随着智能建筑应用的增长,住宅建筑中的占用信息变得越来越重要。在智能建筑物的范式的背景下,为了广泛的目的,需要这种信息,包括提高能源效率和乘员舒适性。在这项研究中,使用基于电器技术信息的深度学习实施了住宅建筑中的占用检测。为此,提出了一种新型的智能住宅建筑系统占用方法。通过智能计量系统测量的电器,传感器,光和HVAC的数据集用于模拟。为了对数据集进行分类,使用了支持向量机和自动编码器算法。混淆矩阵用于准确性,精度,召回和F1,以证明所提出的方法在占用检测中的比较性能。拟议的算法使用电器的技术信息达到95.7〜98.4%。为了验证占用检测数据,采用主成分分析和T分布的随机邻居嵌入(T-SNE)算法。通过使用占用检测,智能建筑物中可再生能源系统的功耗降低到11.1〜13.1%。
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异常检测涉及广泛的应用,如故障检测,系统监控和事件检测。识别从智能计量系统获得的计量数据的异常是提高电力系统的可靠性,稳定性和效率的关键任务。本文介绍了异常检测过程,以发现在智能计量系统中观察到的异常值。在所提出的方法中,使用双向长短期存储器(BILSTM)的AutoEncoder并找到异常数据点。它通过具有非异常数据的AutoEncoder计算重建错误,并且将分类为异常的异常值通过预定义的阈值与非异常数据分离。基于Bilstm AutoEncoder的异常检测方法用来自985户家庭收集的4种能源电力/水/加热/热水的计量数据进行测试。
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预测住宅功率使用对于辅助智能电网来管理和保护能量以确保有效使用的必不可少。客户级别的准确能量预测将直接反映电网系统的效率,但由于许多影响因素,例如气象和占用模式,预测建筑能源使用是复杂的任务。在成瘾中,鉴于多传感器环境的出现以及能量消费者和智能电网之间的两种方式通信,在能量互联网(IOE)中,高维时间序列越来越多地出现。因此,能够计算高维时间序列的方法在智能建筑和IOE应用中具有很大的价值。模糊时间序列(FTS)模型作为数据驱动的非参数模型的易于实现和高精度。不幸的是,如果所有功能用于训练模型,现有的FTS模型可能是不可行的。我们通过将原始高维数据投入低维嵌入空间并在该低维表示中使用多变量FTS方法来提出一种用于处理高维时间序列的新方法。组合这些技术使得能够更好地表示多变量时间序列的复杂内容和更准确的预测。
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Occupancy information is useful for efficient energy management in the building sector. The massive high-resolution electrical power consumption data collected by smart meters in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) network make it possible to infer buildings' occupancy status in a non-intrusive way. In this paper, we propose a deep leaning model called ABODE-Net which employs a novel Parallel Attention (PA) block for building occupancy detection using smart meter data. The PA block combines the temporal, variable, and channel attention modules in a parallel way to signify important features for occupancy detection. We adopt two smart meter datasets widely used for building occupancy detection in our performance evaluation. A set of state-of-the-art shallow machine learning and deep learning models are included for performance comparison. The results show that ABODE-Net significantly outperforms other models in all experimental cases, which proves its validity as a solution for non-intrusive building occupancy detection.
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Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is used to maintain a comfortable, secure, and productive environment for the occupants. So, it is crucial that the energy consumption in buildings must be optimized, all the while maintaining satisfactory levels of occupant comfort, health, and safety. Recently, Machine Learning has been proven to be an invaluable tool in deriving important insights from data and optimizing various systems. In this work, we review the ways in which machine learning has been leveraged to make buildings smart and energy-efficient. For the convenience of readers, we provide a brief introduction of several machine learning paradigms and the components and functioning of each smart building system we cover. Finally, we discuss challenges faced while implementing machine learning algorithms in smart buildings and provide future avenues for research at the intersection of smart buildings and machine learning.
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建筑物和校园的电力负荷预测随着分布式能源(DERs)的渗透而越来越重要。高效的操作和调度DER需要合理准确的未来能耗预测,以便进行现场发电和存储资产的近实时优化派遣。电力公用事业公司传统上对跨越地理区域的负载口袋进行了负荷预测,因此预测不是建筑物和校园运营商的常见做法。鉴于电网交互式高效建筑域中的研究和原型趋势不断发展,超出简单算法预测精度的特点对于确定智能建筑算法的真正效用很重要。其他特性包括部署架构的整体设计和预测系统的运行效率。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一个基于深度学习的负载预测系统,将来预测1小时的时间间隔18小时。我们还讨论了与此类系统的实时部署相关的挑战,以及通过在国家可再生能源实验室智能校园计划中开发的全功能预测系统提供的研究机会。
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A digital twin is defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision-making. Unfortunately, the term remains vague and says little about its capability. Recently, the concept of capability level has been introduced to address this issue. Based on its capability, the concept states that a digital twin can be categorized on a scale from zero to five, referred to as standalone, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, and autonomous, respectively. The current work introduces the concept in the context of the built environment. It demonstrates the concept by using a modern house as a use case. The house is equipped with an array of sensors that collect timeseries data regarding the internal state of the house. Together with physics-based and data-driven models, these data are used to develop digital twins at different capability levels demonstrated in virtual reality. The work, in addition to presenting a blueprint for developing digital twins, also provided future research directions to enhance the technology.
