联合学习(FL)是一种有效的分布式机器学习范式,以隐私的方式采用私人数据集。 FL的主要挑战是,END设备通常具有各种计算和通信功能,其培训数据并非独立且分布相同(非IID)。由于在移动网络中此类设备的通信带宽和不稳定的可用性,因此只能在每个回合中选择最终设备(也称为参与者或客户端的参与者或客户端)。因此,使用有效的参与者选择方案来最大程度地提高FL的性能,包括最终模型的准确性和训练时间,这一点至关重要。在本文中,我们对FL的参与者选择技术进行了评论。首先,我们介绍FL并突出参与者选择期间的主要挑战。然后,我们根据其解决方案来审查现有研究并将其分类。最后,根据我们对该主题领域最新的分析的分析,我们为FL的参与者选择提供了一些未来的指示。
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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联邦学习(FL)的最新进展为大规模的分布式客户带来了大规模的机器学习机会,具有绩效和数据隐私保障。然而,大多数当前的工作只关注FL中央控制器的兴趣,忽略了客户的利益。这可能导致不公平,阻碍客户积极参与学习过程并损害整个流动系统的可持续性。因此,在佛罗里达州确保公平的主题吸引了大量的研究兴趣。近年来,已经提出了各种公平知识的FL(FAFL)方法,以努力实现不同观点的流体公平。但是,没有全面的调查,帮助读者能够深入了解这种跨学科领域。本文旨在提供这样的调查。通过审查本领域现有文献所采用的基本和简化的假设,提出了涵盖FL的主要步骤的FAFL方法的分类,包括客户选择,优化,贡献评估和激励分配。此外,我们讨论了实验评估FAFL方法表现的主要指标,并建议了一些未来的未来研究方向。
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联邦学习(FL)变得流行,并在训练大型机器学习(ML)模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力,而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中,数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型,并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新,而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效,招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时,数据所有者是理性的,可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题,最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中,我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查,以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是,我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景,经济理论。然后,我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后,我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。
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使用人工智能(AI)赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增,为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习(ML)基础的服务。然而,这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战:(i)由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本,(ii)通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近,鉴于这些限制,一种新兴的新兴技术,包括联合学习(FL),以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型,可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源,在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中,我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外,提出了一个广泛的研究,详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用,并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效,其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术,这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后,我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。
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联合学习(FL)和分裂学习(SL)是两种新兴的协作学习方法,可能会极大地促进物联网(IoT)中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习(ML)模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习,每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性,可能会相互补充,在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此,联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域,引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中,我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展,并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查,该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题,并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向,希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。
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联合学习(FL)是AI的新出现的分支,它有助于边缘设备进行协作训练全球机器学习模型,而无需集中数据并默认使用隐私。但是,尽管进步显着,但这种范式面临着各种挑战。具体而言,在大规模部署中,客户异质性是影响培训质量(例如准确性,公平性和时间)的规范。此外,这些电池约束设备的能源消耗在很大程度上尚未探索,这是FL的广泛采用的限制。为了解决这个问题,我们开发了EAFL,这是一种能源感知的FL选择方法,该方法考虑了能源消耗以最大程度地提高异质目标设备的参与。 \ Scheme是一种功能感知的培训算法,该算法与电池电量更高的挑选客户结合使用,并具有最大化系统效率的能力。我们的设计共同最大程度地减少了临界时间,并最大程度地提高了其余的电池电池水平。 \方案将测试模型的精度提高了高达85 \%,并将客户的辍学率降低了2.45 $ \ times $。
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为了满足下一代无线通信网络的极其异构要求,研究界越来越依赖于使用机器学习解决方案进行实时决策和无线电资源管理。传统的机器学习采用完全集中的架构,其中整个培训数据在一个节点上收集,即云服务器,显着提高了通信开销,并提高了严重的隐私问题。迄今为止,最近提出了作为联合学习(FL)称为联合学习的分布式机器学习范式。在FL中,每个参与边缘设备通过使用自己的培训数据列举其本地模型。然后,通过无线信道,本地训练模型的权重或参数被发送到中央ps,聚合它们并更新全局模型。一方面,FL对优化无线通信网络的资源起着重要作用,另一方面,无线通信对于FL至关重要。因此,FL和无线通信之间存在“双向”关系。虽然FL是一个新兴的概念,但许多出版物已经在FL的领域发表了发布及其对下一代无线网络的应用。尽管如此,我们注意到没有任何作品突出了FL和无线通信之间的双向关系。因此,本调查纸的目的是通过提供关于FL和无线通信之间的相互依存性的及时和全面的讨论来弥合文学中的这种差距。
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联合学习(FL)可以使用学习者使用本地数据进行分布式培训,从而增强隐私和减少沟通。但是,它呈现出与数据分布,设备功能和参与者可用性的异质性有关的众多挑战,作为部署量表,这可能会影响模型融合和偏置。现有的FL方案使用随机参与者选择来提高公平性;然而,这可能导致资源低效和更低的质量培训。在这项工作中,我们系统地解决了FL中的资源效率问题,展示了智能参与者选择的好处,并将更新从争吵的参与者纳入。我们展示了这些因素如何实现资源效率,同时还提高了训练有素的模型质量。
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更广泛的覆盖范围和更好的解决方案延迟减少5G需要其与多访问边缘计算(MEC)技术的组合。分散的深度学习(DDL),如联邦学习和群体学习作为对数百万智能边缘设备的隐私保留数据处理的有希望的解决方案,利用了本地客户端网络内的多层神经网络的分布式计算,而无需披露原始本地培训数据。值得注意的是,在金融和医疗保健等行业中,谨慎维护交易和个人医疗记录的敏感数据,DDL可以促进这些研究所的合作,以改善培训模型的性能,同时保护参与客户的数据隐私。在本调查论文中,我们展示了DDL的技术基础,通过分散的学习使社会许多人走。此外,我们通过概述DDL的挑战以及从新颖的沟通效率和可靠性的观点来概述目前本领域最先进的全面概述。
