Calorimeter shower simulations are often the bottleneck in simulation time for particle physics detectors. A lot of effort is currently spent on optimizing generative architectures for specific detector geometries, which generalize poorly. We develop a geometry-aware autoregressive model on a range of calorimeter geometries such that the model learns to adapt its energy deposition depending on the size and position of the cells. This is a key proof-of-concept step towards building a model that can generalize to new unseen calorimeter geometries with little to no additional training. Such a model can replace the hundreds of generative models used for calorimeter simulation in a Large Hadron Collider experiment. For the study of future detectors, such a model will dramatically reduce the large upfront investment usually needed to generate simulations.
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基于分数的生成模型是一类新的生成算法,即使在高维空间中也可以产生逼真的图像,目前超过其他基准类别和应用程序的其他最新模型。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Caloscore,这是一种基于分数的生成模型,用于对量热计淋浴的应用。使用快速热量量表模拟挑战2022数据集研究了三个不同的扩散模型。Caloscore是基于分数的生成模型在对撞机物理学中的第一个应用,并且能够为所有数据集生成高保真量热计图像,为热量计淋浴模拟提供了替代范式。
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我们描述了作为黑暗机器倡议和LES Houches 2019年物理学研讨会进行的数据挑战的结果。挑战的目标是使用无监督机器学习算法检测LHC新物理学的信号。首先,我们提出了如何实现异常分数以在LHC搜索中定义独立于模型的信号区域。我们定义并描述了一个大型基准数据集,由> 10亿美元的Muton-Proton碰撞,其中包含> 10亿美元的模拟LHC事件组成。然后,我们在数据挑战的背景下审查了各种异常检测和密度估计算法,我们在一组现实分析环境中测量了它们的性能。我们绘制了一些有用的结论,可以帮助开发无监督的新物理搜索在LHC的第三次运行期间,并为我们的基准数据集提供用于HTTPS://www.phenomldata.org的未来研究。重现分析的代码在https://github.com/bostdiek/darkmachines-unsupervisedChallenge提供。
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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Autoregressive models are among the best performing neural density estimators. We describe an approach for increasing the flexibility of an autoregressive model, based on modelling the random numbers that the model uses internally when generating data. By constructing a stack of autoregressive models, each modelling the random numbers of the next model in the stack, we obtain a type of normalizing flow suitable for density estimation, which we call Masked Autoregressive Flow. This type of flow is closely related to Inverse Autoregressive Flow and is a generalization of Real NVP. Masked Autoregressive Flow achieves state-of-the-art performance in a range of general-purpose density estimation tasks.
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我们呈现Turbo-SIM,是可以用作生成模型的信息理论原理的广义自动统计学框架。通过最大化输入和编码器和解码器的输出之间的相互信息,我们能够重新发现通常在对手自身额外的损失术语和生成的对抗网络中发现的损失术语,以及各种更复杂的相关模型。我们的广义框架使这些模型在数学上解释,通过分别设置每个损失项的重量来允许新的新功能。该框架还与编码器的内在架构和解码器无关,因此为整个网络的构建块留下了广泛的选择。我们将Turbo-SIM应用于碰撞机物理生成问题:在实验中检测到检测后,在碰撞之后,在碰撞之后的理论空间,在观察空间之后,从理论空间转换几个粒子的性质。
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In this article, we use artificial intelligence algorithms to show how to enhance the resolution of the elementary particle track fitting in inhomogeneous dense detectors, such as plastic scintillators. We use deep learning to replace more traditional Bayesian filtering methods, drastically improving the reconstruction of the interacting particle kinematics. We show that a specific form of neural network, inherited from the field of natural language processing, is very close to the concept of a Bayesian filter that adopts a hyper-informative prior. Such a paradigm change can influence the design of future particle physics experiments and their data exploitation.
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Practical applications of mechanical metamaterials often involve solving inverse problems where the objective is to find the (multiple) microarchitectures that give rise to a given set of properties. The limited resolution of additive manufacturing techniques often requires solving such inverse problems for specific sizes. One should, therefore, find multiple microarchitectural designs that exhibit the desired properties for a specimen with given dimensions. Moreover, the candidate microarchitectures should be resistant to fatigue and fracture, meaning that peak stresses should be minimized as well. Such a multi-objective inverse design problem is formidably difficult to solve but its solution is the key to real-world applications of mechanical metamaterials. Here, we propose a modular approach titled 'Deep-DRAM' that combines four decoupled models, including two deep learning models (DLM), a deep generative model (DGM) based on conditional variational autoencoders (CVAE), and direct finite element (FE) simulations. Deep-DRAM (deep learning for the design of random-network metamaterials) integrates these models into a unified framework capable of finding many solutions to the multi-objective inverse design problem posed here. The integrated framework first introduces the desired elastic properties to the DGM, which returns a set of candidate designs. The candidate designs, together with the target specimen dimensions are then passed to the DLM which predicts their actual elastic properties considering the specimen size. After a filtering step based on the closeness of the actual properties to the desired ones, the last step uses direct FE simulations to identify the designs with the minimum peak stresses.