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Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.
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非侵入性负载监控(NILM)是将总功率消耗分为单个子组件的任务。多年来,已经合并了信号处理和机器学习算法以实现这一目标。关于最先进的方法,进行了许多出版物和广泛的研究工作,以涉及最先进的方法。科学界最初使用机器学习工具的尼尔姆问题制定和描述的最初兴趣已经转变为更实用的尼尔姆。如今,我们正处于成熟的尼尔姆时期,在现实生活中的应用程序方案中尝试使用尼尔姆。因此,算法的复杂性,可转移性,可靠性,实用性和普遍的信任度是主要的关注问题。这篇评论缩小了早期未成熟的尼尔姆时代与成熟的差距。特别是,本文仅对住宅电器的尼尔姆方法提供了全面的文献综述。本文分析,总结并介绍了大量最近发表的学术文章的结果。此外,本文讨论了这些方法的亮点,并介绍了研究人员应考虑的研究困境,以应用尼尔姆方法。最后,我们表明需要将传统分类模型转移到一个实用且值得信赖的框架中。
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电价是影响所有市场参与者决策的关键因素。准确的电价预测非常重要,并且由于各种因素,电价高度挥发性,电价也非常具有挑战性。本文提出了一项综合的长期经常性卷积网络(ILRCN)模型,以预测考虑到市场价格的大多数贡献属性的电力价格。所提出的ILRCN模型将卷积神经网络和长短期记忆(LSTM)算法的功能与所提出的新颖的条件纠错项相结合。组合的ILRCN模型可以识别输入数据内的线性和非线性行为。我们使用鄂尔顿批发市场价格数据以及负载型材,温度和其他因素来说明所提出的模型。使用平均绝对误差和准确性等性能/评估度量来验证所提出的ILRCN电价预测模型的性能。案例研究表明,与支持向量机(SVM)模型,完全连接的神经网络模型,LSTM模型和LRCN模型,所提出的ILRCN模型在电价预测中是准确和有效的电力价格预测。
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我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法,在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架,彼此之叠,以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性,效率和成功完成。首先,我们使用深度卷积神经网络(CNN)系统,以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来,我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测,跟踪,分割与掩码RCNN框架,以及具有多模级自然语言处理(NLP)框架的场景描述。第三,我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理,免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑,能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后,我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术,称为张量分解,在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构,我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干,用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用,我们设计了一种物理结构,其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入,这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征,这对救援操作至关重要在手头,以及路径规划功能,充当虚拟指南,以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时,这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解,转移和综合方法,这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效,并降低寿命损失。
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建筑物的电力消耗构成了该市能源消耗的主要部分。电力消耗预测可以开发房屋能源管理系统,从而导致未来的可持续性房屋设计和总能源消耗的减少。建筑物中的能源性能受环境温度,湿度和各种电气设备等许多因素的影响。因此,多元预测方法是首选而不是单变量。选择了本田智能家庭数据集,以比较三种方法,以最大程度地减少预测错误,MAE和RMSE:人工神经网络,支持向量回归以及基于模糊规则的基于模糊规则的系统,以通过在多变量数据集上为每种方法构造许多模型在不同的时间范围内。比较表明,SVR比替代方案是一种优越的方法。
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This paper realizes the estimation of classroom occupancy by using the CO2 sensor and deep learning technique named Long-Short-Term Memory. As a case of connection with IoT and machine learning, I achieve the model to estimate the people number in the classroom based on the environmental data exported from the CO2 sensor, I also evaluate the performance of the model to show the feasibility to apply our module to the real environment.
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为了通过使用可再生能源来取代化石燃料,间歇性风能和光伏(PV)功率的资源不平衡是点对点(P2P)功率交易的关键问题。为了解决这个问题,本文介绍了增强学习(RL)技术。对于RL,图形卷积网络(GCN)和双向长期记忆(BI-LSTM)网络由基于合作游戏理论的纳米簇之间的P2P功率交易共同应用于P2P功率交易。柔性且可靠的DC纳米醇适合整合可再生能源以进行分配系统。每个局部纳米粒子群都采用了生产者的位置,同时着重于功率生产和消费。对于纳米级簇的电源管理,使用物联网(IoT)技术将多目标优化应用于每个本地纳米群集群。考虑到风和光伏发电的间歇性特征,进行电动汽车(EV)的充电/排放。 RL算法,例如深Q学习网络(DQN),深度复发Q学习网络(DRQN),BI-DRQN,近端策略优化(PPO),GCN-DQN,GCN-DQN,GCN-DRQN,GCN-DRQN,GCN-BI-DRQN和GCN-PPO用于模拟。因此,合作P2P电力交易系统利用使用时间(TOU)基于关税的电力成本和系统边际价格(SMP)最大化利润,并最大程度地减少电网功耗的量。用P2P电源交易的纳米簇簇的电源管理实时模拟了分配测试馈线,并提议的GCN-PPO技术将纳米糖簇的电量降低了36.7%。
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A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.
