GTFLAT, as a game theory-based add-on, addresses an important research question: How can a federated learning algorithm achieve better performance and training efficiency by setting more effective adaptive weights for averaging in the model aggregation phase? The main objectives for the ideal method of answering the question are: (1) empowering federated learning algorithms to reach better performance in fewer communication rounds, notably in the face of heterogeneous scenarios, and last but not least, (2) being easy to use alongside the state-of-the-art federated learning algorithms as a new module. To this end, GTFLAT models the averaging task as a strategic game among active users. Then it proposes a systematic solution based on the population game and evolutionary dynamics to find the equilibrium. In contrast with existing approaches that impose the weights on the participants, GTFLAT concludes a self-enforcement agreement among clients in a way that none of them is motivated to deviate from it individually. The results reveal that, on average, using GTFLAT increases the top-1 test accuracy by 1.38%, while it needs 21.06% fewer communication rounds to reach the accuracy.
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联邦学习(FL)变得流行,并在训练大型机器学习(ML)模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力,而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中,数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型,并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新,而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效,招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时,数据所有者是理性的,可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题,最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中,我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查,以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是,我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景,经济理论。然后,我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后,我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。
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This paper presents a game theoretic framework for participation and free-riding in federated learning (FL), and determines the Nash equilibrium strategies when FL is executed over wireless links. To support spectrum sensing for NextG communications, FL is used by clients, namely spectrum sensors with limited training datasets and computation resources, to train a wireless signal classifier while preserving privacy. In FL, a client may be free-riding, i.e., it does not participate in FL model updates, if the computation and transmission cost for FL participation is high, and receives the global model (learned by other clients) without incurring a cost. However, the free-riding behavior may potentially decrease the global accuracy due to lack of contribution to global model learning. This tradeoff leads to a non-cooperative game where each client aims to individually maximize its utility as the difference between the global model accuracy and the cost of FL participation. The Nash equilibrium strategies are derived for free-riding probabilities such that no client can unilaterally increase its utility given the strategies of its opponents remain the same. The free-riding probability increases with the FL participation cost and the number of clients, and a significant optimality gap exists in Nash equilibrium with respect to the joint optimization for all clients. The optimality gap increases with the number of clients and the maximum gap is evaluated as a function of the cost. These results quantify the impact of free-riding on the resilience of FL in NextG networks and indicate operational modes for FL participation.
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Federated learning (FL) has been proposed as a privacy-preserving approach in distributed machine learning. A federated learning architecture consists of a central server and a number of clients that have access to private, potentially sensitive data. Clients are able to keep their data in their local machines and only share their locally trained model's parameters with a central server that manages the collaborative learning process. FL has delivered promising results in real-life scenarios, such as healthcare, energy, and finance. However, when the number of participating clients is large, the overhead of managing the clients slows down the learning. Thus, client selection has been introduced as a strategy to limit the number of communicating parties at every step of the process. Since the early na\"{i}ve random selection of clients, several client selection methods have been proposed in the literature. Unfortunately, given that this is an emergent field, there is a lack of a taxonomy of client selection methods, making it hard to compare approaches. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of client selection in Federated Learning that enables us to shed light on current progress in the field and identify potential areas of future research in this promising area of machine learning.
