随着优化软件的显着改进,几十年前似乎棘手的大规模问题的解决方案现在已成为日常任务。这将更多的现实应用程序纳入了优化器的范围。同时,解决优化问题通常是将解决方案付诸实践时较小的困难之一。一个主要的障碍是,可以将优化软件视为黑匣子,它可能会产生高质量的解决方案,但是当情况发生变化时,可以创建完全不同的解决方案,从而导致对优化解决方案的接受率低。这种可解释性和解释性的问题在其他领域(例如机器学习)引起了极大的关注,但在优化方面却不那么关注。在本文中,我们提出了一个优化框架,以得出本质上具有易于理解的解释性规则的解决方案,在哪些情况下应选择解决方案。我们专注于代表解释性规则的决策树,我们提出了整数编程公式以及一种启发式方法,以确保我们的方法即使在大规模问题上也适用。使用随机和现实世界数据的计算实验表明,固有的可解释性成本可能很小。
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借助大量可用数据,许多企业寻求实施以数据为驱动的规范分析,以帮助他们做出明智的决定。这些规定的政策需要满足操作约束,并主动消除规则冲突,这两者在实践中无处不在。他们也需要简单且可解释,因此可以轻松地验证和实施它们。文献中的现有方法围绕构建规定决策树的变体以生成可解释的政策。但是,现有方法都无法处理约束。在本文中,我们提出了一种可扩展的方法,该方法解决了受限的规定政策生成问题。我们介绍了一种新型的基于路径的混合智能程序(MIP)公式,该计划通过列生成有效地标识了(接近)最佳策略。生成的策略可以表示为多道路拆分树,由于其较短的规则,它比二进制树更容易解释和信息。我们通过对合成数据集和真实数据集进行了广泛的实验来证明我们方法的功效。
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We study iterative methods for (two-stage) robust combinatorial optimization problems with discrete uncertainty. We propose a machine-learning-based heuristic to determine starting scenarios that provide strong lower bounds. To this end, we design dimension-independent features and train a Random Forest Classifier on small-dimensional instances. Experiments show that our method improves the solution process for larger instances than contained in the training set and also provides a feature importance-score which gives insights into the role of scenario properties.
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Two-stage robust optimization problems constitute one of the hardest optimization problem classes. One of the solution approaches to this class of problems is K-adaptability. This approach simultaneously seeks the best partitioning of the uncertainty set of scenarios into K subsets, and optimizes decisions corresponding to each of these subsets. In general case, it is solved using the K-adaptability branch-and-bound algorithm, which requires exploration of exponentially-growing solution trees. To accelerate finding high-quality solutions in such trees, we propose a machine learning-based node selection strategy. In particular, we construct a feature engineering scheme based on general two-stage robust optimization insights that allows us to train our machine learning tool on a database of resolved B&B trees, and to apply it as-is to problems of different sizes and/or types. We experimentally show that using our learned node selection strategy outperforms a vanilla, random node selection strategy when tested on problems of the same type as the training problems, also in case the K-value or the problem size differs from the training ones.
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In recent years there has been growing attention to interpretable machine learning models which can give explanatory insights on their behavior. Thanks to their interpretability, decision trees have been intensively studied for classification tasks, and due to the remarkable advances in mixed-integer programming (MIP), various approaches have been proposed to formulate the problem of training an Optimal Classification Tree (OCT) as a MIP model. We present a novel mixed-integer quadratic formulation for the OCT problem, which exploits the generalization capabilities of Support Vector Machines for binary classification. Our model, denoted as Margin Optimal Classification Tree (MARGOT), encompasses the use of maximum margin multivariate hyperplanes nested in a binary tree structure. To enhance the interpretability of our approach, we analyse two alternative versions of MARGOT, which include feature selection constraints inducing local sparsity of the hyperplanes. First, MARGOT has been tested on non-linearly separable synthetic datasets in 2-dimensional feature space to provide a graphical representation of the maximum margin approach. Finally, the proposed models have been tested on benchmark datasets from the UCI repository. The MARGOT formulation turns out to be easier to solve than other OCT approaches, and the generated tree better generalizes on new observations. The two interpretable versions are effective in selecting the most relevant features and maintaining good prediction quality.
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Decision-making problems are commonly formulated as optimization problems, which are then solved to make optimal decisions. In this work, we consider the inverse problem where we use prior decision data to uncover the underlying decision-making process in the form of a mathematical optimization model. This statistical learning problem is referred to as data-driven inverse optimization. We focus on problems where the underlying decision-making process is modeled as a convex optimization problem whose parameters are unknown. We formulate the inverse optimization problem as a bilevel program and propose an efficient block coordinate descent-based algorithm to solve large problem instances. Numerical experiments on synthetic datasets demonstrate the computational advantage of our method compared to standard commercial solvers. Moreover, the real-world utility of the proposed approach is highlighted through two realistic case studies in which we consider estimating risk preferences and learning local constraint parameters of agents in a multiplayer Nash bargaining game.
