Continual Learning (CL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm that aims to learn from a continuous stream of tasks without forgetting knowledge learned from the previous tasks. To avoid performance decrease caused by forgetting, prior studies exploit episodic memory (EM), which stores a subset of the past observed samples while learning from new non-i.i.d. data. Despite the promising results, since CL is often assumed to execute on mobile or IoT devices, the EM size is bounded by the small hardware memory capacity and makes it infeasible to meet the accuracy requirements for real-world applications. Specifically, all prior CL methods discard samples overflowed from the EM and can never retrieve them back for subsequent training steps, incurring loss of information that would exacerbate catastrophic forgetting. We explore a novel hierarchical EM management strategy to address the forgetting issue. In particular, in mobile and IoT devices, real-time data can be stored not just in high-speed RAMs but in internal storage devices as well, which offer significantly larger capacity than the RAMs. Based on this insight, we propose to exploit the abundant storage to preserve past experiences and alleviate the forgetting by allowing CL to efficiently migrate samples between memory and storage without being interfered by the slow access speed of the storage. We call it Carousel Memory (CarM). As CarM is complementary to existing CL methods, we conduct extensive evaluations of our method with seven popular CL methods and show that CarM significantly improves the accuracy of the methods across different settings by large margins in final average accuracy (up to 28.4%) while retaining the same training efficiency.
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持续学习(CL)旨在开发单一模型适应越来越多的任务的技术,从而潜在地利用跨任务的学习以资源有效的方式。 CL系统的主要挑战是灾难性的遗忘,在学习新任务时忘记了早期的任务。为了解决此问题,基于重播的CL方法在遇到遇到任务中选择的小缓冲区中维护和重复培训。我们提出梯度Coreset重放(GCR),一种新颖的重播缓冲区选择和使用仔细设计的优化标准的更新策略。具体而言,我们选择并维护一个“Coreset”,其与迄今为止关于当前模型参数的所有数据的梯度紧密近似,并讨论其有效应用于持续学习设置所需的关键策略。在学习的离线持续学习环境中,我们在最先进的最先进的最先进的持续学习环境中表现出显着的收益(2%-4%)。我们的调查结果还有效地转移到在线/流媒体CL设置,从而显示现有方法的5%。最后,我们展示了持续学习的监督对比损失的价值,当与我们的子集选择策略相结合时,累计增益高达5%。
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持续学习的现有工作(CL)的重点是减轻灾难性遗忘,即学习新任务时过去任务的模型绩效恶化。但是,CL系统的训练效率不足,这限制了CL系统在资源有限的方案下的现实应用。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个名为“稀疏持续学习”(SPARCL)的新颖框架,这是第一个利用稀疏性以使边缘设备上具有成本效益的持续学习的研究。 SPARCL通过三个方面的协同作用来实现训练加速度和准确性保护:体重稀疏性,数据效率和梯度稀疏性。具体而言,我们建议在整个CL过程中学习一个稀疏网络,动态数据删除(DDR),以删除信息较少的培训数据和动态梯度掩盖(DGM),以稀疏梯度更新。他们每个人不仅提高了效率,而且进一步减轻了灾难性的遗忘。 SPARCL始终提高现有最新CL方法(SOTA)CL方法的训练效率最多减少了训练失败,而且令人惊讶的是,SOTA的准确性最多最多提高了1.7%。 SPARCL还优于通过将SOTA稀疏训练方法适应CL设置的效率和准确性获得的竞争基线。我们还评估了SPARCL在真实手机上的有效性,进一步表明了我们方法的实际潜力。
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Despite significant advances, the performance of state-of-the-art continual learning approaches hinges on the unrealistic scenario of fully labeled data. In this paper, we tackle this challenge and propose an approach for continual semi-supervised learning -- a setting where not all the data samples are labeled. An underlying issue in this scenario is the model forgetting representations of unlabeled data and overfitting the labeled ones. We leverage the power of nearest-neighbor classifiers to non-linearly partition the feature space and learn a strong representation for the current task, as well as distill relevant information from previous tasks. We perform a thorough experimental evaluation and show that our method outperforms all the existing approaches by large margins, setting a strong state of the art on the continual semi-supervised learning paradigm. For example, on CIFAR100 we surpass several others even when using at least 30 times less supervision (0.8% vs. 25% of annotations).