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Federated learning (FL) allows multiple clients cooperatively train models without disclosing local data. However, the existing works fail to address all these practical concerns in FL: limited communication resources, dynamic network conditions and heterogeneous client properties, which slow down the convergence of FL. To tackle the above challenges, we propose a heterogeneity-aware FL framework, called FedCG, with adaptive client selection and gradient compression. Specifically, the parameter server (PS) selects a representative client subset considering statistical heterogeneity and sends the global model to them. After local training, these selected clients upload compressed model updates matching their capabilities to the PS for aggregation, which significantly alleviates the communication load and mitigates the straggler effect. We theoretically analyze the impact of both client selection and gradient compression on convergence performance. Guided by the derived convergence rate, we develop an iteration-based algorithm to jointly optimize client selection and compression ratio decision using submodular maximization and linear programming. Extensive experiments on both real-world prototypes and simulations show that FedCG can provide up to 5.3$\times$ speedup compared to other methods.
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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Federated Learning (FL) has become a key choice for distributed machine learning. Initially focused on centralized aggregation, recent works in FL have emphasized greater decentralization to adapt to the highly heterogeneous network edge. Among these, Hierarchical, Device-to-Device and Gossip Federated Learning (HFL, D2DFL \& GFL respectively) can be considered as foundational FL algorithms employing fundamental aggregation strategies. A number of FL algorithms were subsequently proposed employing multiple fundamental aggregation schemes jointly. Existing research, however, subjects the FL algorithms to varied conditions and gauges the performance of these algorithms mainly against Federated Averaging (FedAvg) only. This work consolidates the FL landscape and offers an objective analysis of the major FL algorithms through a comprehensive cross-evaluation for a wide range of operating conditions. In addition to the three foundational FL algorithms, this work also analyzes six derived algorithms. To enable a uniform assessment, a multi-FL framework named FLAGS: Federated Learning AlGorithms Simulation has been developed for rapid configuration of multiple FL algorithms. Our experiments indicate that fully decentralized FL algorithms achieve comparable accuracy under multiple operating conditions, including asynchronous aggregation and the presence of stragglers. Furthermore, decentralized FL can also operate in noisy environments and with a comparably higher local update rate. However, the impact of extremely skewed data distributions on decentralized FL is much more adverse than on centralized variants. The results indicate that it may not be necessary to restrict the devices to a single FL algorithm; rather, multi-FL nodes may operate with greater efficiency.
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通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能(AI)启用了智能医疗保健。传统上,由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题,AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理,这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例,通过协调多个客户(例如,医院)来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据,对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此,我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先,我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程,动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计,从资源感知FL,安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后,我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述,包括健康数据管理,远程健康监测,医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目,并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后,我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。
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Federated learning (FL) has been proposed as a privacy-preserving approach in distributed machine learning. A federated learning architecture consists of a central server and a number of clients that have access to private, potentially sensitive data. Clients are able to keep their data in their local machines and only share their locally trained model's parameters with a central server that manages the collaborative learning process. FL has delivered promising results in real-life scenarios, such as healthcare, energy, and finance. However, when the number of participating clients is large, the overhead of managing the clients slows down the learning. Thus, client selection has been introduced as a strategy to limit the number of communicating parties at every step of the process. Since the early na\"{i}ve random selection of clients, several client selection methods have been proposed in the literature. Unfortunately, given that this is an emergent field, there is a lack of a taxonomy of client selection methods, making it hard to compare approaches. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of client selection in Federated Learning that enables us to shed light on current progress in the field and identify potential areas of future research in this promising area of machine learning.