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由于算法预测对人类的影响增加,模型解释性已成为机器学习(ML)的重要问题。解释不仅可以帮助用户了解为什么ML模型做出某些预测,还可以帮助用户了解这些预测如何更改。在本论文中,我们研究了从三个有利位置的ML模型的解释性:算法,用户和教学法,并为解释性问题贡献了一些新颖的解决方案。
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我们为学习限制建立了混合整数优化的广泛方法论基础。我们提出了一种用于数据驱动决策的端到端管道,其中使用机器学习直接从数据中学习限制和目标,并且培训的模型嵌入在优化配方中。我们利用许多机器学习方法的混合整数优化 - 焦点,包括线性模型,决策树,集合和多层的感知。对多种方法的考虑允许我们捕获决策,上下文变量和结果之间的各种潜在关系。我们还使用观察结果的凸船体来表征决策信任区域,以确保可信的建议并避免推断。我们有效地使用列生成和聚类来纳入这个表示。结合域驱动的约束和客观术语,嵌入式模型和信任区域定义了处方生成的混合整数优化问题。我们将此框架实施为从业者的Python包(OptiCl)。我们展示了化疗优化和世界食物计划规划中的方法。案例研究说明了在生成高质量处方的框架中的框架,由信任区域添加的值,加入多个机器学习方法以及包含多个学习约束的框架。
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决策树学习是机器学习中广泛使用的方法,在需要简洁明了的模型的应用中受到青睐。传统上,启发式方法用于快速生产具有相当高准确性的模型。然而,一个普遍的批评是,从精度和大小方面,所产生的树可能不一定是数据的最佳表示。近年来,这激发了最佳分类树算法的发展,这些算法与执行一系列本地最佳决策的启发式方法相比,在全球范围内优化决策树。我们遵循这一工作线,并提供了一种基于动态编程和搜索的最佳分类树的新颖算法。我们的算法支持对树的深度和节点数量的约束。我们方法的成功归因于一系列专门技术,这些技术利用了分类树独有的属性。传统上,最佳分类树的算法受到了高运行时的困扰和有限的可伸缩性,但我们在一项详细的实验研究中表明,我们的方法仅使用最先进的时间所需的时间,并且可以处理数十个数据集的数据集在数千个实例中,提供了几个数量级的改进,并特别有助于实现最佳决策树的实现。
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组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近,它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例,而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是,近年来,人们对使用机器学习,尤其是图形神经网络(GNN)的兴趣激增,作为组合任务的关键构件,直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入,因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾,旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。
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本文考虑了在分解正常形式(DNF,ANDS的DNF,ANDS,相当于判定规则集)或联合正常形式(CNF,ORS)作为分类模型的联合正常形式的学习。为规则简化,将整数程序配制成最佳贸易分类准确性。我们还考虑公平设定,并扩大制定,以包括对两种不同分类措施的明确限制:机会平等和均等的赔率。列生成(CG)用于有效地搜索候选条款(连词或剖钉)的指数数量,而不需要启发式规则挖掘。此方法还会绑定所选规则集之间的间隙和培训数据上的最佳规则集。要处理大型数据集,我们建议使用随机化的近似CG算法。与三个最近提出的替代方案相比,CG算法主导了16个数据集中的8个中的精度简单折衷。当最大限度地提高精度时,CG与为此目的设计的规则学习者具有竞争力,有时发现明显更简单的解决方案,这些解决方案不太准确。与其他公平和可解释的分类器相比,我们的方法能够找到符合较严格的公平概念的规则集,以适度的折衷准确性。
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我们研究了通过中等数量的成对比较查询引发决策者偏好的问题,以使它们成为特定问题的高质量推荐。我们受到高赌场域中的应用程序的推动,例如选择分配稀缺资源的政策以满足基本需求(例如,用于移植或住房的肾脏,因为那些经历无家可归者),其中需要由(部分)提出引出的偏好。我们在基于偏好的偏好中模拟不确定性,并调查两个设置:a)脱机偏出设置,其中所有查询都是一次,b)在线诱因设置,其中按时间顺序选择查询。我们提出了这些问题的强大优化制剂,这些问题集成了偏好诱导和推荐阶段,其目的是最大化最坏情况的效用或最小化最坏情况的后悔,并研究其复杂性。对于离线案例,在活动偏好诱导与决策信息发现的两个半阶段的稳健优化问题的形式中,我们提供了我们通过列解决的混合二进制线性程序的形式提供了等效的重构。 -Constraint生成。对于在线设置,主动偏好学习采用多级强大优化问题的形式与决策依赖的信息发现,我们提出了一种保守的解决方案方法。合成数据的数值研究表明,我们的方法在最坏情况级别,后悔和效用方面从文献中倾斜最先进的方法。我们展示了我们的方法论如何用于协助无家可归的服务机构选择分配不同类型的稀缺住房资源的政策,以遇到无家可归者。
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This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.
