Researchers produce thousands of scholarly documents containing valuable technical knowledge. The community faces the laborious task of reading these documents to identify, extract, and synthesize information. To automate information gathering, document-level question answering (QA) offers a flexible framework where human-posed questions can be adapted to extract diverse knowledge. Finetuning QA systems requires access to labeled data (tuples of context, question and answer). However, data curation for document QA is uniquely challenging because the context (i.e. answer evidence passage) needs to be retrieved from potentially long, ill-formatted documents. Existing QA datasets sidestep this challenge by providing short, well-defined contexts that are unrealistic in real-world applications. We present a three-stage document QA approach: (1) text extraction from PDF; (2) evidence retrieval from extracted texts to form well-posed contexts; (3) QA to extract knowledge from contexts to return high-quality answers -- extractive, abstractive, or Boolean. Using QASPER for evaluation, our detect-retrieve-comprehend (DRC) system achieves a +7.19 improvement in Answer-F1 over existing baselines while delivering superior context selection. Our results demonstrate that DRC holds tremendous promise as a flexible framework for practical scientific document QA.
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Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dualencoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system greatly by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks. 1 * Equal contribution 1 The code and trained models have been released at https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR.
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我们介绍了Art,这是一种新的语料库级自动编码方法,用于培训密集检索模型,不需要任何标记的培训数据。密集的检索是开放域任务(例如Open QA)的核心挑战,在该任务中,最先进的方法通常需要大量的监督数据集,并具有自定义的硬性采矿和肯定式示例。相反,艺术品仅需要访问未配对的投入和输出(例如问题和潜在的答案文件)。它使用新的文档 - 重新定义自动编码方案,其中(1)输入问题用于检索一组证据文档,并且(2)随后使用文档来计算重建原始问题的概率。基于问题重建的检索培训可以有效地学习文档和问题编码器,以后可以将其纳入完整的QA系统中,而无需任何进一步的填充。广泛的实验表明,ART在多个QA检索基准测试基准上获得最先进的结果,并且仅来自预训练的语言模型的一般初始化,从而消除了对标记的数据和特定于任务的损失的需求。
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使用来自表格(TableQA)的信息回答自然语言问题是最近的兴趣。在许多应用程序中,表未孤立,但嵌入到非结构化文本中。通常,通过将其部分与表格单元格内容或非结构化文本跨度匹配,并从任一源中提取答案来最佳地回答问题。这导致了HybridQA数据集引入的TextableQA问题的新空间。现有的表格表示对基于变换器的阅读理解(RC)架构的适应性未通过单个系统解决两个表示的不同模式。培训此类系统因对遥远监督的需求而进一步挑战。为了降低认知负担,培训实例通常包括问题和答案,后者匹配多个表行和文本段。这导致嘈杂的多实例培训制度不仅涉及表的行,而且涵盖了链接文本的跨度。我们通过提出Mitqa来回应这些挑战,这是一个新的TextableQA系统,明确地模拟了表行选择和文本跨度选择的不同但密切相关的概率空间。与最近的基线相比,我们的实验表明了我们的方法的优越性。该方法目前在HybridQA排行榜的顶部,并进行了一个试验集,在以前公布的结果上实现了对em和f1的21%的绝对改善。
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自动问题应答(QA)系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库(或知识库)或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里,收购知识的扩散,因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此,即使对于领域专家,也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进,用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档,以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是,手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统,该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中,我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法,然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面,包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性,并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。
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This paper proposes a question-answering system that can answer questions whose supporting evidence is spread over multiple (potentially long) documents. The system, called Visconde, uses a three-step pipeline to perform the task: decompose, retrieve, and aggregate. The first step decomposes the question into simpler questions using a few-shot large language model (LLM). Then, a state-of-the-art search engine is used to retrieve candidate passages from a large collection for each decomposed question. In the final step, we use the LLM in a few-shot setting to aggregate the contents of the passages into the final answer. The system is evaluated on three datasets: IIRC, Qasper, and StrategyQA. Results suggest that current retrievers are the main bottleneck and that readers are already performing at the human level as long as relevant passages are provided. The system is also shown to be more effective when the model is induced to give explanations before answering a question. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/neuralmind-ai/visconde}.
