We present a probabilistic model for point cloud generation, which is fundamental for various 3D vision tasks such as shape completion, upsampling, synthesis and data augmentation. Inspired by the diffusion process in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we view points in point clouds as particles in a thermodynamic system in contact with a heat bath, which diffuse from the original distribution to a noise distribution. Point cloud generation thus amounts to learning the reverse diffusion process that transforms the noise distribution to the distribution of a desired shape. Specifically, we propose to model the reverse diffusion process for point clouds as a Markov chain conditioned on certain shape latent. We derive the variational bound in closed form for training and provide implementations of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves competitive performance in point cloud generation and auto-encoding. The code is available at https://github.com/luost26/diffusionpoint-cloud.
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allows us to train our model in the variational inference framework. Empirically, we demonstrate that PointFlow achieves state-of-the-art performance in point cloud generation. We additionally show that our model can faithfully reconstruct point clouds and learn useful representations in an unsupervised manner. The code is available at https: //github.com/stevenygd/PointFlow.
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最近归一化流量(NFS)在建模3D点云上已经证明了最先进的性能,同时允许在推理时间以任意分辨率进行采样。然而,这些基于流的模型仍然需要长期训练时间和大型模型来代表复杂的几何形状。这项工作通过将NFS的混合物应用于点云来增强它们的代表性。我们展示在更普遍的框架中,每个组件都学会专门以完全无监督的方式专门化对象的特定子区域。通过将每个混合组件与相对小的NF实例化,我们通过更好的细节生成点云,而与基于单流量的模型相比,使用较少的参数,并且大大减少推理运行时。我们进一步证明通过添加数据增强,各个混合组件可以学习以语义有意义的方式专注。基于ShapEnet​​ DataSet评估NFS对生成,自动编码和单视重建的混合物。
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Diffusion models have shown great promise for image generation, beating GANs in terms of generation diversity, with comparable image quality. However, their application to 3D shapes has been limited to point or voxel representations that can in practice not accurately represent a 3D surface. We propose a diffusion model for neural implicit representations of 3D shapes that operates in the latent space of an auto-decoder. This allows us to generate diverse and high quality 3D surfaces. We additionally show that we can condition our model on images or text to enable image-to-3D generation and text-to-3D generation using CLIP embeddings. Furthermore, adding noise to the latent codes of existing shapes allows us to explore shape variations.
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Generative models, as an important family of statistical modeling, target learning the observed data distribution via generating new instances. Along with the rise of neural networks, deep generative models, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs) and generative adversarial network (GANs), have made tremendous progress in 2D image synthesis. Recently, researchers switch their attentions from the 2D space to the 3D space considering that 3D data better aligns with our physical world and hence enjoys great potential in practice. However, unlike a 2D image, which owns an efficient representation (i.e., pixel grid) by nature, representing 3D data could face far more challenges. Concretely, we would expect an ideal 3D representation to be capable enough to model shapes and appearances in details, and to be highly efficient so as to model high-resolution data with fast speed and low memory cost. However, existing 3D representations, such as point clouds, meshes, and recent neural fields, usually fail to meet the above requirements simultaneously. In this survey, we make a thorough review of the development of 3D generation, including 3D shape generation and 3D-aware image synthesis, from the perspectives of both algorithms and more importantly representations. We hope that our discussion could help the community track the evolution of this field and further spark some innovative ideas to advance this challenging task.
