我们探索无任务持续学习（CL），其中培训模型以避免在没有明确的任务边界或身份的情况下造成灾难性的遗忘。在无任务CL上的许多努力中，一个值得注意的方法是基于内存的，存储和重放训练示例的子集。然而，由于CL模型不断更新，所以存储的示例的效用可以随时间缩短。这里，我们提出基于梯度的存储器编辑（GMED），该框架是通过梯度更新在连续输入空间中编辑存储的示例的框架，以便为重放创建更多的“具有挑战性”示例。 GMED编辑的例子仍然类似于其未编辑的形式，但可以在即将到来的模型更新中产生增加的损失，从而使未来的重播在克服灾难性遗忘方面更有效。通过施工，GMED可以与其他基于内存的CL算法一起无缝应用，以进一步改进。实验验证了GMED的有效性，以及我们最好的方法显着优于基线和以前的五个数据集中的最先进。可以在https://github.com/ink-usc/gmed找到代码。

持续学习（CL）旨在开发单一模型适应越来越多的任务的技术，从而潜在地利用跨任务的学习以资源有效的方式。 CL系统的主要挑战是灾难性的遗忘，在学习新任务时忘记了早期的任务。为了解决此问题，基于重播的CL方法在遇到遇到任务中选择的小缓冲区中维护和重复培训。我们提出梯度Coreset重放（GCR），一种新颖的重播缓冲区选择和使用仔细设计的优化标准的更新策略。具体而言，我们选择并维护一个“Coreset”，其与迄今为止关于当前模型参数的所有数据的梯度紧密近似，并讨论其有效应用于持续学习设置所需的关键策略。在学习的离线持续学习环境中，我们在最先进的最先进的最先进的持续学习环境中表现出显着的收益（2％-4％）。我们的调查结果还有效地转移到在线/流媒体CL设置，从而显示现有方法的5％。最后，我们展示了持续学习的监督对比损失的价值，当与我们的子集选择策略相结合时，累计增益高达5％。

We motivate Energy-Based Models (EBMs) as a promising model class for continual learning problems. Instead of tackling continual learning via the use of external memory, growing models, or regularization, EBMs change the underlying training objective to cause less interference with previously learned information. Our proposed version of EBMs for continual learning is simple, efficient, and outperforms baseline methods by a large margin on several benchmarks. Moreover, our proposed contrastive divergence-based training objective can be combined with other continual learning methods, resulting in substantial boosts in their performance. We further show that EBMs are adaptable to a more general continual learning setting where the data distribution changes without the notion of explicitly delineated tasks. These observations point towards EBMs as a useful building block for future continual learning methods.

当代理在终身学习设置中遇到连续的新任务流时，它利用了从早期任务中获得的知识来帮助更好地学习新任务。在这种情况下，确定有效的知识表示成为一个具有挑战性的问题。大多数研究工作都建议将过去任务中的一部分示例存储在重播缓冲区中，将一组参数集成给每个任务，或通过引入正则化项来对参数进行过多的更新。尽管现有方法采用了一般任务无关的随机梯度下降更新规则，但我们提出了一个任务吸引的优化器，可根据任务之间的相关性调整学习率。我们通过累积针对每个任务的梯度来利用参数在更新过程中采取的方向。这些基于任务的累积梯度充当了在整个流中维护和更新的知识库。我们从经验上表明，我们提出的自适应学习率不仅说明了灾难性的遗忘，而且还允许积极的向后转移。我们还表明，在具有大量任务的复杂数据集中，我们的方法比终身学习中的几种最先进的方法更好。