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Systems for knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (QA) usually consist of two stages: efficient retrieval of relevant documents from a large corpus and detailed reading of the selected documents to generate answers. Retrievers and readers are usually modeled separately, which necessitates a cumbersome implementation and is hard to train and adapt in an end-to-end fashion. In this paper, we revisit this design and eschew the separate architecture and training in favor of a single Transformer that performs Retrieval as Attention (ReAtt), and end-to-end training solely based on supervision from the end QA task. We demonstrate for the first time that a single model trained end-to-end can achieve both competitive retrieval and QA performance, matching or slightly outperforming state-of-the-art separately trained retrievers and readers. Moreover, end-to-end adaptation significantly boosts its performance on out-of-domain datasets in both supervised and unsupervised settings, making our model a simple and adaptable solution for knowledge-intensive tasks. Code and models are available at https://github.com/jzbjyb/ReAtt.
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We present Hybrid Infused Reranking for Passages Retrieval (HYRR), a framework for training rerankers based on a hybrid of BM25 and neural retrieval models. Retrievers based on hybrid models have been shown to outperform both BM25 and neural models alone. Our approach exploits this improved performance when training a reranker, leading to a robust reranking model. The reranker, a cross-attention neural model, is shown to be robust to different first-stage retrieval systems, achieving better performance than rerankers simply trained upon the first-stage retrievers in the multi-stage systems. We present evaluations on a supervised passage retrieval task using MS MARCO and zero-shot retrieval tasks using BEIR. The empirical results show strong performance on both evaluations.
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以查询为中心的摘要(QFS)旨在产生应答感兴趣的特定问题的摘要,从而实现更大的用户控制和个性化。虽然最近发布的数据集如QMSUM或Aquamuse,促进QFS中的研究工作,但该领域缺乏对适用建模方法的广泛空间的全面研究。在本文中,考虑到两种普遍的方法,我们对QFS进行了系统探索,探讨了QFS:两阶段的采掘解决方案和端到端模型。在这些类别中,我们调查现有方法,并呈现了在QMSUM数据集上实现最先进的性能的两个模型扩展,其边缘高达3.38 Rouge-1,3.72 Rouge-2和3.28 Rouge-L。通过定量实验,我们突出了不同模型配置之间的权衡,并探讨了摘要任务之间的转移能力。代码和检查点公开可用:https://github.com/salesforce/query-focused-sum。
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在本报告中,我们展示了ICDAR 2021版文档视觉问题挑战的结果。此版本在单个文档VQA和Document Collection VQA上补充了以前的任务,并在Infographics VQA上进行了新引入的。信息图表VQA基于超过5,000个信息图表图像和30,000个问题答案对的新数据集。获胜者方法在Infographics VQA任务中获得了0.6120个ANL,0.7743 anlsl在文档集中的VQA任务和单个文档VQA中的0.8705 ANL中。我们展示了用于每个任务的数据集的摘要,每个提交的方法的描述以及它们的性能的结果和分析。由于还提出了自从第一版DocVQA 2020挑战以来在单个文档VQA上取得的摘要。
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We present SpaceQA, to the best of our knowledge the first open-domain QA system in Space mission design. SpaceQA is part of an initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) to facilitate the access, sharing and reuse of information about Space mission design within the agency and with the public. We adopt a state-of-the-art architecture consisting of a dense retriever and a neural reader and opt for an approach based on transfer learning rather than fine-tuning due to the lack of domain-specific annotated data. Our evaluation on a test set produced by ESA is largely consistent with the results originally reported by the evaluated retrievers and confirms the need of fine tuning for reading comprehension. As of writing this paper, ESA is piloting SpaceQA internally.