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扩散模型是一类深入生成模型,在具有密集理论建立的各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的结果。尽管与其他最先进的模型相比,扩散模型的样本合成质量和多样性令人印象深刻,但它们仍然遭受了昂贵的抽样程序和次优可能的估计。最近的研究表明,对提高扩散模型的性能的热情非常热情。在本文中,我们对扩散模型的现有变体进行了首次全面综述。具体而言,我们提供了扩散模型的第一个分类法,并将它们分类为三种类型,即采样加速增强,可能性最大化的增强和数据将来增强。我们还详细介绍了其他五个生成模型(即变异自动编码器,生成对抗网络,正常流量,自动回归模型和基于能量的模型),并阐明扩散模型与这些生成模型之间的连接。然后,我们对扩散模型的应用进行彻底研究,包括计算机视觉,自然语言处理,波形信号处理,多模式建模,分子图生成,时间序列建模和对抗性纯化。此外,我们提出了与这种生成模型的发展有关的新观点。
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Point Cloud升级旨在从给定的稀疏中产生密集的点云,这是一项具有挑战性的任务,这是由于点集的不规则和无序的性质。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新型的基于深度学习的模型,称为PU-Flow,该模型结合了正常的流量和权重预测技术,以产生均匀分布在基础表面上的致密点。具体而言,我们利用标准化流的可逆特征来转换欧几里得和潜在空间之间的点,并将UPSMPLING过程作为潜在空间中相邻点的集合,从本地几何环境中自适应地学习。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法具有竞争力,并且在大多数测试用例中,它在重建质量,近距到表面的准确性和计算效率方面的表现优于最先进的方法。源代码将在https://github.com/unknownue/pu-flow上公开获得。
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标准化流(NFS)是灵活的显式生成模型,已被证明可以准确地对复杂的现实世界数据分布进行建模。但是,它们的可逆性限制对存在于嵌入较高维空间中的较低维歧管上的数据分布施加局限性。实际上,这种缺点通常通过在影响生成样品质量的数据中添加噪声来绕过。与先前的工作相反,我们通过从原始数据分布中生成样品来解决此问题,并有有关扰动分布和噪声模型的全部知识。为此,我们确定对受扰动数据训练的NFS隐式表示最大可能性区域中的歧管。然后,我们提出了一个优化目标,该目标从扰动分布中恢复了歧管上最有可能的点。最后,我们专注于我们利用NFS的明确性质的3D点云,即从对数似然梯度中提取的表面正态和对数类样本本身,将Poisson表面重建应用于精炼生成的点集。
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DeNoising扩散模型代表了计算机视觉中最新的主题,在生成建模领域表现出了显着的结果。扩散模型是一个基于两个阶段的深层生成模型,一个正向扩散阶段和反向扩散阶段。在正向扩散阶段,通过添加高斯噪声,输入数据在几个步骤中逐渐受到干扰。在反向阶段,模型的任务是通过学习逐步逆转扩散过程来恢复原始输入数据。尽管已知的计算负担,即由于采样过程中涉及的步骤数量,扩散模型对生成样品的质量和多样性得到了广泛赞赏。在这项调查中,我们对视觉中应用的denoising扩散模型的文章进行了全面综述,包括该领域的理论和实际贡献。首先,我们识别并介绍了三个通用扩散建模框架,这些框架基于扩散概率模型,噪声调节得分网络和随机微分方程。我们进一步讨论了扩散模型与其他深层生成模型之间的关系,包括变异自动编码器,生成对抗网络,基于能量的模型,自回归模型和正常流量。然后,我们介绍了计算机视觉中应用的扩散模型的多角度分类。最后,我们说明了扩散模型的当前局限性,并设想了一些有趣的未来研究方向。
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深度学习表现出巨大的生成任务潜力。生成模型是可以根据某些隐含参数随机生成观测值的模型类。最近,扩散模型由于其发电能力而成为一类生成模型。如今,已经取得了巨大的成就。除了计算机视觉,语音产生,生物信息学和自然语言处理外,还需要在该领域探索更多应用。但是,扩散模型具有缓慢生成过程的自然缺点,从而导致许多增强的作品。该调查总结了扩散模型的领域。我们首先说明了两项具有里程碑意义的作品的主要问题-DDPM和DSM。然后,我们提供各种高级技术,以加快扩散模型 - 训练时间表,无训练采样,混合模型以及得分和扩散统一。关于现有模型,我们还根据特定的NFE提供了FID得分的基准和NLL。此外,引入了带有扩散模型的应用程序,包括计算机视觉,序列建模,音频和科学AI。最后,该领域以及局限性和进一步的方向都进行了摘要。
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从扫描设备获得的点云通常受到噪声的扰动,这会影响下游任务,例如表面重建和分析。嘈杂的点云的分布可以看作是一组无噪声样品的分布$ p(x)$与某些噪声模型$ n $卷积,导致$(p * n)(x)$,其模式是基础干净的表面。为了确定嘈杂的点云,我们建议通过梯度上升将每个点的日志样本从$ p * n $增加 - 迭代更新每个点的位置。由于$ p * n $在测试时间是未知的,因此我们只需要分数(即对数概率函数的梯度)来执行梯度上升,因此我们提出了一个神经网络体系结构来估计分数$ P *。 n $仅给出嘈杂的点云作为输入。我们得出了训练网络并开发估计分数利用的非授权算法的目标函数。实验表明,所提出的模型在各种噪声模型下都优于最先进的方法,并显示了应用于其他任务(例如点云上采样)的潜力。该代码可在\ url {https://github.com/luost26/score-denoise}中获得。