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算法配置(AC)与对参数化算法最合适的参数配置的自动搜索有关。目前,文献中提出了各种各样的交流问题变体和方法。现有评论没有考虑到AC问题的所有衍生物,也没有提供完整的分类计划。为此,我们引入分类法以分别描述配置方法的交流问题和特征。我们回顾了分类法的镜头中现有的AC文献,概述相关的配置方法的设计选择,对比方法和问题变体相互对立,并描述行业中的AC状态。最后,我们的评论为研究人员和从业人员提供了AC领域的未来研究方向。
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In the last years many accurate decision support systems have been constructed as black boxes, that is as systems that hide their internal logic to the user. This lack of explanation constitutes both a practical and an ethical issue. The literature reports many approaches aimed at overcoming this crucial weakness sometimes at the cost of scarifying accuracy for interpretability. The applications in which black box decision systems can be used are various, and each approach is typically developed to provide a solution for a specific problem and, as a consequence, delineating explicitly or implicitly its own definition of interpretability and explanation. The aim of this paper is to provide a classification of the main problems addressed in the literature with respect to the notion of explanation and the type of black box system. Given a problem definition, a black box type, and a desired explanation this survey should help the researcher to find the proposals more useful for his own work. The proposed classification of approaches to open black box models should also be useful for putting the many research open questions in perspective.
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于数学的数学优化的方法来构建多种单件实例的树形分类规则。我们的方法包括构建分类树,除了叶节点之外,暂时遗漏标签并通过SVM分离超平面分为两个类。我们提供了一个混合整数非线性编程配方,用于问题,并报告电池的扩展电池的结果,以评估我们关于其他基准分类方法的提案的性能。
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Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.
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我们介绍了多模式的汽车和乘车共享问题(MMCRP),其中使用一台汽车来涵盖一组乘车请求,同时将发现的请求分配给其他运输方式(MOT)。汽车的路线由一次或多个旅行组成。每次旅行都必须具有特定但不明的驱动程序,以仓库开始,然后以(可能不同的)仓库结束。即使两个骑行没有相同的起源和/或目的地,也允许在用户之间共享骑行。用户始终可以根据各个首选项列表使用其他运输方式。该问题可以作为车辆调度问题提出。为了解决该问题,构建了一个辅助图,在该图中,每次旅行在仓库中的启动和结尾,并覆盖可能的乘车共享,以时空图中的形式建模为弧。我们提出了一种基于列生成的两层分解算法,其中主问题可确保最多只能涵盖每个请求,并且定价问题通过在时间 - 时间中解决一种最短路径问题来生成新的有希望的路线空间网络。报告了基于现实实例的计算实验。基准实例基于奥地利维也纳的人口,空间和经济数据。我们通过在合理时间内基于列生成的方法来解决大型实例,并进一步研究了各种精确和启发式定价方案。
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背景信息:在过去几年中,机器学习(ML)一直是许多创新的核心。然而,包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中,例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的,因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的:本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战,以及文献中提出的解决方案,以解决它们,回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统?'方法:我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述(SLR),涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题,被认为是ML认证的主要支柱:鲁棒性,不确定性,解释性,验证,安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题,并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果:单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情,以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系,以加深域名研究。最后,它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性,这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论:我们强调了目前部署的努力,以实现ML基于ML的软件系统,并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。
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识别变量之间的原因关系是决策过程的关键步骤。虽然因果推断需要随机实验,但研究人员和政策制定者越来越多地利用观测研究由于观察数据的广泛可用性和实验的不可行性而导致的因果假设。匹配方法是对观察数据进行因果推断的最常用技术。然而,由于实验者制造的不同选择,一对一匹配中的对分配过程在推论中产生不确定性。最近,提出了离散优化模型来解决这种不确定性。虽然具有离散优化模型可能的强大推断,但它们产生非线性问题并缺乏可扩展性。在这项工作中,我们提出了贪婪的算法来解决与持续结果的观测数据的强大因果推断测试实例。我们提出了一个独特的框架,可以重新设计非线性二进制优化问题作为可行性问题。通过利用可行性制定的结构,我们开发贪婪方案,以求解稳健的测试问题。在许多情况下,所提出的算法实现全球最佳解决方案。我们在三个现实世界数据集上执行实验,以展示所提出的算法的有效性,并将我们的结果与最先进的求解器进行比较。我们的实验表明,所提出的算法在计算时间方面显着优于精确的方法,同时实现了同样的因果试验结论。两个数值实验和复杂性分析都表明所提出的算法确保在决策过程中利用大数据的力量所需的可扩展性。
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