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Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.
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持续学习旨在快速,不断地从一系列任务中学习当前的任务。与其他类型的方法相比,基于经验重播的方法表现出了极大的优势来克服灾难性的遗忘。该方法的一个常见局限性是上一个任务和当前任务之间的数据不平衡,这将进一步加剧遗忘。此外,如何在这种情况下有效解决稳定性困境也是一个紧迫的问题。在本文中,我们通过提出一个通过多尺度知识蒸馏和数据扩展(MMKDDA)提出一个名为Meta学习更新的新框架来克服这些挑战。具体而言,我们应用多尺度知识蒸馏来掌握不同特征级别的远程和短期空间关系的演变,以减轻数据不平衡问题。此外,我们的方法在在线持续训练程序中混合了来自情节记忆和当前任务的样品,从而减轻了由于概率分布的变化而减轻了侧面影响。此外,我们通过元学习更新来优化我们的模型,该更新诉诸于前面所看到的任务数量,这有助于保持稳定性和可塑性之间的更好平衡。最后,我们对四个基准数据集的实验评估显示了提出的MMKDDA框架对其他流行基线的有效性,并且还进行了消融研究,以进一步分析每个组件在我们的框架中的作用。
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人类的持续学习(CL)能力与稳定性与可塑性困境密切相关,描述了人类如何实现持续的学习能力和保存的学习信息。自发育以来,CL的概念始终存在于人工智能(AI)中。本文提出了对CL的全面审查。与之前的评论不同,主要关注CL中的灾难性遗忘现象,本文根据稳定性与可塑性机制的宏观视角来调查CL。类似于生物对应物,“智能”AI代理商应该是I)记住以前学到的信息(信息回流); ii)不断推断新信息(信息浏览:); iii)转移有用的信息(信息转移),以实现高级CL。根据分类学,评估度量,算法,应用以及一些打开问题。我们的主要贡献涉及I)从人工综合情报层面重新检查CL; ii)在CL主题提供详细和广泛的概述; iii)提出一些关于CL潜在发展的新颖思路。
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我们探索无任务持续学习(CL),其中培训模型以避免在没有明确的任务边界或身份的情况下造成灾难性的遗忘。在无任务CL上的许多努力中,一个值得注意的方法是基于内存的,存储和重放训练示例的子集。然而,由于CL模型不断更新,所以存储的示例的效用可以随时间缩短。这里,我们提出基于梯度的存储器编辑(GMED),该框架是通过梯度更新在连续输入空间中编辑存储的示例的框架,以便为重放创建更多的“具有挑战性”示例。 GMED编辑的例子仍然类似于其未编辑的形式,但可以在即将到来的模型更新中产生增加的损失,从而使未来的重播在克服灾难性遗忘方面更有效。通过施工,GMED可以与其他基于内存的CL算法一起无缝应用,以进一步改进。实验验证了GMED的有效性,以及我们最好的方法显着优于基线和以前的五个数据集中的最先进。可以在https://github.com/ink-usc/gmed找到代码。
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Artificial neural networks thrive in solving the classification problem for a particular rigid task, acquiring knowledge through generalized learning behaviour from a distinct training phase. The resulting network resembles a static entity of knowledge, with endeavours to extend this knowledge without targeting the original task resulting in a catastrophic forgetting. Continual learning shifts this paradigm towards networks that can continually accumulate knowledge over different tasks without the need to retrain from scratch. We focus on task incremental classification, where tasks arrive sequentially and are delineated by clear boundaries. Our main contributions concern (1) a taxonomy and extensive overview of the state-of-the-art; (2) a novel framework to continually determine the stability-plasticity trade-off of the continual learner; (3) a comprehensive experimental comparison of 11 state-of-the-art continual learning methods and 4 baselines. We empirically scrutinize method strengths and weaknesses on three benchmarks, considering Tiny Imagenet and large-scale unbalanced iNaturalist and a sequence of recognition datasets. We study the influence of model capacity, weight decay and dropout regularization, and the order in which the tasks are presented, and qualitatively compare methods in terms of required memory, computation time and storage.