持续的学习方法努力减轻灾难性遗忘（CF），在学习新任务时，从以前学习的任务中丢失了知识。在这些算法中，有些在训练时维护以前任务中的样本子集。这些样本称为内存。这些方法表现出出色的性能，同时在概念上简单易于实现。然而，尽管它们很受欢迎，但几乎没有做任何事情来理解要包含在记忆中的元素。当前，这种记忆通常是通过随机抽样填充的，没有指导原则可以有助于保留以前的知识。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个基于称为一致性意识采样（CAWS）的样本的学习一致性的标准。该标准优先考虑通过深网更容易学习的样本。我们对三种不同的基于内存的方法进行研究：AGEM，GDUMB和经验重播，在MNIST，CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100数据集上。我们表明，使用最一致的元素在受到计算预算的约束时会产生性能提高；如果在没有这种约束的情况下，随机抽样是一个强大的基线。但是，在经验重播上使用CAWS可以改善随机基线的性能。最后，我们表明CAWS取得了与流行的内存选择方法相似的结果，同时需要大大减少计算资源。

Continual Learning (CL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm that aims to learn from a continuous stream of tasks without forgetting knowledge learned from the previous tasks. To avoid performance decrease caused by forgetting, prior studies exploit episodic memory (EM), which stores a subset of the past observed samples while learning from new non-i.i.d. data. Despite the promising results, since CL is often assumed to execute on mobile or IoT devices, the EM size is bounded by the small hardware memory capacity and makes it infeasible to meet the accuracy requirements for real-world applications. Specifically, all prior CL methods discard samples overflowed from the EM and can never retrieve them back for subsequent training steps, incurring loss of information that would exacerbate catastrophic forgetting. We explore a novel hierarchical EM management strategy to address the forgetting issue. In particular, in mobile and IoT devices, real-time data can be stored not just in high-speed RAMs but in internal storage devices as well, which offer significantly larger capacity than the RAMs. Based on this insight, we propose to exploit the abundant storage to preserve past experiences and alleviate the forgetting by allowing CL to efficiently migrate samples between memory and storage without being interfered by the slow access speed of the storage. We call it Carousel Memory (CarM). As CarM is complementary to existing CL methods, we conduct extensive evaluations of our method with seven popular CL methods and show that CarM significantly improves the accuracy of the methods across different settings by large margins in final average accuracy (up to 28.4%) while retaining the same training efficiency.

Continual Learning is a step towards lifelong intelligence where models continuously learn from recently collected data without forgetting previous knowledge. Existing continual learning approaches mostly focus on image classification in the class-incremental setup with clear task boundaries and unlimited computational budget. This work explores Online Domain-Incremental Continual Segmentation~(ODICS), a real-world problem that arises in many applications, \eg, autonomous driving. In ODICS, the model is continually presented with batches of densely labeled images from different domains; computation is limited and no information about the task boundaries is available. In autonomous driving, this may correspond to the realistic scenario of training a segmentation model over time on a sequence of cities. We analyze several existing continual learning methods and show that they do not perform well in this setting despite working well in class-incremental segmentation. We propose SimCS, a parameter-free method complementary to existing ones that leverages simulated data as a continual learning regularizer. Extensive experiments show consistent improvements over different types of continual learning methods that use regularizers and even replay.

A growing body of research in continual learning focuses on the catastrophic forgetting problem. While many attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, the majority of the methods assume a single model in the continual learning setup. In this work, we question this assumption and show that employing ensemble models can be a simple yet effective method to improve continual performance. However, ensembles' training and inference costs can increase significantly as the number of models grows. Motivated by this limitation, we study different ensemble models to understand their benefits and drawbacks in continual learning scenarios. Finally, to overcome the high compute cost of ensembles, we leverage recent advances in neural network subspace to propose a computationally cheap algorithm with similar runtime to a single model yet enjoying the performance benefits of ensembles.

