本报告文献近期开发和验证商业建筑的随机占用模式的技术工作，由太平洋西北国家实验室（PNNL）作为传感器影响评估和验证项目下的美国能源部（DOE）建筑技术办公室（BTO）。在本报告中，我们介绍了我们在开发和验证非均质半马尔可夫链模型的工作，以产生商业建筑中的区域级占用存在和入住率的序列。实际数据集用于学习和验证生成占用模型。归一化Jensen-Shannon距离（NJSD）等相关指标用于展示模型表达现实占用行为模式的能力。

Efficient energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals in the era of climate change and grid modernization. Thus, it is vital to understand how energy is consumed at finer resolutions such as household in order to plan demand-response events or analyze the impacts of weather, electricity prices, electric vehicles, solar, and occupancy schedules on energy consumption. However, availability and access to detailed energy-use data, which would enable detailed studies, has been rare. In this paper, we release a unique, large-scale, synthetic, residential energy-use dataset for the residential sector across the contiguous United States covering millions of households. The data comprise of hourly energy use profiles for synthetic households, disaggregated into Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL) and appliance use. The underlying framework is constructed using a bottom-up approach. Diverse open-source surveys and first principles models are used for end-use modeling. Extensive validation of the synthetic dataset has been conducted through comparisons with reported energy-use data. We present a detailed, open, high-resolution, residential energy-use dataset for the United States.

Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is used to maintain a comfortable, secure, and productive environment for the occupants. So, it is crucial that the energy consumption in buildings must be optimized, all the while maintaining satisfactory levels of occupant comfort, health, and safety. Recently, Machine Learning has been proven to be an invaluable tool in deriving important insights from data and optimizing various systems. In this work, we review the ways in which machine learning has been leveraged to make buildings smart and energy-efficient. For the convenience of readers, we provide a brief introduction of several machine learning paradigms and the components and functioning of each smart building system we cover. Finally, we discuss challenges faced while implementing machine learning algorithms in smart buildings and provide future avenues for research at the intersection of smart buildings and machine learning.

Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.

最近的证据表明，SARS-COV-2是2020年导致全球大流行病的病毒，主要经由室内环境中的空气机气溶胶传播。在评估和控制建筑物的室内空气质量（IAQ）时，这需要新颖的策略。 IAQ通常可以通过通风和/或政策来控制以调节人建筑物相互作用。然而，在建筑物中，占用者使用其他方式使用房间，可能并不明显哪种措施或对措施的组合导致成本和能源有效的解决方案，确保整个建筑物的良好IAQ。因此，在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于代理的模拟器，亚拟合，旨在帮助通过估计足够的房间尺寸，通风参数和测试政策的效果来帮助创造新的或适应现有建筑物，同时考虑到IAQ的结果复杂的人建筑物相互作用模式。最近公开的气溶胶模型适于计算每个房间中的时间依赖性二氧化碳（$ CO_2 $）和病毒量子浓度，每天吸入$ CO_2 $和病毒量子，作为生理反应的衡量标准。由于其模块化架构，Archabm对气溶胶模型和建筑布局具有灵活性，这允许实现进一步的模型，任何数字和房间，代理和操作的行动，反映人建筑物交互模式。我们提供了一个基于我们研究中心采用的真正平面计划和工作时间表的用例。本研究表明，先进的仿真工具如何有助于改善建筑物的IAQ，从而确保健康的室内环境。

零售商的主要障碍之一是了解他们可以从合同需求响应（DR）客户期望的消费弹性。零售商提供的DR产品的目前的趋势不是消费者特定的，这对消费者在这些计划中的积极参与的额外障碍带来了额外的障碍。消费者需求行为的弹性因个人而异。该实用程序将从知识中获益，更准确地了解其价格的变化将如何修改其客户的消费模式。这项工作提出了博士签约消费者消费弹性的功能模型。该模型的目的是确定负载调整，消费者可以为不同的价格水平提供给零售商或公用事业。拟议的模型使用贝叶斯概率方法来识别实际的负载调整，单个合同的客户可以提供它可以体验的不同价格水平。发达的框架为零售商或公用事业提供了一个工具，以获得关于个人消费者如何应对不同价格水平的关键信息。这种方法能够量化消费者对DR信号作出反应的可能性，并识别各个合同的博士客户提供的实际负载调整提供他们可以体验的不同价格水平。该信息可用于最大限度地提高零售商或实用程序可以向系统运营商提供的服务的控制和可靠性。

历史流程表现出显着的多样性。尽管如此，学者们长期以来一直试图识别模式，并将历史行动者分类和对一些成功的影响。随机过程框架提供了一种结构化方法，用于分析大型历史数据集，允许检测有时令人惊讶的模式，鉴定内源性和外源对过程的相关因果作用者，以及不同历史案例的比较。随机过程的数据，分析工具和组织理论框架的组合使历史和考古中的传统叙事方法补充了传统的叙事方法。

