宽松,并使用了用于加强界限的纤维平面程序。相反,通过使用整数编程工具,我们提出了将K-Means算法适应受约束的情况。这是第一次,所提出的全局优化算法有效地管理,以解决现实世界的情况,最高可达800个数据点,具有必要的必须 - 链接和无法链接约束以及通用数量的功能。这个问题大小大约比最先进的精确算法解决的实例大约四倍。
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随着优化软件的显着改进,几十年前似乎棘手的大规模问题的解决方案现在已成为日常任务。这将更多的现实应用程序纳入了优化器的范围。同时,解决优化问题通常是将解决方案付诸实践时较小的困难之一。一个主要的障碍是,可以将优化软件视为黑匣子,它可能会产生高质量的解决方案,但是当情况发生变化时,可以创建完全不同的解决方案,从而导致对优化解决方案的接受率低。这种可解释性和解释性的问题在其他领域(例如机器学习)引起了极大的关注,但在优化方面却不那么关注。在本文中,我们提出了一个优化框架,以得出本质上具有易于理解的解释性规则的解决方案,在哪些情况下应选择解决方案。我们专注于代表解释性规则的决策树,我们提出了整数编程公式以及一种启发式方法,以确保我们的方法即使在大规模问题上也适用。使用随机和现实世界数据的计算实验表明,固有的可解释性成本可能很小。
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We consider a semi-supervised $k$-clustering problem where information is available on whether pairs of objects are in the same or in different clusters. This information is either available with certainty or with a limited level of confidence. We introduce the PCCC algorithm, which iteratively assigns objects to clusters while accounting for the information provided on the pairs of objects. Our algorithm can include relationships as hard constraints that are guaranteed to be satisfied or as soft constraints that can be violated subject to a penalty. This flexibility distinguishes our algorithm from the state-of-the-art in which all pairwise constraints are either considered hard, or all are considered soft. Unlike existing algorithms, our algorithm scales to large-scale instances with up to 60,000 objects, 100 clusters, and millions of cannot-link constraints (which are the most challenging constraints to incorporate). We compare the PCCC algorithm with state-of-the-art approaches in an extensive computational study. Even though the PCCC algorithm is more general than the state-of-the-art approaches in its applicability, it outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on instances with all hard constraints or all soft constraints both in terms of running time and various metrics of solution quality. The source code of the PCCC algorithm is publicly available on GitHub.
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最近的一些作品已经采用了决策树,以建造可解释的分区,旨在最大限度地减少$ k $ -means成本函数。然而,这些作品在很大程度上忽略了与所得到的树中叶子的深度相关的度量,这考虑到决策树的解释性如何取决于这些深度,这可能令人惊讶。为了填补文献中的这种差距,我们提出了一种有效的算法,它考虑了这些指标。在7个数据集上的实验中,我们的算法产生的结果比决策树聚类算法,例如\ Cite {dasgupta2020explainplainable},\ cite {frost2020exkmc},\ cite {laber2021price}和\ cite {dblp:conf / icml / Makarychevs21}通常以相当浅的树木实现较低或等同的成本。我们还通过简单适应现有技术来表明,用k $ -means成本函数的二叉树引起的可解释的分区的问题不承认多项式时间中的$(1+ \ epsilon)$ - 近似$ p = np $,证明Questies Quest attmation算法和/或启发式。
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In recent years there has been growing attention to interpretable machine learning models which can give explanatory insights on their behavior. Thanks to their interpretability, decision trees have been intensively studied for classification tasks, and due to the remarkable advances in mixed-integer programming (MIP), various approaches have been proposed to formulate the problem of training an Optimal Classification Tree (OCT) as a MIP model. We present a novel mixed-integer quadratic formulation for the OCT problem, which exploits the generalization capabilities of Support Vector Machines for binary classification. Our model, denoted as Margin Optimal Classification Tree (MARGOT), encompasses the use of maximum margin multivariate hyperplanes nested in a binary tree structure. To enhance the interpretability of our approach, we analyse two alternative versions of MARGOT, which include feature selection constraints inducing local sparsity of the hyperplanes. First, MARGOT has been tested on non-linearly separable synthetic datasets in 2-dimensional feature space to provide a graphical representation of the maximum margin approach. Finally, the proposed models have been tested on benchmark datasets from the UCI repository. The MARGOT formulation turns out to be easier to solve than other OCT approaches, and the generated tree better generalizes on new observations. The two interpretable versions are effective in selecting the most relevant features and maintaining good prediction quality.