持续学习研究的主要重点领域是通过设计新算法对分布变化更强大的新算法来减轻神经网络中的“灾难性遗忘”问题。尽管持续学习文献的最新进展令人鼓舞，但我们对神经网络的特性有助于灾难性遗忘的理解仍然有限。为了解决这个问题，我们不关注持续的学习算法，而是在这项工作中专注于模型本身，并研究神经网络体系结构对灾难性遗忘的“宽度”的影响，并表明宽度在遗忘遗产方面具有出人意料的显着影响。为了解释这种效果，我们从各个角度研究网络的学习动力学，例如梯度正交性，稀疏性和懒惰的培训制度。我们提供了与不同架构和持续学习基准之间的经验结果一致的潜在解释。

在线持续学习（OCL）旨在通过单个通过数据从非平稳数据流进行逐步训练神经网络。基于彩排的方法试图用少量的内存近似观察到的输入分布，并以后重新审视它们以避免忘记。尽管具有强烈的经验表现，但排练方法仍然遭受了过去数据损失景观和记忆样本的差异。本文重新讨论了在线设置中的排练动态。我们从偏见和动态的经验风险最小化的角度从固有的内存过度拟合风险中提供了理论见解，并检查重复排练的优点和限制。受我们的分析的启发，一个简单而直观的基线，重复的增强彩排（RAR）旨在解决在线彩排的拟合不足的困境。令人惊讶的是，在四个相当不同的OCL基准测试中，这种简单的基线表现优于香草排练9％-17％，并且显着改善了基于最新的彩排方法miR，ASER和SCR。我们还证明，RAR成功地实现了过去数据的损失格局和其学习轨迹中的高损失山脊厌恶的准确近似。进行了广泛的消融研究，以研究重复和增强彩排和增强学习（RL）之间的相互作用（RL），以动态调整RAR的超参数以平衡在线稳定性 - 塑性权衡折衷。

无任务持续学习（CL）旨在学习非平稳数据流，而无需明确的任务定义，不要忘记以前的知识。广泛采用的内存重播方法可能会逐渐对长数据流有效，因为该模型可能会记住存储的示例并过度拟合内存缓冲区。其次，现有方法忽略了内存数据分布的高不确定性，因为内存数据分布与所有先前数据示例的分布之间存在很大差距。为了解决这些问题，我们首次提出了一个原则的内存演进框架，以使内存缓冲区逐渐难以通过分布强大的优化（DRO）来动态发展内存数据分布。然后，我们得出了一个方法家族，以通过Wasserstein梯度流（WGF）在连续概率中进化内存缓冲区数据。所提出的DRO是W.R.T最糟糕的记忆数据分布，因此保证了模型性能，并且比现有基于内存重新播放的方法更加可靠的功能。对现有基准测试的广泛实验证明了拟议方法减轻遗忘的有效性。作为拟议框架的副产品，与现有的无任务CL方法相比，我们的方法对对抗性示例更强大。

根据互补学习系统（CLS）理论〜\ cite {mcclelland1995there}在神经科学中，人类通过两个补充系统有效\ emph {持续学习}：一种快速学习系统，以海马为中心，用于海马，以快速学习细节，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验，个人体验的快速学习， ;以及位于新皮层中的缓慢学习系统，以逐步获取有关环境的结构化知识。在该理论的激励下，我们提出\ emph {dualnets}（对于双网络），这是一个一般的持续学习框架，该框架包括一个快速学习系统，用于监督从特定任务和慢速学习系统中的模式分离代表学习，用于表示任务的慢学习系统 - 不可知论的一般代表通过自我监督学习（SSL）。双网符可以无缝地将两种表示类型纳入整体框架中，以促进在深层神经网络中更好地持续学习。通过广泛的实验，我们在各种持续的学习协议上展示了双网络的有希望的结果，从标准离线，任务感知设置到具有挑战性的在线，无任务的场景。值得注意的是，在Ctrl〜 \ Cite {veniat2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021- coite {ostapenko2021-continual}的基准中。此外，我们进行了全面的消融研究，以验证双nets功效，鲁棒性和可伸缩性。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/phquang/dualnet}上公开获得。