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人类智慧的主食是以不断的方式获取知识的能力。在Stark对比度下,深网络忘记灾难性,而且为此原因,类增量连续学习促进方法的子字段逐步学习一系列任务,将顺序获得的知识混合成综合预测。这项工作旨在评估和克服我们以前提案黑暗体验重播(Der)的陷阱,这是一种简单有效的方法,将排练和知识蒸馏结合在一起。灵感来自于我们的思想不断重写过去的回忆和对未来的期望,我们赋予了我的能力,即我的能力来修改其重播记忆,以欢迎有关过去数据II的新信息II)为学习尚未公开的课程铺平了道路。我们表明,这些策略的应用导致了显着的改进;实际上,得到的方法 - 被称为扩展-DAR(X-DER) - 优于标准基准(如CiFar-100和MiniimAgeNet)的技术状态,并且这里引入了一个新颖的。为了更好地了解,我们进一步提供了广泛的消融研究,以证实并扩展了我们以前研究的结果(例如,在持续学习设置中知识蒸馏和漂流最小值的价值)。
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We motivate Energy-Based Models (EBMs) as a promising model class for continual learning problems. Instead of tackling continual learning via the use of external memory, growing models, or regularization, EBMs change the underlying training objective to cause less interference with previously learned information. Our proposed version of EBMs for continual learning is simple, efficient, and outperforms baseline methods by a large margin on several benchmarks. Moreover, our proposed contrastive divergence-based training objective can be combined with other continual learning methods, resulting in substantial boosts in their performance. We further show that EBMs are adaptable to a more general continual learning setting where the data distribution changes without the notion of explicitly delineated tasks. These observations point towards EBMs as a useful building block for future continual learning methods.
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根据互补学习系统(CLS)理论〜\ cite {mcclelland1995there}在神经科学中,人类通过两个补充系统有效\ emph {持续学习}:一种快速学习系统,以海马为中心,用于海马,以快速学习细节,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验,个人体验的快速学习, ;以及位于新皮层中的缓慢学习系统,以逐步获取有关环境的结构化知识。在该理论的激励下,我们提出\ emph {dualnets}(对于双网络),这是一个一般的持续学习框架,该框架包括一个快速学习系统,用于监督从特定任务和慢速学习系统中的模式分离代表学习,用于表示任务的慢学习系统 - 不可知论的一般代表通过自我监督学习(SSL)。双网符可以无缝地将两种表示类型纳入整体框架中,以促进在深层神经网络中更好地持续学习。通过广泛的实验,我们在各种持续的学习协议上展示了双网络的有希望的结果,从标准离线,任务感知设置到具有挑战性的在线,无任务的场景。值得注意的是,在Ctrl〜 \ Cite {veniat2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021- coite {ostapenko2021-continual}的基准中。此外,我们进行了全面的消融研究,以验证双nets功效,鲁棒性和可伸缩性。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/phquang/dualnet}上公开获得。
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恶意软件(恶意软件)分类为持续学习(CL)制度提供了独特的挑战,这是由于每天收到的新样本的数量以及恶意软件的发展以利用新漏洞。在典型的一天中,防病毒供应商将获得数十万个独特的软件,包括恶意和良性,并且在恶意软件分类器的一生中,有超过十亿个样品很容易积累。鉴于问题的规模,使用持续学习技术的顺序培训可以在减少培训和存储开销方面提供可观的好处。但是,迄今为止,还没有对CL应用于恶意软件分类任务的探索。在本文中,我们研究了11种应用于三个恶意软件任务的CL技术,涵盖了常见的增量学习方案,包括任务,类和域增量学习(IL)。具体而言,使用两个现实的大规模恶意软件数据集,我们评估了CL方法在二进制恶意软件分类(domain-il)和多类恶意软件家庭分类(Task-IL和类IL)任务上的性能。令我们惊讶的是,在几乎所有情况下,持续的学习方法显着不足以使训练数据的幼稚关节重播 - 在某些情况下,将精度降低了70个百分点以上。与关节重播相比,有选择性重播20%的存储数据的一种简单方法可以实现更好的性能,占训练时间的50%。最后,我们讨论了CL技术表现出乎意料差的潜在原因,希望它激发进一步研究在恶意软件分类域中更有效的技术。