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联合学习(FL)是一种新兴技术,用于协作训练全球机器学习模型,同时将数据局限于用户设备。FL实施实施的主要障碍是用户之间的非独立且相同的(非IID)数据分布,这会减慢收敛性和降低性能。为了解决这个基本问题,我们提出了一种方法(comfed),以增强客户端和服务器侧的整个培训过程。舒适的关键思想是同时利用客户端变量减少技术来促进服务器聚合和全局自适应更新技术以加速学习。我们在CIFAR-10分类任务上的实验表明,Comfed可以改善专用于非IID数据的最新算法。
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联合学习(FL)是一个有前途的分布式框架,用于协作人工智能模型培训,同时保护用户隐私。引起大量研究关注的引导组件是激励机制刺激佛罗里达用户协作的设计。大多数作品采用以经纪人为中心的方法来帮助中央运营商吸引参与者并进一步获得训练有素的模型。很少有作品认为参与者之间以参与者为中心的合作来追求其共同利益的FL模型,这会引起以经纪人FL的激励机制设计的显着差异。为了协调自私和异质参与者,我们提出了一个新颖的分析框架,以激励以参与者为中心的FL有效,有效的合作。具体而言,我们分别提出了两个新型游戏模型,用于贡献符合贡献的FL(COFL)和贡献感知的FL(CAFL),后者在其中实现了最低贡献阈值机制。我们进一步分析了COFL和CAFL游戏的NASH平衡的独特性和存在,并设计有效的算法以实现平衡溶液。广泛的绩效评估表明,COFL中存在自由骑行现象,通过采用CAFL模型具有优化的最低阈值,可以极大地缓解这种现象。
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跨不同边缘设备(客户)局部数据的分布不均匀,导致模型训练缓慢,并降低了联合学习的准确性。幼稚的联合学习(FL)策略和大多数替代解决方案试图通过加权跨客户的深度学习模型来实现更多公平。这项工作介绍了在现实世界数据集中遇到的一种新颖的非IID类型,即集群键,其中客户组具有具有相似分布的本地数据,从而导致全局模型收敛到过度拟合的解决方案。为了处理非IID数据,尤其是群集串数据的数据,我们提出了FedDrl,这是一种新型的FL模型,它采用了深厚的强化学习来适应每个客户的影响因素(将用作聚合过程中的权重)。在一组联合数据集上进行了广泛的实验证实,拟议的FEDDR可以根据CIFAR-100数据集的平均平均为FedAvg和FedProx方法提高了有利的改进,例如,高达4.05%和2.17%。
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In this paper, we increase the availability and integration of devices in the learning process to enhance the convergence of federated learning (FL) models. To address the issue of having all the data in one location, federated learning, which maintains the ability to learn over decentralized data sets, combines privacy and technology. Until the model converges, the server combines the updated weights obtained from each dataset over a number of rounds. The majority of the literature suggested client selection techniques to accelerate convergence and boost accuracy. However, none of the existing proposals have focused on the flexibility to deploy and select clients as needed, wherever and whenever that may be. Due to the extremely dynamic surroundings, some devices are actually not available to serve as clients in FL, which affects the availability of data for learning and the applicability of the existing solution for client selection. In this paper, we address the aforementioned limitations by introducing an On-Demand-FL, a client deployment approach for FL, offering more volume and heterogeneity of data in the learning process. We make use of the containerization technology such as Docker to build efficient environments using IoT and mobile devices serving as volunteers. Furthermore, Kubernetes is used for orchestration. The Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem due to its evolutionary strategy. The performed experiments using the Mobile Data Challenge (MDC) dataset and the Localfed framework illustrate the relevance of the proposed approach and the efficiency of the on-the-fly deployment of clients whenever and wherever needed with less discarded rounds and more available data.
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联合学习(FL)可以对机器学习模型进行分布式培训,同时将个人数据保存在用户设备上。尽管我们目睹了FL在移动传感领域的越来越多的应用,例如人类活动识别(HAR),但在多设备环境(MDE)的背景下,尚未对FL进行研究,其中每个用户都拥有多个数据生产设备。随着移动设备和可穿戴设备的扩散,MDE在Ubicomp设置中越来越受欢迎,因此需要对其中的FL进行研究。 MDE中的FL的特征是在客户和设备异质性的存在中并不复杂,并不是独立的,并且在客户端之间并非独立分布(非IID)。此外,确保在MDE中有效利用佛罗里达州客户的系统资源仍然是一个重要的挑战。在本文中,我们提出了以用户为中心的FL培训方法来应对MDE中的统计和系统异质性,并在设备之间引起推理性能的一致性。火焰功能(i)以用户为中心的FL培训,利用同一用户的设备之间的时间对齐; (ii)准确性和效率感知设备的选择; (iii)对设备的个性化模型。我们还提出了具有现实的能量流量和网络带宽配置文件的FL评估测试,以及一种基于类的新型数据分配方案,以将现有HAR数据集扩展到联合设置。我们在三个多设备HAR数据集上的实验结果表明,火焰的表现优于各种基准,F1得分高4.3-25.8%,能源效率提高1.02-2.86倍,并高达2.06倍的收敛速度,以通过FL的公平分布来获得目标准确性工作量。