Lack of performance when it comes to continual learning over non-stationary distributions of data remains a major challenge in scaling neural network learning to more human realistic settings. In this work we propose a new conceptualization of the continual learning problem in terms of a temporally symmetric trade-off between transfer and interference that can be optimized by enforcing gradient alignment across examples. We then propose a new algorithm, Meta-Experience Replay (MER), that directly exploits this view by combining experience replay with optimization based meta-learning. This method learns parameters that make interference based on future gradients less likely and transfer based on future gradients more likely. 1 We conduct experiments across continual lifelong supervised learning benchmarks and non-stationary reinforcement learning environments demonstrating that our approach consistently outperforms recently proposed baselines for continual learning. Our experiments show that the gap between the performance of MER and baseline algorithms grows both as the environment gets more non-stationary and as the fraction of the total experiences stored gets smaller.

A continual learning agent learns online with a non-stationary and never-ending stream of data. The key to such learning process is to overcome the catastrophic forgetting of previously seen data, which is a well known problem of neural networks. To prevent forgetting, a replay buffer is usually employed to store the previous data for the purpose of rehearsal. Previous works often depend on task boundary and i.i.d. assumptions to properly select samples for the replay buffer. In this work, we formulate sample selection as a constraint reduction problem based on the constrained optimization view of continual learning. The goal is to select a fixed subset of constraints that best approximate the feasible region defined by the original constraints. We show that it is equivalent to maximizing the diversity of samples in the replay buffer with parameters gradient as the feature. We further develop a greedy alternative that is cheap and efficient. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing to other alternatives under the continual learning setting. Further comparisons are made against state of the art methods that rely on task boundaries which show comparable or even better results for our method.

Despite significant advances, the performance of state-of-the-art continual learning approaches hinges on the unrealistic scenario of fully labeled data. In this paper, we tackle this challenge and propose an approach for continual semi-supervised learning -- a setting where not all the data samples are labeled. An underlying issue in this scenario is the model forgetting representations of unlabeled data and overfitting the labeled ones. We leverage the power of nearest-neighbor classifiers to non-linearly partition the feature space and learn a strong representation for the current task, as well as distill relevant information from previous tasks. We perform a thorough experimental evaluation and show that our method outperforms all the existing approaches by large margins, setting a strong state of the art on the continual semi-supervised learning paradigm. For example, on CIFAR100 we surpass several others even when using at least 30 times less supervision (0.8% vs. 25% of annotations).

持续学习旨在快速，不断地从一系列任务中学习当前的任务。与其他类型的方法相比，基于经验重播的方法表现出了极大的优势来克服灾难性的遗忘。该方法的一个常见局限性是上一个任务和当前任务之间的数据不平衡，这将进一步加剧遗忘。此外，如何在这种情况下有效解决稳定性困境也是一个紧迫的问题。在本文中，我们通过提出一个通过多尺度知识蒸馏和数据扩展（MMKDDA）提出一个名为Meta学习更新的新框架来克服这些挑战。具体而言，我们应用多尺度知识蒸馏来掌握不同特征级别的远程和短期空间关系的演变，以减轻数据不平衡问题。此外，我们的方法在在线持续训练程序中混合了来自情节记忆和当前任务的样品，从而减轻了由于概率分布的变化而减轻了侧面影响。此外，我们通过元学习更新来优化我们的模型，该更新诉诸于前面所看到的任务数量，这有助于保持稳定性和可塑性之间的更好平衡。最后，我们对四个基准数据集的实验评估显示了提出的MMKDDA框架对其他流行基线的有效性，并且还进行了消融研究，以进一步分析每个组件在我们的框架中的作用。