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在本文中,我们提出了一个自然的单个偏好(IP)稳定性的概念,该概念要求每个数据点平均更接近其自身集群中的点,而不是其他群集中的点。我们的概念可以从几个角度的动机,包括游戏理论和算法公平。我们研究了与我们提出的概念有关的几个问题。我们首先表明,确定给定数据集通常允许进行IP稳定的聚类通常是NP-HARD。结果,我们探索了在某些受限度量空间中查找IP稳定聚类的有效算法的设计。我们提出了一种poly Time算法,以在实际线路上找到满足精确IP稳定性的聚类,并有效地算法来找到针对树度量的IP稳定2聚类。我们还考虑放松稳定性约束,即,与其他任何集群相比,每个数据点都不应太远。在这种情况下,我们提供具有不同保证的多时间算法。我们在实际数据集上评估了一些算法和几种标准聚类方法。
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最近已扩展了最小方形聚类(MSSC)或K-均值类型聚类的最小总和,以利用每个群集的基数的先验知识。这种知识用于提高性能以及解决方案质量。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于分支和切割技术的精确方法,以解决基数受限的MSSC。对于下边界的例程,我们使用Rujeerapaiboon等人最近提出的半决赛编程(SDP)放松。 [Siam J. Optim。 29(2),1211-1239,(2019)]。但是,这种放松只能用于小型实例中的分支和切割方法。因此,我们得出了一种新的SDP松弛,该松弛随着实例大小和簇的数量更好。在这两种情况下,我们都通过添加多面体切割来增强结合。从量身定制的分支策略中受益,该策略会实施成对的约束,我们减少了儿童节点中出现的问题的复杂性。相反,对于上限,我们提出了一个本地搜索过程,该过程利用在每个节点上求解的SDP松弛的解。计算结果表明,所提出的算法在全球范围内首次求解了大小的现实实例,比通过最新精确方法求解的算法大10倍。
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We review clustering as an analysis tool and the underlying concepts from an introductory perspective. What is clustering and how can clusterings be realised programmatically? How can data be represented and prepared for a clustering task? And how can clustering results be validated? Connectivity-based versus prototype-based approaches are reflected in the context of several popular methods: single-linkage, spectral embedding, k-means, and Gaussian mixtures are discussed as well as the density-based protocols (H)DBSCAN, Jarvis-Patrick, CommonNN, and density-peaks.
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Regression trees are one of the oldest forms of AI models, and their predictions can be made without a calculator, which makes them broadly useful, particularly for high-stakes applications. Within the large literature on regression trees, there has been little effort towards full provable optimization, mainly due to the computational hardness of the problem. This work proposes a dynamic-programming-with-bounds approach to the construction of provably-optimal sparse regression trees. We leverage a novel lower bound based on an optimal solution to the k-Means clustering algorithm in 1-dimension over the set of labels. We are often able to find optimal sparse trees in seconds, even for challenging datasets that involve large numbers of samples and highly-correlated features.
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决策树学习是机器学习中广泛使用的方法,在需要简洁明了的模型的应用中受到青睐。传统上,启发式方法用于快速生产具有相当高准确性的模型。然而,一个普遍的批评是,从精度和大小方面,所产生的树可能不一定是数据的最佳表示。近年来,这激发了最佳分类树算法的发展,这些算法与执行一系列本地最佳决策的启发式方法相比,在全球范围内优化决策树。我们遵循这一工作线,并提供了一种基于动态编程和搜索的最佳分类树的新颖算法。我们的算法支持对树的深度和节点数量的约束。我们方法的成功归因于一系列专门技术,这些技术利用了分类树独有的属性。传统上,最佳分类树的算法受到了高运行时的困扰和有限的可伸缩性,但我们在一项详细的实验研究中表明,我们的方法仅使用最先进的时间所需的时间,并且可以处理数十个数据集的数据集在数千个实例中,提供了几个数量级的改进,并特别有助于实现最佳决策树的实现。
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聚类算法的全面基准是困难的两个关键因素:(i)〜这种无监督的学习方法的独特数学定义和(ii)〜某些聚类算法采用的生成模型或群集标准之间的依赖性的依赖性内部集群验证。因此,对严格基准测试的最佳做法没有达成共识,以及是否有可能在给定申请的背景之外。在这里,我们认为合成数据集必须继续在群集算法的评估中发挥重要作用,但这需要构建适当地涵盖影响聚类算法性能的各种属性集的基准。通过我们的框架,我们展示了重要的角色进化算法,以支持灵活的这种基准,允许简单的修改和扩展。我们说明了我们框架的两种可能用途:(i)〜基准数据的演变与一组手派生属性和(ii)〜生成梳理给定对算法之间的性能差异的数据集。我们的作品对设计集群基准的设计具有足够挑战广泛算法的集群基准,并进一步了解特定方法的优势和弱点。
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于数学的数学优化的方法来构建多种单件实例的树形分类规则。我们的方法包括构建分类树,除了叶节点之外,暂时遗漏标签并通过SVM分离超平面分为两个类。我们提供了一个混合整数非线性编程配方,用于问题,并报告电池的扩展电池的结果,以评估我们关于其他基准分类方法的提案的性能。
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Originally, tangles were invented as an abstract tool in mathematical graph theory to prove the famous graph minor theorem. In this paper, we showcase the practical potential of tangles in machine learning applications. Given a collection of cuts of any dataset, tangles aggregate these cuts to point in the direction of a dense structure. As a result, a cluster is softly characterized by a set of consistent pointers. This highly flexible approach can solve clustering problems in various setups, ranging from questionnaires over community detection in graphs to clustering points in metric spaces. The output of our proposed framework is hierarchical and induces the notion of a soft dendrogram, which can help explore the cluster structure of a dataset. The computational complexity of aggregating the cuts is linear in the number of data points. Thus the bottleneck of the tangle approach is to generate the cuts, for which simple and fast algorithms form a sufficient basis. In our paper we construct the algorithmic framework for clustering with tangles, prove theoretical guarantees in various settings, and provide extensive simulations and use cases. Python code is available on github.