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我们使用深度学习介绍了一种用于识别超高能量宇宙射线的大规模组成的新方法。该方法的关键思想是使用两个神经网络的链。第一网络预测各个事件的主要粒子的类型,而第二个是次数的群体组成。我们将此方法应用于望远镜阵列表面检测器读数的Monte-Carlo数据,在此,其产生的4%近似的前所未有的低误差为7%。统计误差显示到系统的一个与用于模拟的幂声相互作用模型的选择相关的系统。
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虽然扩散概率模型可以产生高质量的图像内容,但仍然存在高分辨率图像的关键限制及其相关的高计算要求。最近的矢量量化图像模型已经克服了图像分辨率的这种限制,而是通过从之前的元素 - 明智的自回归采样生成令牌时,这是对图像分辨率的速度和单向的。相比之下,在本文中,我们提出了一种新的离散扩散概率模型,其通过使用无约束的变压器架构作为骨干来支持矢量量化令牌的并行预测。在培训期间,令牌以订单不可知的方式随机掩盖,变压器学会预测原始令牌。这种矢量量化令牌预测的并行性反过来促进了在计算费用的一小部分下的全球一致的高分辨率和多样性图像的无条件生成。以这种方式,我们可以产生超过原始训练集样本的图像分辨率,而另外提供每个图像似然估计(从生成的对抗方法的差点)。我们的方法在密度方面实现了最先进的结果(Lsun卧室:1.51; Lsun Churches:1.12; FFHQ:1.20)和覆盖范围(Lsun卧室:0.83; Lsun Churches:0.73; FFHQ:0.80),并执行竞争对手(LSUN卧室:3.64; LSUN教堂:4.07; FFHQ:6.11)在计算和减少训练套件要求方面提供优势。
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超材料是复合材料,具有工程化几何微观和中间结构,可以导致罕见的物理性质,如负泊松的比例或超低剪切电阻。周期性超材料由重复单元 - 细胞组成,并且这些单元电池内的几何图案影响弹性或声波和控制分散的传播。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种新的可解释,多分辨率的机器学习框架,用于在揭示其动态特性的材料的单元单元中查找模式。具体而言,我们提出了两个新的超材料的新可解释表示,称为形状频率特征和单元 - 单元格模板。使用这些要素类构建的机器学习模型可以准确地预测动态材料属性。这些特征表示(特别是单个单元格模板)具有有用的属性:它们可以在更高分辨率的设计上运行。通过学习可以通过形状频率特征或单元 - 单元模板可靠地传送到更精细的分辨率设计空间的关键粗略尺度模式,我们几乎可以自由地设计单元单元的精细分辨率特征而不改变粗略级别物理。通过这种多分辨率方法,我们能够设计具有目标频率范围的材料,其中允许或不允许波传播(频率带盖)。我们的方法产生了重大好处:(1)与材料科学的典型机器学习方法不同,我们的模型是可解释的,(2)我们的方法利用多分辨率属性,(3)我们的方法提供了设计灵活性。
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Generative adversarial networks are a promising tool for image generation in the astronomy domain. Of particular interest are conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs), which allow you to divide images into several classes according to the value of some property of the image, and then specify the required class when generating new images. In the case of images from Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), an important property is the total brightness of all image pixels (image size), which is in direct correlation with the energy of primary particles. We used a cGAN technique to generate images similar to whose obtained in the TAIGA-IACT experiment. As a training set, we used a set of two-dimensional images generated using the TAIGA Monte Carlo simulation software. We artificiallly divided the training set into 10 classes, sorting images by size and defining the boundaries of the classes so that the same number of images fall into each class. These classes were used while training our network. The paper shows that for each class, the size distribution of the generated images is close to normal with the mean value located approximately in the middle of the corresponding class. We also show that for the generated images, the total image size distribution obtained by summing the distributions over all classes is close to the original distribution of the training set. The results obtained will be useful for more accurate generation of realistic synthetic images similar to the ones taken by IACTs.
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The unfolding of detector effects is crucial for the comparison of data to theory predictions. While traditional methods are limited to representing the data in a low number of dimensions, machine learning has enabled new unfolding techniques while retaining the full dimensionality. Generative networks like invertible neural networks~(INN) enable a probabilistic unfolding, which map individual events to their corresponding unfolded probability distribution. The accuracy of such methods is however limited by how well simulated training samples model the actual data that is unfolded. We introduce the iterative conditional INN~(IcINN) for unfolding that adjusts for deviations between simulated training samples and data. The IcINN unfolding is first validated on toy data and then applied to pseudo-data for the $pp \to Z \gamma \gamma$ process.