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关于信息检索的许多最新研究集中在如何从一项任务(通常具有丰富的监督数据)转移到有限的其他各种任务,并隐含地假设可以从一个任务概括到所有其余的任务。但是,这忽略了这样一个事实,即有许多多样化和独特的检索任务,每个任务都针对不同的搜索意图,查询和搜索域。在本文中,我们建议使用几乎没有散热的检索,每个任务都有一个简短的描述和一些示例。为了扩大一些示例的功能,我们提出了针对检索器(即将到来)的及时基本查询生成,该查询将大型语言模型(LLM)作为几个弹片查询生成器,并根据生成的数据创建特定于任务的检索器。通过LLM的概括能力提供动力,即要来源使得可以仅基于一些示例{没有自然问题或MS MARCO来训练%问题生成器或双重编码器,就可以仅基于一些示例{没有}来创建特定于任务的端到端检索。出乎意料的是,LLM提示不超过8个示例,允许双重编码器在MARCO(例如Colbert V2)上训练的大量工程模型平均在11个检索套件中超过1.2 NDCG。使用相同生成数据的进一步培训标准尺寸的重新级别可获得5.0点NDCG的改进。我们的研究确定,查询产生比以前观察到的更有效,尤其是在给出少量特定于任务知识的情况下。
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阅读理解(RC)是从给定的段落或一组段落回答问题的任务。在多个段落的情况下,任务是找到问题的最佳答案。最近在自然语言处理领域(NLP)的试验和实验证明,机器可以提供不仅可以在文章中处理文本的能力,并了解其含义来回答该段落的问题,而且可以超越在许多数据集中的人类性能,例如Standford的问题应答数据集(班德)。本文在过去几十年中提出了对自然语言处理的阅读理解及其演变的研究。我们还应研究单一文件阅读理解的任务如何作为我们的多文件阅读理解系统的构建块。在本文的后半部分中,我们将研究最近提出的多文件阅读理解模型 - Re3Q,由读者,检索器和基于RA-Ranker的网络组成,以获取最佳答案给定的一组段落。
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Recent work on open domain question answering (QA) assumes strong supervision of the supporting evidence and/or assumes a blackbox information retrieval (IR) system to retrieve evidence candidates. We argue that both are suboptimal, since gold evidence is not always available, and QA is fundamentally different from IR. We show for the first time that it is possible to jointly learn the retriever and reader from question-answer string pairs and without any IR system. In this setting, evidence retrieval from all of Wikipedia is treated as a latent variable. Since this is impractical to learn from scratch, we pre-train the retriever with an Inverse Cloze Task. We evaluate on open versions of five QA datasets. On datasets where the questioner already knows the answer, a traditional IR system such as BM25 is sufficient. On datasets where a user is genuinely seeking an answer, we show that learned retrieval is crucial, outperforming BM25 by up to 19 points in exact match.
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对于开放式域问题的密集检索已被证明通过在问题通道对的大型数据集上培训来实现令人印象深刻的性能。我们调查是否可以以自我监督的方式学习密集的检索,并有效地应用没有任何注释。我们观察到这种情况下的检索斗争的现有借用模型,并提出了一种设计用于检索的新预制方案:重复跨度检索。我们在文档中使用经常性跨度来创建用于对比学习的伪示例。由此产生的模型 - 蜘蛛 - 在广泛的ODQA数据集上没有任何示例,并且与BM25具有竞争力,具有强烈的稀疏基线。此外,蜘蛛通常优于DPR在其他数据集的问题上培训的DPR培训的强大基线。我们将蜘蛛与BM25结合的混合猎犬改进了所有数据集的组件,并且通常与域中DPR模型具有竞争力,这些模型培训数万例培训。
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已经表明,在一个域上训练的双编码器经常概括到其他域以获取检索任务。一种广泛的信念是,一个双编码器的瓶颈层,其中最终得分仅仅是查询向量和通道向量之间的点产品,它过于局限,使得双编码器是用于域外概括的有效检索模型。在本文中,我们通过缩放双编码器模型的大小{\ em同时保持固定的瓶颈嵌入尺寸固定的瓶颈的大小来挑战这一信念。令人惊讶的是,令人惊讶的是,缩放模型尺寸会对各种缩放提高检索任务,特别是对于域外泛化。实验结果表明,我们的双编码器,\ textbf {g} enovalizable \ textbf {t} eTrievers(gtr),优先级%colbert〜\ cite {khattab2020colbertt}和现有的稀疏和密集的索取Beir DataSet〜\ Cite {Thakur2021Beir}显着显着。最令人惊讶的是,我们的消融研究发现,GTR是非常数据的高效,因为它只需要10 \%MARCO监督数据,以实现最佳域的性能。所有GTR模型都在https://tfhub.dev/google/collections/gtr/1发布。