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联合学习(FL)可以使用学习者使用本地数据进行分布式培训,从而增强隐私和减少沟通。但是,它呈现出与数据分布,设备功能和参与者可用性的异质性有关的众多挑战,作为部署量表,这可能会影响模型融合和偏置。现有的FL方案使用随机参与者选择来提高公平性;然而,这可能导致资源低效和更低的质量培训。在这项工作中,我们系统地解决了FL中的资源效率问题,展示了智能参与者选择的好处,并将更新从争吵的参与者纳入。我们展示了这些因素如何实现资源效率,同时还提高了训练有素的模型质量。
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联合学习(FL)是一种有效的分布式机器学习范式,以隐私的方式采用私人数据集。 FL的主要挑战是,END设备通常具有各种计算和通信功能,其培训数据并非独立且分布相同(非IID)。由于在移动网络中此类设备的通信带宽和不稳定的可用性,因此只能在每个回合中选择最终设备(也称为参与者或客户端的参与者或客户端)。因此,使用有效的参与者选择方案来最大程度地提高FL的性能,包括最终模型的准确性和训练时间,这一点至关重要。在本文中,我们对FL的参与者选择技术进行了评论。首先,我们介绍FL并突出参与者选择期间的主要挑战。然后,我们根据其解决方案来审查现有研究并将其分类。最后,根据我们对该主题领域最新的分析的分析,我们为FL的参与者选择提供了一些未来的指示。
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将知识蒸馏应用于个性化的跨筒仓联合学习,可以很好地减轻用户异质性的问题。然而,这种方法需要一个代理数据集,这很难在现实世界中获得。此外,基于参数平均的全球模型将导致用户隐私的泄漏。我们介绍了一个分布式的三位玩家GaN来实现客户之间的DataFree共蒸馏。该技术减轻了用户异质性问题,更好地保护用户隐私。我们证实,GaN产生的方法可以使联合蒸馏更有效和稳健,并且在获得全球知识的基础上,共蒸馏可以为各个客户达到良好的性能。我们对基准数据集的广泛实验证明了与最先进的方法的卓越的泛化性能。
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联合学习(FL)通常以同步平行方式进行,其中慢速客户的参与延迟了训练迭代。当前的FL系统采用参与者选择策略,在每次迭代中选择具有优质数据的快速客户。但是,这在实践中并不总是可以的,而且选择策略通常必须在客户的速度和数据质量之间进行不愉快的权衡。在本文中,我们提出了双鱼座,这是一种具有智能参与者选择和用于加速培训的模型聚合的异步FL系统。为了避免产生过多的资源成本和陈旧的培训计算,双鱼座使用新颖的评分机制来识别合适的客户参加培训迭代。它还可以调整模型聚合的步伐,以动态限制所选客户端和服务器之间的进度差距,并在平滑的非convex设置中具有可证明的融合保证。我们已经在一个名为Plato的开源FL平台中实现了双鱼座,并评估了其在流行视觉和语言模型的大规模实验中的性能。双鱼座的表现优于最先进的同步和异步方案,分别高达2.0倍和1.9倍的时间加速。
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尽管结果令人印象深刻,但深度学习的技术还引起了经常在数据中心进行的培训程序引起的严重隐私和环境问题。作为回应,已经出现了集中培训的替代方案,例如联邦学习(FL)。也许出乎意料的是,FL开始在全球范围内部署,这些公司必须遵守源自倡导隐私保护的政府和社会团体的新法律要求和政策。 \ textit {但是,与FL有关的潜在环境影响仍然不清楚和未开发。本文提供了有关佛罗里达碳足迹的首次系统研究。然后,我们将FL的碳足迹与传统的集中学习进行了比较。我们的发现表明,根据配置,FL可以比集中的机器学习高达两个数量级。但是,在某些情况下,由于嵌入式设备的能源消耗减少,它可以与集中学习相提并论。我们使用FL进行了不同类型的数据集,设置和各种深度学习模型的广泛实验。最后,我们强调并将报告的结果与FL的未来挑战和趋势联系起来,以减少其环境影响,包括算法效率,硬件能力和更强的行业透明度。
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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Federated learning (FL) is a method to train model with distributed data from numerous participants such as IoT devices. It inherently assumes a uniform capacity among participants. However, participants have diverse computational resources in practice due to different conditions such as different energy budgets or executing parallel unrelated tasks. It is necessary to reduce the computation overhead for participants with inefficient computational resources, otherwise they would be unable to finish the full training process. To address the computation heterogeneity, in this paper we propose a strategy for estimating local models without computationally intensive iterations. Based on it, we propose Computationally Customized Federated Learning (CCFL), which allows each participant to determine whether to perform conventional local training or model estimation in each round based on its current computational resources. Both theoretical analysis and exhaustive experiments indicate that CCFL has the same convergence rate as FedAvg without resource constraints. Furthermore, CCFL can be viewed of a computation-efficient extension of FedAvg that retains model performance while considerably reducing computation overhead.