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数据和标签的联合分布的KL差异目标允许在随机变异推断的一个保护伞下统一监督的学习和变异自动编码器(VAE)。统一激发了扩展的监督方案,该方案允许计算神经网络模型的合适性P值。通过神经网络摊销的条件归一化流在这种结构中至关重要。我们讨论了它们如何允许在产品空间上共同定义的后代定义的覆盖范围,例如$ \ mathbb {r}^n \ times \ times \ mathcal {s}^m $,它包含在方向上的海报。最后,系统的不确定性自然包含在变化观点中。在经典的可能性方法或其他机器学习模型中,(1)系统,(2)覆盖范围和(3)拟合优度的成分通常并非全部可用,或者至少有一个受到严格限制。相比之下,拟议的扩展监督培训和摊销标准化流量可容纳所有三个,用于在产品空间上定义的任意统计分布的变异推理,例如$ \ mathbb {r}^n \ times \ times \ ldots \ ldots \ times \ times \ mathcal {s}^m {s}^m $,没有基本数据复杂性的基本障碍。因此,它具有当代(Astro-)粒子物理学家的统计工具箱的巨大潜力。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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放射造影通常用于探测动态系统中的复杂,不断发展的密度字段,以便在潜在的物理学中实现进入洞察力。该技术已用于许多领域,包括材料科学,休克物理,惯性监禁融合和其他国家安全应用。然而,在许多这些应用中,噪声,散射,复杂光束动力学等的并发症防止了密度的重建足以足以识别具有足够置信度的底层物理。因此,来自静态/动态射线照相的密度重建通常限于在许多这些应用中识别诸如裂缝和空隙的不连续特征。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种从基本上重建密度的基本上新的射线照片序列的密度。仅使用射线照相识别的稳健特征,我们将它们与使用机器学习方法的底层流体动力方程组合,即条件生成对冲网络(CGAN),以从射线照片的动态序列确定密度字段。接下来,我们寻求通过参数估计和投影的过程进一步提高ML的密度重建的流体动力学一致性,并进入流体动力歧管。在这种情况下,我们注意到,训练数据给出的流体动力歧管在被认为的参数空间中给出的测试数据是用于预测的稳定性的诊断,并用于增强培训数据库,期望后者将进一步降低未来的密度重建错误。最后,我们展示了这种方法优于传统的射线照相重建在捕获允许的流体动力学路径中的能力,即使存在相对少量的散射。
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机器学习在加强和加速寻求新基本物理学方面发挥着至关重要的作用。我们审查了新物理学的机器学习方法和应用中,在地面高能量物理实验的背景下,包括大型强子撞机,罕见的事件搜索和中微生实验。虽然机器学习在这些领域拥有悠久的历史,但深入学习革命(2010年代初)就研究的范围和雄心而产生了定性转变。这些现代化的机器学习发展是本综述的重点。
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大量数据集和高容量模型推动了计算机视觉和自然语言理解方面的许多最新进步。这项工作提出了一个平台,可以在体现的AI中实现类似的成功案例。我们提出了Procthor,这是一个程序生成体现的AI环境的框架。 Procthor使我们能够采样多种,交互式,可自定义和性能的虚拟环境的任意大型数据集,以训练和评估在导航,互动和操纵任务中的体现代理。我们通过10,000个生成的房屋和简单的神经模型的样本来证明procthor的能力和潜力。仅在Procthor上仅使用RGB图像训练的模型,没有明确的映射,并且没有人类任务监督在6个体现的AI基准中产生最先进的结果,用于导航,重排和手臂操纵,包括目前正在运行的Habitat 2022,AI2-- Thor重新安排2022,以及机器人挑战。我们还通过对procthor进行预训练,在下游基准测试上没有进行微调,通常会击败以前的最先进的系统,从而访问下游训练数据。
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我们为3D形状生成(称为SDF-Stylegan)提供了一种基于stylegan2的深度学习方法,目的是降低生成形状和形状集合之间的视觉和几何差异。我们将stylegan2扩展到3D世代,并利用隐式签名的距离函数(SDF)作为3D形状表示,并引入了两个新颖的全球和局部形状鉴别器,它们区分了真实和假的SDF值和梯度,以显着提高形状的几何形状和视觉质量。我们进一步补充了基于阴影图像的FR \'Echet Inception距离(FID)分数的3D生成模型的评估指标,以更好地评估生成形状的视觉质量和形状分布。对形状生成的实验证明了SDF-Stylegan比最先进的表现出色。我们进一步证明了基于GAN倒置的各种任务中SDF-Stylegan的功效,包括形状重建,部分点云的形状完成,基于单图像的形状形状生成以及形状样式编辑。广泛的消融研究证明了我们框架设计的功效。我们的代码和训练有素的模型可在https://github.com/zhengxinyang/sdf-stylegan上找到。
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We investigate how neural networks (NNs) understand physics using 1D quantum mechanics. After training an NN to accurately predict energy eigenvalues from potentials, we used it to confirm the NN's understanding of physics from four different aspects. The trained NN could predict energy eigenvalues of different kinds of potentials than the ones learned, predict the probability distribution of the existence of particles not used during training, reproduce untrained physical phenomena, and predict the energy eigenvalues of potentials with an unknown matter effect. These results show that NNs can learn physical laws from experimental data, predict the results of experiments under conditions different from those used for training, and predict physical quantities of types not provided during training. Because NNs understand physics in a different way than humans, they will be a powerful tool for advancing physics by complementing the human way of understanding.
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