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联合学习(FL)是一项新兴技术,可在保持数据分布和私密的同时向多个客户培训机器学习模型。根据参与的客户和模型培训量表,可以将联合学习分为两种类型:跨设备FL,客户通常是移动设备,客户编号可以达到数百万的规模;客户是组织或公司,并且客户编号通常很小(例如,一百之内)。尽管现有研究主要集中于跨设备FL,但本文旨在提供跨索洛FL的概述。更具体地说,我们首先讨论了交叉Silo FL的应用,并概述了其主要挑战。然后,我们通过关注与跨设备FL的联系和差异,对Cross-Silo FL挑战的现有方法进行系统的概述。最后,我们讨论了未来的方向和开放问题,值得社区的研究工作。
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Federated learning (FL) is a collaborative machine learning framework that requires different clients (e.g., Internet of Things devices) to participate in the machine learning model training process by training and uploading their local models to an FL server in each global iteration. Upon receiving the local models from all the clients, the FL server generates a global model by aggregating the received local models. This traditional FL process may suffer from the straggler problem in heterogeneous client settings, where the FL server has to wait for slow clients to upload their local models in each global iteration, thus increasing the overall training time. One of the solutions is to set up a deadline and only the clients that can upload their local models before the deadline would be selected in the FL process. This solution may lead to a slow convergence rate and global model overfitting issues due to the limited client selection. In this paper, we propose the Latency awarE Semi-synchronous client Selection and mOdel aggregation for federated learNing (LESSON) method that allows all the clients to participate in the whole FL process but with different frequencies. That is, faster clients would be scheduled to upload their models more frequently than slow clients, thus resolving the straggler problem and accelerating the convergence speed, while avoiding model overfitting. Also, LESSON is capable of adjusting the tradeoff between the model accuracy and convergence rate by varying the deadline. Extensive simulations have been conducted to compare the performance of LESSON with the other two baseline methods, i.e., FedAvg and FedCS. The simulation results demonstrate that LESSON achieves faster convergence speed than FedAvg and FedCS, and higher model accuracy than FedCS.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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由于机器学习(ML)模型变得越来越复杂,其中一个中央挑战是它们在规模的部署,使得公司和组织可以通过人工智能(AI)创造价值。 ML中的新兴范式是一种联合方法,其中学习模型部分地将其交付给一组异构剂,允许代理与自己的数据一起培训模型。然而,模型的估值问题,以及数据/模型的协作培训和交易的激励问题,在文献中获得了有限的待遇。本文提出了一种在基于信任区块基网络上交易的ML模型交易的新生态系统。买方可以获得ML市场的兴趣模型,兴趣的卖家将本地计算花在他们的数据上,以增强该模型的质量。在这样做时,考虑了本地数据与训练型型号的质量之间的比例关系,并且通过分布式数据福价(DSV)估计了销售课程中的训练中的数据的估值。同时,通过分布式分区技术(DLT)提供整个交易过程的可信度。对拟议方法的广泛实验评估显示出具有竞争力的运行时间绩效,在参与者的激励方面下降了15 \%。
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联合学习(FL)可以对机器学习模型进行分布式培训,同时将个人数据保存在用户设备上。尽管我们目睹了FL在移动传感领域的越来越多的应用,例如人类活动识别(HAR),但在多设备环境(MDE)的背景下,尚未对FL进行研究,其中每个用户都拥有多个数据生产设备。随着移动设备和可穿戴设备的扩散,MDE在Ubicomp设置中越来越受欢迎,因此需要对其中的FL进行研究。 MDE中的FL的特征是在客户和设备异质性的存在中并不复杂,并不是独立的,并且在客户端之间并非独立分布(非IID)。此外,确保在MDE中有效利用佛罗里达州客户的系统资源仍然是一个重要的挑战。在本文中,我们提出了以用户为中心的FL培训方法来应对MDE中的统计和系统异质性,并在设备之间引起推理性能的一致性。火焰功能(i)以用户为中心的FL培训,利用同一用户的设备之间的时间对齐; (ii)准确性和效率感知设备的选择; (iii)对设备的个性化模型。我们还提出了具有现实的能量流量和网络带宽配置文件的FL评估测试,以及一种基于类的新型数据分配方案,以将现有HAR数据集扩展到联合设置。我们在三个多设备HAR数据集上的实验结果表明,火焰的表现优于各种基准,F1得分高4.3-25.8%,能源效率提高1.02-2.86倍,并高达2.06倍的收敛速度,以通过FL的公平分布来获得目标准确性工作量。
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