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大型语言模型在各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的几次结果。但是,当知识是此类结果的关键时,就像问题回答和事实检查之类的任务一样,似乎需要存储知识的大量参数计数。众所周知,检索增强模型可以在不需要多个参数的情况下在知识密集的任务上表现出色,但是目前尚不清楚它们是否在几个弹药设置中工作。在这项工作中,我们介绍了地图集,这是一个经过精心设计和预先训练的增强语言模型,能够通过很少的培训示例学习知识密集型任务。我们对包括MMLU,苏格兰短裙和归类等各种任务进行评估,并研究文档索引内容的影响,表明它可以很容易地进行更新。值得注意的是,在自然问题上仅使用64个示例在自然问题上达到超过42 \%的准确性,尽管参数少了50倍,但比540B参数模型的表现优于540b参数模型。
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We introduce a large scale MAchine Reading COmprehension dataset, which we name MS MARCO. The dataset comprises of 1,010,916 anonymized questionssampled from Bing's search query logs-each with a human generated answer and 182,669 completely human rewritten generated answers. In addition, the dataset contains 8,841,823 passages-extracted from 3,563,535 web documents retrieved by Bing-that provide the information necessary for curating the natural language answers. A question in the MS MARCO dataset may have multiple answers or no answers at all. Using this dataset, we propose three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (i) predict if a question is answerable given a set of context passages, and extract and synthesize the answer as a human would (ii) generate a well-formed answer (if possible) based on the context passages that can be understood with the question and passage context, and finally (iii) rank a set of retrieved passages given a question. The size of the dataset and the fact that the questions are derived from real user search queries distinguishes MS MARCO from other well-known publicly available datasets for machine reading comprehension and question-answering. We believe that the scale and the real-world nature of this dataset makes it attractive for benchmarking machine reading comprehension and question-answering models.
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我们在11个类型的类型不同语言中展示了一个用于单语言检索的多语言基准数据集的Tydi先生,旨在评估与学习的密集表示的排名。该资源的目标是以非英语语言的密集检索技术进行培训,最近的观察结果是当应用于分发超出数据时的表示学习的现有技术表现不佳。作为一个起点,我们基于我们称之为“MDPR”的多语言调整,为此新数据集提供零拍摄线。实验表明,尽管MDPR的有效性远低于BM25,但仍然似乎提供了有价值的相关信号,改善了BM25导致稀疏致密的杂种。除了对我们的结果分析外,我们还讨论了未来的挑战,并在多语言密集检索中展示了一个研究议程。Tydi先生可以在https://github.com/castorini/mr.tydi下载。
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神经信息检索(IR)具有极大的搜索和其他知识密集型语言任务。虽然许多神经IR方法将查询和文档编码为单载表示,但后期交互模型在每个令牌的粒度下产生多向量表示,并将相关性建模分解为可伸缩的令牌级计算。这种分解已被证明可以使迟到的交互更有效,但它以幅度的数量级膨胀这些模型的空间占地面积。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Colbertv2,这是一种猎犬,其与去噪的监督策略相结合的侵略性的残余压缩机制,同时提高晚期互动的质量和空间足迹。我们在各种基准中评估COLBertv2,在培训域内和外部建立最先进的质量,同时减少了晚期互动模型的空间足迹5-8 $ \ times $。
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