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Diffusion models have emerged as a powerful tool for point cloud generation. A key component that drives the impressive performance for generating high-quality samples from noise is iteratively denoise for thousands of steps. While beneficial, the complexity of learning steps has limited its applications to many 3D real-world. To address this limitation, we propose Point Straight Flow (PSF), a model that exhibits impressive performance using one step. Our idea is based on the reformulation of the standard diffusion model, which optimizes the curvy learning trajectory into a straight path. Further, we develop a distillation strategy to shorten the straight path into one step without a performance loss, enabling applications to 3D real-world with latency constraints. We perform evaluations on multiple 3D tasks and find that our PSF performs comparably to the standard diffusion model, outperforming other efficient 3D point cloud generation methods. On real-world applications such as point cloud completion and training-free text-guided generation in a low-latency setup, PSF performs favorably.
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点云降级旨在从噪音和异常值损坏的原始观察结果中恢复清洁点云,同时保留细粒细节。我们提出了一种新型的基于深度学习的DeNoising模型,该模型结合了正常的流量和噪声解散技术,以实现高降解精度。与提取点云特征以进行点校正的现有作品不同,我们从分布学习和特征分离的角度制定了denoising过程。通过将嘈杂的点云视为清洁点和噪声的联合分布,可以从将噪声对应物从潜在点表示中解​​散出来,而欧几里得和潜在空间之间的映射是通过标准化流量来建模的。我们评估了具有各种噪声设置的合成3D模型和现实世界数据集的方法。定性和定量结果表明,我们的方法表现优于先前的最先进的基于深度学习的方法。
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我们提出了Lidargen,这是一种新型,有效且可控的生成模型,可产生逼真的LIDAR点云感觉读数。我们的方法利用强大的得分匹配基于能量的模型,并将点云生成过程作为随机降解过程在等应角视图中。该模型使我们能够采样具有保证的物理可行性和可控性的多样化和高质量点云样本。我们验证方法对挑战性Kitti-360和Nuscenes数据集的有效性。定量和定性结果表明,与其他生成模型相比,我们的方法产生的样本更现实。此外,LIDARGEN可以在不进行重新培训的情况下在输入上进行样本云。我们证明我们所提出的生成模型可直接用于致密激光点云。我们的代码可在以下网址找到:https://www.zyrianov.org/lidargen/
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Three-dimensional geometric data offer an excellent domain for studying representation learning and generative modeling. In this paper, we look at geometric data represented as point clouds. We introduce a deep AutoEncoder (AE) network with state-of-the-art reconstruction quality and generalization ability. The learned representations outperform existing methods on 3D recognition tasks and enable shape editing via simple algebraic manipulations, such as semantic part editing, shape analogies and shape interpolation, as well as shape completion. We perform a thorough study of different generative models including GANs operating on the raw point clouds, significantly improved GANs trained in the fixed latent space of our AEs, and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs). To quantitatively evaluate generative models we introduce measures of sample fidelity and diversity based on matchings between sets of point clouds. Interestingly, our evaluation of generalization, fidelity and diversity reveals that GMMs trained in the latent space of our AEs yield the best results overall.