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持续学习旨在通过以在线学习方式利用过去获得的知识,同时能够在所有以前的任务上表现良好,从而学习一系列任务,这对人工智能(AI)系统至关重要,因此持续学习与传统学习模式相比,更适合大多数现实和复杂的应用方案。但是,当前的模型通常在每个任务上的类标签上学习一个通用表示基础,并选择有效的策略来避免灾难性的遗忘。我们假设,仅从获得的知识中选择相关且有用的零件比利用整个知识更有效。基于这一事实,在本文中,我们提出了一个新框架,名为“选择相关的在线持续学习知识(SRKOCL),该框架结合了一种额外的有效频道注意机制,以选择每个任务的特定相关知识。我们的模型还结合了经验重播和知识蒸馏,以避免灾难性的遗忘。最后,在不同的基准上进行了广泛的实验,竞争性实验结果表明,我们提出的SRKOCL是针对最先进的承诺方法。
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Online continual learning (OCL) aims to enable model learning from a non-stationary data stream to continuously acquire new knowledge as well as retain the learnt one, under the constraints of having limited system size and computational cost, in which the main challenge comes from the "catastrophic forgetting" issue -- the inability to well remember the learnt knowledge while learning the new ones. With the specific focus on the class-incremental OCL scenario, i.e. OCL for classification, the recent advance incorporates the contrastive learning technique for learning more generalised feature representation to achieve the state-of-the-art performance but is still unable to fully resolve the catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we follow the strategy of adopting contrastive learning but further introduce the semantically distinct augmentation technique, in which it leverages strong augmentation to generate more data samples, and we show that considering these samples semantically different from their original classes (thus being related to the out-of-distribution samples) in the contrastive learning mechanism contributes to alleviate forgetting and facilitate model stability. Moreover, in addition to contrastive learning, the typical classification mechanism and objective (i.e. softmax classifier and cross-entropy loss) are included in our model design for faster convergence and utilising the label information, but particularly equipped with a sampling strategy to tackle the tendency of favouring the new classes (i.e. model bias towards the recently learnt classes). Upon conducting extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Mini-Imagenet datasets, our proposed method is shown to achieve superior performance against various baselines.