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由于人口和全球化的增加,对能源的需求大大增加。因此,准确的能源消耗预测已成为政府规划,减少能源浪费和能源管理系统稳定运行的基本先决条件。在这项工作中,我们介绍了对家庭能耗的时间序列预测的主要机器学习模型的比较分析。具体来说,我们使用WEKA(一种数据挖掘工具)首先将模型应用于Kaggle数据科学界可获得的小时和每日家庭能源消耗数据集。应用的模型是:多层感知器,K最近的邻居回归,支持向量回归,线性回归和高斯过程。其次,我们还在Python实施了时间序列预测模型Arima和Var,以预测有或没有天气数据的韩国家庭能源消耗。我们的结果表明,预测能源消耗预测的最佳方法是支持向量回归,然后是多层感知器和高斯过程回归。
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近年来,随着传感器和智能设备的广泛传播,物联网(IoT)系统的数据生成速度已大大增加。在物联网系统中,必须经常处理,转换和分析大量数据,以实现各种物联网服务和功能。机器学习(ML)方法已显示出其物联网数据分析的能力。但是,将ML模型应用于物联网数据分析任务仍然面临许多困难和挑战,特别是有效的模型选择,设计/调整和更新,这给经验丰富的数据科学家带来了巨大的需求。此外,物联网数据的动态性质可能引入概念漂移问题,从而导致模型性能降解。为了减少人类的努力,自动化机器学习(AUTOML)已成为一个流行的领域,旨在自动选择,构建,调整和更新机器学习模型,以在指定任务上实现最佳性能。在本文中,我们对Automl区域中模型选择,调整和更新过程中的现有方法进行了审查,以识别和总结将ML算法应用于IoT数据分析的每个步骤的最佳解决方案。为了证明我们的发现并帮助工业用户和研究人员更好地实施汽车方法,在这项工作中提出了将汽车应用于IoT异常检测问题的案例研究。最后,我们讨论并分类了该领域的挑战和研究方向。
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TimeSeries Partitioning是大多数机器学习驱动的传感器的IOT应用程序的重要步骤。本文介绍了一种采样效率,鲁棒,时序分割模型和算法。我们表明,通过基于最大平均差异(MMD)的分割目标来学习特定于分割目标的表示,我们的算法可以鲁布布地检测不同应用程序的时间序列事件。我们的损耗功能允许我们推断是否从相同的分布(空假设)中绘制了连续的样本序列,并确定拒绝零假设的对之间的变化点(即,来自不同的分布)。我们展示了其在基于环境传感的活动识别的实际IOT部署中的适用性。此外,虽然文献中存在许多关于变更点检测的作品,但我们的模型明显更简单,匹配或优于最先进的方法。我们可以平均地在9-93秒内完全培训我们的模型,而在不同应用程序上的数据的差异很小。
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Efficient energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals in the era of climate change and grid modernization. Thus, it is vital to understand how energy is consumed at finer resolutions such as household in order to plan demand-response events or analyze the impacts of weather, electricity prices, electric vehicles, solar, and occupancy schedules on energy consumption. However, availability and access to detailed energy-use data, which would enable detailed studies, has been rare. In this paper, we release a unique, large-scale, synthetic, residential energy-use dataset for the residential sector across the contiguous United States covering millions of households. The data comprise of hourly energy use profiles for synthetic households, disaggregated into Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL) and appliance use. The underlying framework is constructed using a bottom-up approach. Diverse open-source surveys and first principles models are used for end-use modeling. Extensive validation of the synthetic dataset has been conducted through comparisons with reported energy-use data. We present a detailed, open, high-resolution, residential energy-use dataset for the United States.
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通过无线网络互联设备数量和数据通信数量的显着增加引起了各种威胁,风险和安全问题。物联网(IoT)应用程序几乎部署在日常生活中的几乎所有领域,包括敏感环境。边缘计算范例通过在数据源附近移动计算处理来补充了IOT应用程序。在各种安全模型中,基于机器学习(ML)的入侵检测是最可想到的防御机制,用于打击已启用边缘的物联网中的异常行为。 ML算法用于将网络流量分类为正常和恶意攻击。入侵检测是网络安全领域的具有挑战性问题之一。研究界提出了许多入侵检测系统。然而,选择合适的算法涉及在启用边缘的物联网网络中提供安全性的挑战存在。在本文中,已经执行了传统机器学习分类算法的比较分析,以在Puparm工具上使用Jupyter对NSL-KDD数据集上的网络流量进行分类。可以观察到,多层感知(MLP)在输入和输出之间具有依赖性,并且更多地依赖于用于入侵检测的网络配置。因此,MLP可以更适合于基于边缘的物联网网络,其具有更好的培训时间为1.2秒,测试精度为79%。
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