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我们重新审视了Chierichetti等人首先引入的公平聚类问题,该问题要求每个受保护的属性在每个集群中具有近似平等的表示。即,余额财产。现有的公平聚类解决方案要么是不可扩展的,要么无法在聚类目标和公平之间实现最佳权衡。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的公平概念,我们称之为$ tau $ $ $ - fair公平,严格概括了余额财产,并实现了良好的效率与公平折衷。此外,我们表明,简单的基于贪婪的圆形算法有效地实现了这一权衡。在更一般的多价受保护属性的设置下,我们严格地分析了算法的理论特性。我们的实验结果表明,所提出的解决方案的表现优于所有最新算法,即使对于大量簇,也可以很好地工作。
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在聚类问题中,中央决策者通过顶点给出完整的公制图,并且必须提供最小化某些目标函数的顶点的聚类。在公平的聚类问题中,顶点以颜色(例如,组中的成员身份)赋予,并且有效群集的功能也可能包括该群集中的颜色的表示。在公平集群中的事先工作假设完全了解集团成员资格。在本文中,我们通过假设通过概率分配不完美了解集团成员资格的知识。我们在此具有近似率保证的更常规设置中呈现聚类算法。我们还解决了“公制成员资格”的问题,其中不同的群体的概念和距离。使用我们所提出的算法以及基线进行实验,以验证我们的方法,并且当组成员资格不确定时,验证我们的方法以及表面细微的问题。
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我们为学习限制建立了混合整数优化的广泛方法论基础。我们提出了一种用于数据驱动决策的端到端管道,其中使用机器学习直接从数据中学习限制和目标,并且培训的模型嵌入在优化配方中。我们利用许多机器学习方法的混合整数优化 - 焦点,包括线性模型,决策树,集合和多层的感知。对多种方法的考虑允许我们捕获决策,上下文变量和结果之间的各种潜在关系。我们还使用观察结果的凸船体来表征决策信任区域,以确保可信的建议并避免推断。我们有效地使用列生成和聚类来纳入这个表示。结合域驱动的约束和客观术语,嵌入式模型和信任区域定义了处方生成的混合整数优化问题。我们将此框架实施为从业者的Python包(OptiCl)。我们展示了化疗优化和世界食物计划规划中的方法。案例研究说明了在生成高质量处方的框架中的框架,由信任区域添加的值,加入多个机器学习方法以及包含多个学习约束的框架。
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Counterfactual Explanations are becoming a de-facto standard in post-hoc interpretable machine learning. For a given classifier and an instance classified in an undesired class, its counterfactual explanation corresponds to small perturbations of that instance that allows changing the classification outcome. This work aims to leverage Counterfactual Explanations to detect the important decision boundaries of a pre-trained black-box model. This information is used to build a supervised discretization of the features in the dataset with a tunable granularity. Using the discretized dataset, a smaller, therefore more interpretable Decision Tree can be trained, which, in addition, enhances the stability and robustness of the baseline Decision Tree. Numerical results on real-world datasets show the effectiveness of the approach in terms of accuracy and sparsity compared to the baseline Decision Tree.
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We introduce a new rule-based optimization method for classification with constraints. The proposed method takes advantage of linear programming and column generation, and hence, is scalable to large datasets. Moreover, the method returns a set of rules along with their optimal weights indicating the importance of each rule for learning. Through assigning cost coefficients to the rules and introducing additional constraints, we show that one can also consider interpretability and fairness of the results. We test the performance of the proposed method on a collection of datasets and present two case studies to elaborate its different aspects. Our results show that a good compromise between interpretability and fairness on the one side, and accuracy on the other side, can be obtained by the proposed rule-based learning method.
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