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在点击率(CTR)预测的联合学习(FL)中,用户的数据未共享以保护隐私。学习是通过在客户端设备上本地培训进行的,并仅将模型更改传达给服务器。有两个主要的挑战:(i)客户异质性,制作使用加权平均来汇总客户模型更新的FL算法的进步缓慢且学习结果不令人满意; (ii)由于每个实验所需的大量计算时间和资源,因此使用反复试验方法调整服务器学习率的困难。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种简单的在线元学习方法,以学习汇总模型更新的策略,该方法根据客户属性适应客户的重要性并调整更新的步骤大小。我们在公共数据集上进行广泛的评估。我们的方法在收敛速度和最终学习结果的质量方面都大大优于最先进的方法。
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联合学习(FL)可以培训全球模型,而无需共享存储在多个设备上的分散的原始数据以保护数据隐私。由于设备的能力多样化,FL框架难以解决Straggler效应和过时模型的问题。此外,数据异质性在FL训练过程中会导致全球模型的严重准确性降解。为了解决上述问题,我们提出了一个层次同步FL框架,即Fedhisyn。 Fedhisyn首先根据其计算能力将所有可​​用的设备簇分为少数类别。经过一定的本地培训间隔后,将不同类别培训的模型同时上传到中央服务器。在单个类别中,设备根据环形拓扑会相互传达局部更新的模型权重。随着环形拓扑中训练的效率更喜欢具有均匀资源的设备,基于计算能力的分类减轻了Straggler效应的影响。此外,多个类别的同步更新与单个类别中的设备通信的组合有助于解决数据异质性问题,同时达到高精度。我们评估了基于MNIST,EMNIST,CIFAR10和CIFAR100数据集的提议框架以及设备的不同异质设置。实验结果表明,在训练准确性和效率方面,Fedhisyn的表现优于六种基线方法,例如FedAvg,脚手架和Fedat。
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随着对用户数据隐私的越来越关注,联合学习(FL)已被开发为在边缘设备上训练机器学习模型的独特培训范式,而无需访问敏感数据。传统的FL和现有方法直接在云服务器的同一型号和培训设备的所有边缘上采用聚合方法。尽管这些方法保护了数据隐私,但它们不能具有模型异质性,甚至忽略了异质的计算能力,也可以忽略陡峭的沟通成本。在本文中,我们目的是将资源感知的FL汇总为从边缘模型中提取的本地知识的集合,而不是汇总每个本地模型的权重,然后将其蒸馏成一个强大的全局知识,作为服务器模型通过知识蒸馏。通过深入的相互学习,将本地模型和全球知识提取到很小的知识网络中。这种知识提取使Edge客户端可以部署资源感知模型并执行多模型知识融合,同时保持沟通效率和模型异质性。经验结果表明,在异质数据和模型中的通信成本和概括性能方面,我们的方法比现有的FL算法有了显着改善。我们的方法将VGG-11的沟通成本降低了102美元$ \ times $和Resnet-32,当培训Resnet-20作为知识网络时,最多可达30美元$ \ times $。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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