公共收费站占用预测在开发智能充电策略方面发挥了重要意义，以减少电动车辆（EV）操作员和用户不便。然而，现有研究主要基于具有有限的准确度的传统经济学或时间序列方法。我们提出了一种新的混合长期内记忆神经网络，其包括历史充电状态序列和时间相关的特征，用于多步离散充电占用状态预测。与现有的LSTM网络不同，所提出的模型将不同类型的特征分开，并用混合神经网络架构处理它们。该模型与许多最先进的机器学习和深度学习方法进行了比较，基于从英国邓迪市的开放数据门户网站获得的EV充电数据。结果表明，该方法分别产生非常准确的预测（99.99％和81.87％，分别前进（10分钟）和6个步骤（1小时），优于基准接近的（+ 22.4％）前方预测和6步前方的预测和6.2％）。进行灵敏度分析，以评估模型参数对预测精度的影响。

The cyber-physical convergence is opening up new business opportunities for industrial operators. The need for deep integration of the cyber and the physical worlds establishes a rich business agenda towards consolidating new system and network engineering approaches. This revolution would not be possible without the rich and heterogeneous sources of data, as well as the ability of their intelligent exploitation, mainly due to the fact that data will serve as a fundamental resource to promote Industry 4.0. One of the most fruitful research and practice areas emerging from this data-rich, cyber-physical, smart factory environment is the data-driven process monitoring field, which applies machine learning methodologies to enable predictive maintenance applications. In this paper, we examine popular time series forecasting techniques as well as supervised machine learning algorithms in the applied context of Industry 4.0, by transforming and preprocessing the historical industrial dataset of a packing machine's operational state recordings (real data coming from the production line of a manufacturing plant from the food and beverage domain). In our methodology, we use only a single signal concerning the machine's operational status to make our predictions, without considering other operational variables or fault and warning signals, hence its characterization as ``agnostic''. In this respect, the results demonstrate that the adopted methods achieve a quite promising performance on three targeted use cases.

随着智能建筑应用的增长，住宅建筑中的占用信息变得越来越重要。在智能建筑物的范式的背景下，为了广泛的目的，需要这种信息，包括提高能源效率和乘员舒适性。在这项研究中，使用基于电器技术信息的深度学习实施了住宅建筑中的占用检测。为此，提出了一种新型的智能住宅建筑系统占用方法。通过智能计量系统测量的电器，传感器，光和HVAC的数据集用于模拟。为了对数据集进行分类，使用了支持向量机和自动编码器算法。混淆矩阵用于准确性，精度，召回和F1，以证明所提出的方法在占用检测中的比较性能。拟议的算法使用电器的技术信息达到95.7〜98.4％。为了验证占用检测数据，采用主成分分析和T分布的随机邻居嵌入（T-SNE）算法。通过使用占用检测，智能建筑物中可再生能源系统的功耗降低到11.1〜13.1％。

“轨迹”是指由地理空间中的移动物体产生的迹线，通常由一系列按时间顺序排列的点表示，其中每个点由地理空间坐标集和时间戳组成。位置感应和无线通信技术的快速进步使我们能够收集和存储大量的轨迹数据。因此，许多研究人员使用轨迹数据来分析各种移动物体的移动性。在本文中，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹”，这是指城市交通网络中车辆的轨迹，我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹分析”。城市车辆轨迹分析提供了前所未有的机会，可以了解城市交通网络中的车辆运动模式，包括以用户为中心的旅行经验和系统范围的时空模式。城市车辆轨迹数据的时空特征在结构上相互关联，因此，许多先前的研究人员使用了各种方法来理解这种结构。特别是，由于其强大的函数近似和特征表示能力，深度学习模型是由于许多研究人员的注意。因此，本文的目的是开发基于深度学习的城市车辆轨迹分析模型，以更好地了解城市交通网络的移动模式。特别是，本文重点介绍了两项研究主题，具有很高的必要性，重要性和适用性：下一个位置预测，以及合成轨迹生成。在这项研究中，我们向城市车辆轨迹分析提供了各种新型模型，使用深度学习。

TimeSeries Partitioning是大多数机器学习驱动的传感器的IOT应用程序的重要步骤。本文介绍了一种采样效率，鲁棒，时序分割模型和算法。我们表明，通过基于最大平均差异（MMD）的分割目标来学习特定于分割目标的表示，我们的算法可以鲁布布地检测不同应用程序的时间序列事件。我们的损耗功能允许我们推断是否从相同的分布（空假设）中绘制了连续的样本序列，并确定拒绝零假设的对之间的变化点（即，来自不同的分布）。我们展示了其在基于环境传感的活动识别的实际IOT部署中的适用性。此外，虽然文献中存在许多关于变更点检测的作品，但我们的模型明显更简单，匹配或优于最先进的方法。我们可以平均地在9-93秒内完全培训我们的模型，而在不同应用程序上的数据的差异很小。

A digital twin is defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision-making. Unfortunately, the term remains vague and says little about its capability. Recently, the concept of capability level has been introduced to address this issue. Based on its capability, the concept states that a digital twin can be categorized on a scale from zero to five, referred to as standalone, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, and autonomous, respectively. The current work introduces the concept in the context of the built environment. It demonstrates the concept by using a modern house as a use case. The house is equipped with an array of sensors that collect timeseries data regarding the internal state of the house. Together with physics-based and data-driven models, these data are used to develop digital twins at different capability levels demonstrated in virtual reality. The work, in addition to presenting a blueprint for developing digital twins, also provided future research directions to enhance the technology.