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去噪扩散概率模型(DDPMS)在没有对抗性训练的情况下实现了高质量的图像生成,但它们需要模拟Markov链以产生样品的许多步骤。为了加速采样,我们呈现去噪扩散隐式模型(DDIM),更有效的迭代类隐式概率模型,具有与DDPM相同的培训过程。在DDPMS中,生成过程被定义为Markovian扩散过程的反向。我们构建一类导致相同的训练目标的非马尔可瓦夫扩散过程,但其反向过程可能会更快地采样。我们经验证明,与DDPM相比,DDIM可以生产高质量的样本10倍以上$ 50 \时间$ 50 \倍。允许我们缩小对样本质量的计算,并可以直接执行语义有意义的图像插值潜在的空间。
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图表无处不在地编码许多域中现实世界对象的关系信息。图形生成的目的是从类似于观察到的图形的分布中生成新图形,由于深度学习模型的最新进展,人们的关注越来越大。在本文中,我们对现有的图形生成文献进行了全面综述,从各种新兴方法到其广泛的应用领域。具体来说,我们首先提出了深图生成的问题,并与几个相关的图形学习任务讨论了它的差异。其次,我们根据模型架构将最新方法分为三类,并总结其生成策略。第三,我们介绍了深图生成的三个关键应用领域。最后,我们重点介绍了深图生成的未来研究中的挑战和机遇。
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矢量量化变量自动编码器(VQ-VAE)是基于数据的离散潜在表示的生成模型,其中输入映射到有限的学习嵌入式集合。要生成新样品,必须对离散状态进行自动介绍的先验分布。分别地。这一先验通常非常复杂,并导致生成缓慢。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新模型,以同时训练先验和编码器/解码器网络。我们在连续编码的向量和非信息性先验分布之间建立扩散桥。然后将潜在离散状态作为这些连续向量的随机函数。我们表明,我们的模型与迷你imagenet和Cifar数据集的自动回归先验具有竞争力,并且在优化和采样方面都有效。我们的框架还扩展了标准VQ-VAE,并可以启用端到端培训。
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通过扫描真实世界对象或场景采集的3D点云人已经发现了广泛的应用,包括融入式远程呈现,自动驾驶,监视等。它们通常是由噪声扰动或由低密度,这妨碍下游的任务,如表面重建遭受和理解。在本文中,我们提出了点集的二次采样恢复,这获知会聚点朝向下方的表面的点云的连续梯度场的新型范例。特别是,我们表示经由其梯度场点云 - 对数概率密度函数的梯度,和执行梯度场是连续的,这样就保证了模型可解优化的连续性。基于经由提出的神经网络估计出的连续梯度场,重新采样点云量对输入噪声或稀疏的点云执行基于梯度的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)。此外,我们提出了点云恢复,基本上迭代地细化中间重采样点云,并在重采样过程容纳各种先验期间引入正则化到基于梯度的MCMC。大量的实验结果表明,该点集重采样实现了代表恢复工作,包括点云去噪和采样的国家的最先进的性能。
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A central problem in machine learning involves modeling complex data-sets using highly flexible families of probability distributions in which learning, sampling, inference, and evaluation are still analytically or computationally tractable. Here, we develop an approach that simultaneously achieves both flexibility and tractability. The essential idea, inspired by non-equilibrium statistical physics, is to systematically and slowly destroy structure in a data distribution through an iterative forward diffusion process. We then learn a reverse diffusion process that restores structure in data, yielding a highly flexible and tractable generative model of the data. This approach allows us to rapidly learn, sample from, and evaluate probabilities in deep generative models with thousands of layers or time steps, as well as to compute conditional and posterior probabilities under the learned model. We additionally release an open source reference implementation of the algorithm.1. extreme flexibility in model structure, 2. exact sampling,
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