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持续学习(CL)旨在制定模仿人类能力顺序学习新任务的能力,同时能够保留从过去经验获得的知识。在本文中,我们介绍了内存约束在线连续学习(MC-OCL)的新问题,这对存储器开销对可能算法可以用于避免灾难性遗忘的记忆开销。最多,如果不是全部,之前的CL方法违反了这些约束,我们向MC-OCL提出了一种算法解决方案:批量蒸馏(BLD),基于正则化的CL方法,有效地平衡了稳定性和可塑性,以便学习数据流,同时保留通过蒸馏解决旧任务的能力。我们在三个公开的基准测试中进行了广泛的实验评估,经验证明我们的方法成功地解决了MC-OCL问题,并实现了需要更高内存开销的先前蒸馏方法的可比准确性。
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一组复杂的机制促进了大脑中的持续学习(CL)。这包括用于整合信息的多个内存系统的相互作用,如互补学习系统(CLS)理论和突触巩固,以保护获得的知识免受擦除。因此,我们提出了一种通用CL方法,该方法在突触巩固和双重记忆体验重播(Synergy)之间产生协同作用。我们的方法保持语义记忆,该记忆积累并巩固了整个任务中的信息,并与情节内存进行交互以有效重播。它通过跟踪训练轨迹期间参数的重要性并将其固定在语义内存中的巩固参数中,进一步采用了突触巩固。据我们所知,我们的研究是第一个与突触合并一起使用双重记忆体验重播的,该合并适用于一般CL,网络在培训或推理过程中不利用任务边界或任务标签。我们对各种具有挑战性的CL情景和特征分析的评估表明,将突触巩固和CLS理论纳入启用DNN中的有效CL的功效。
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在线持续学习(OCL)旨在通过单个通过数据从非平稳数据流进行逐步训练神经网络。基于彩排的方法试图用少量的内存近似观察到的输入分布,并以后重新审视它们以避免忘记。尽管具有强烈的经验表现,但排练方法仍然遭受了过去数据损失景观和记忆样本的差异。本文重新讨论了在线设置中的排练动态。我们从偏见和动态的经验风险最小化的角度从固有的内存过度拟合风险中提供了理论见解,并检查重复排练的优点和限制。受我们的分析的启发,一个简单而直观的基线,重复的增强彩排(RAR)旨在解决在线彩排的拟合不足的困境。令人惊讶的是,在四个相当不同的OCL基准测试中,这种简单的基线表现优于香草排练9%-17%,并且显着改善了基于最新的彩排方法miR,ASER和SCR。我们还证明,RAR成功地实现了过去数据的损失格局和其学习轨迹中的高损失山脊厌恶的准确近似。进行了广泛的消融研究,以研究重复和增强彩排和增强学习(RL)之间的相互作用(RL),以动态调整RAR的超参数以平衡在线稳定性 - 塑性权衡折衷。
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Continual Learning is considered a key step toward next-generation Artificial Intelligence. Among various methods, replay-based approaches that maintain and replay a small episodic memory of previous samples are one of the most successful strategies against catastrophic forgetting. However, since forgetting is inevitable given bounded memory and unbounded tasks, how to forget is a problem continual learning must address. Therefore, beyond simply avoiding catastrophic forgetting, an under-explored issue is how to reasonably forget while ensuring the merits of human memory, including 1. storage efficiency, 2. generalizability, and 3. some interpretability. To achieve these simultaneously, our paper proposes a new saliency-augmented memory completion framework for continual learning, inspired by recent discoveries in memory completion separation in cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, we innovatively propose to store the part of the image most important to the tasks in episodic memory by saliency map extraction and memory encoding. When learning new tasks, previous data from memory are inpainted by an adaptive data generation module, which is inspired by how humans complete episodic memory. The module's parameters are shared across all tasks and it can be jointly trained with a continual learning classifier as bilevel optimization. Extensive experiments on several continual learning and image classification benchmarks demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness and efficiency.
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持续的学习方法努力减轻灾难性遗忘(CF),在学习新任务时,从以前学习的任务中丢失了知识。在这些算法中,有些在训练时维护以前任务中的样本子集。这些样本称为内存。这些方法表现出出色的性能,同时在概念上简单易于实现。然而,尽管它们很受欢迎,但几乎没有做任何事情来理解要包含在记忆中的元素。当前,这种记忆通常是通过随机抽样填充的,没有指导原则可以有助于保留以前的知识。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个基于称为一致性意识采样(CAWS)的样本的学习一致性的标准。该标准优先考虑通过深网更容易学习的样本。我们对三种不同的基于内存的方法进行研究:AGEM,GDUMB和经验重播,在MNIST,CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100数据集上。我们表明,使用最一致的元素在受到计算预算的约束时会产生性能提高;如果在没有这种约束的情况下,随机抽样是一个强大的基线。但是,在经验重播上使用CAWS可以改善随机基线的性能。最后,我们表明CAWS取得了与流行的内存选择方法相似的结果,同时需要大大减少计算资源。
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