我们为在城市环境中重新设计警察巡逻区的数据驱动优化框架。目标是在地理区域重新平衡警察工作，并将响应时间减少到紧急呼叫。通过整合多个数据来源，我们开发了警察应急响应的随机模型，包括警察事件报告，人口调查和交通数据。使用此随机模型，我们使用混合整数线性规划优化区域重新设计计划。我们拟议的设计由亚特兰大警察部门于2019年3月实施。通过在重新设计之前和之后的数据之前和之后分析数据，我们表明新的设计将响应时间减少到高优先级的911呼叫，并通过警察工作负载的不平衡。在不同的区域中达到43 \％。

非侵入性负载监控（NILM）是将总功率消耗分为单个子组件的任务。多年来，已经合并了信号处理和机器学习算法以实现这一目标。关于最先进的方法，进行了许多出版物和广泛的研究工作，以涉及最先进的方法。科学界最初使用机器学习工具的尼尔姆问题制定和描述的最初兴趣已经转变为更实用的尼尔姆。如今，我们正处于成熟的尼尔姆时期，在现实生活中的应用程序方案中尝试使用尼尔姆。因此，算法的复杂性，可转移性，可靠性，实用性和普遍的信任度是主要的关注问题。这篇评论缩小了早期未成熟的尼尔姆时代与成熟的差距。特别是，本文仅对住宅电器的尼尔姆方法提供了全面的文献综述。本文分析，总结并介绍了大量最近发表的学术文章的结果。此外，本文讨论了这些方法的亮点，并介绍了研究人员应考虑的研究困境，以应用尼尔姆方法。最后，我们表明需要将传统分类模型转移到一个实用且值得信赖的框架中。

评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法，从而提高计算要求。此外，随着复杂性，同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求，需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述，我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距（1）电力供应安全性评估，（2）人工智能和（3）实验设计。为此，我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查，并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外，我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素，并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和（非）可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道，以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。

我们合并计算力学的因果状态（预测等同历史）的定义与再现 - 内核希尔伯特空间（RKHS）表示推断。结果是一种广泛适用的方法，可直接从系统行为的观察中迁移因果结构，无论它们是否超过离散或连续事件或时间。结构表示 - 有限或无限状态内核$ \ epsilon $ -Machine - 由减压变换提取，其提供了有效的因果状态及其拓扑。以这种方式，系统动态由用于在因果状态上的随机（普通或部分）微分方程表示。我们介绍了一种算法来估计相关的演化运营商。平行于Fokker-Plank方程，它有效地发展了因果状态分布，并通过RKHS功能映射在原始数据空间中进行预测。我们展示了这些技术，以及他们的预测能力，在离散时间的离散时间离散 - 有限的无限值Markov订单流程，其中有限状态隐藏马尔可夫模型与（i）有限或（ii）不可数 - 无限因果态和（iii）连续时间，由热驱动的混沌流产生的连续值处理。该方法在存在不同的外部和测量噪声水平和非常高的维数据存在下鲁棒地估计因果结构。

A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.

This paper is a technical overview of DeepMind and Google's recent work on reinforcement learning for controlling commercial cooling systems. Building on expertise that began with cooling Google's data centers more efficiently, we recently conducted live experiments on two real-world facilities in partnership with Trane Technologies, a building management system provider. These live experiments had a variety of challenges in areas such as evaluation, learning from offline data, and constraint satisfaction. Our paper describes these challenges in the hope that awareness of them will benefit future applied RL work. We also describe the way we adapted our RL system to deal with these challenges, resulting in energy savings of approximately 9% and 13% respectively at the two live experiment sites.

这项工作提出了一个非参数时空模型，用于在长期背景下通过移动自主机器人绘制人类活动。基于变异性高斯过程回归，该模型结合了先前的空间和时间周期性依赖性信息，以创建人类事件的连续表示。由机器人运动产生的不均匀数据分布通过异源性可能性函数包括在模型中，可以作为预测性不确定性。使用稀疏的公式，可以在数周内进行数据集，并且可以将数百平方米用于模型创建。基于多周数据集的实验评估表明，所提出的方法在预测质量和随后的路径计划方面都超过了艺术的表现。