恶意软件（恶意软件）分类为持续学习（CL）制度提供了独特的挑战，这是由于每天收到的新样本的数量以及恶意软件的发展以利用新漏洞。在典型的一天中，防病毒供应商将获得数十万个独特的软件，包括恶意和良性，并且在恶意软件分类器的一生中，有超过十亿个样品很容易积累。鉴于问题的规模，使用持续学习技术的顺序培训可以在减少培训和存储开销方面提供可观的好处。但是，迄今为止，还没有对CL应用于恶意软件分类任务的探索。在本文中，我们研究了11种应用于三个恶意软件任务的CL技术，涵盖了常见的增量学习方案，包括任务，类和域增量学习（IL）。具体而言，使用两个现实的大规模恶意软件数据集，我们评估了CL方法在二进制恶意软件分类（domain-il）和多类恶意软件家庭分类（Task-IL和类IL）任务上的性能。令我们惊讶的是，在几乎所有情况下，持续的学习方法显着不足以使训练数据的幼稚关节重播 - 在某些情况下，将精度降低了70个百分点以上。与关节重播相比，有选择性重播20％的存储数据的一种简单方法可以实现更好的性能，占训练时间的50％。最后，我们讨论了CL技术表现出乎意料差的潜在原因，希望它激发进一步研究在恶意软件分类域中更有效的技术。

Continual Learning is considered a key step toward next-generation Artificial Intelligence. Among various methods, replay-based approaches that maintain and replay a small episodic memory of previous samples are one of the most successful strategies against catastrophic forgetting. However, since forgetting is inevitable given bounded memory and unbounded tasks, how to forget is a problem continual learning must address. Therefore, beyond simply avoiding catastrophic forgetting, an under-explored issue is how to reasonably forget while ensuring the merits of human memory, including 1. storage efficiency, 2. generalizability, and 3. some interpretability. To achieve these simultaneously, our paper proposes a new saliency-augmented memory completion framework for continual learning, inspired by recent discoveries in memory completion separation in cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, we innovatively propose to store the part of the image most important to the tasks in episodic memory by saliency map extraction and memory encoding. When learning new tasks, previous data from memory are inpainted by an adaptive data generation module, which is inspired by how humans complete episodic memory. The module's parameters are shared across all tasks and it can be jointly trained with a continual learning classifier as bilevel optimization. Extensive experiments on several continual learning and image classification benchmarks demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness and efficiency.

人类在整个生命周期中不断学习，通过积累多样化的知识并为未来的任务进行微调。当出现类似目标时，神经网络会遭受灾难性忘记，在学习过程中跨顺序任务跨好任务的数据分布是否不固定。解决此类持续学习（CL）问题的有效方法是使用超网络为目标网络生成任务依赖权重。但是，现有基于超网的方法的持续学习性能受到整个层之间权重的独立性的假设，以维持参数效率。为了解决这一限制，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法使用依赖关系保留超网络来为目标网络生成权重，同时还保持参数效率。我们建议使用基于复发的神经网络（RNN）的超网络，该网络可以有效地生成层权重，同时允许在它们的依赖关系中。此外，我们为基于RNN的超网络提出了新颖的正则化和网络增长技术，以进一步提高持续的学习绩效。为了证明所提出的方法的有效性，我们对几个图像分类持续学习任务和设置进行了实验。我们发现，基于RNN HyperNetworks的建议方法在所有这些CL设置和任务中都优于基准。

一组复杂的机制促进了大脑中的持续学习（CL）。这包括用于整合信息的多个内存系统的相互作用，如互补学习系统（CLS）理论和突触巩固，以保护获得的知识免受擦除。因此，我们提出了一种通用CL方法，该方法在突触巩固和双重记忆体验重播（Synergy）之间产生协同作用。我们的方法保持语义记忆，该记忆积累并巩固了整个任务中的信息，并与情节内存进行交互以有效重播。它通过跟踪训练轨迹期间参数的重要性并将其固定在语义内存中的巩固参数中，进一步采用了突触巩固。据我们所知，我们的研究是第一个与突触合并一起使用双重记忆体验重播的，该合并适用于一般CL，网络在培训或推理过程中不利用任务边界或任务标签。我们对各种具有挑战性的CL情景和特征分析的评估表明，将突触巩固和CLS理论纳入启用DNN中的有效CL的功效。