网络脆弱性管理是网络安全操作中心(CSOC)的关键功能,该中心有助于保护组织免受计算机和网络系统上的网络攻击。对手比CSOC拥有不对称的优势,因为这些系统中的缺陷次数与安全团队的扩展率相比,在资源受限的环境中减轻它们的速度相比,其速度明显更高。当前的方法是确定性和一次性决策方法,在优先考虑和选择缓解漏洞时,这些方法不考虑未来的不确定性。这些方法还受到资源的亚最佳分布的约束,没有灵活性来调整其对脆弱性到达波动的响应的灵活性。我们提出了一个新颖的框架,深深的瓦尔曼,由深入的强化学习代理和整数编程方法组成,以填补网络脆弱性管理过程中的这一空白。我们的顺序决策框架首先确定在给定系统状态下不确定性下为缓解的近乎最佳的资源,然后确定最佳的缓解优先级漏洞实例。我们提出的框架优于当前方法在一年内观察到的模拟和现实世界脆弱性数据优先选择重要的组织特定漏洞。
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资产分配(或投资组合管理)是确定如何最佳将有限预算的资金分配给一系列金融工具/资产(例如股票)的任务。这项研究调查了使用无模型的深RL代理应用于投资组合管理的增强学习(RL)的性能。我们培训了几个RL代理商的现实股票价格,以学习如何执行资产分配。我们比较了这些RL剂与某些基线剂的性能。我们还比较了RL代理,以了解哪些类别的代理表现更好。从我们的分析中,RL代理可以执行投资组合管理的任务,因为它们的表现明显优于基线代理(随机分配和均匀分配)。四个RL代理(A2C,SAC,PPO和TRPO)总体上优于最佳基线MPT。这显示了RL代理商发现更有利可图的交易策略的能力。此外,基于价值和基于策略的RL代理之间没有显着的性能差异。演员批评者的表现比其他类型的药物更好。同样,在政策代理商方面的表现要好,因为它们在政策评估方面更好,样品效率在投资组合管理中并不是一个重大问题。这项研究表明,RL代理可以大大改善资产分配,因为它们的表现优于强基础。基于我们的分析,在政策上,参与者批评的RL药物显示出最大的希望。
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互联网连接系统的规模大大增加,这些系统比以往任何时候都更接触到网络攻击。网络攻击的复杂性和动态需要保护机制响应,自适应和可扩展。机器学习,或更具体地说,深度增强学习(DRL),方法已经广泛提出以解决这些问题。通过将深入学习纳入传统的RL,DRL能够解决复杂,动态,特别是高维的网络防御问题。本文提出了对为网络安全开发的DRL方法进行了调查。我们触及不同的重要方面,包括基于DRL的网络 - 物理系统的安全方法,自主入侵检测技术和基于多元的DRL的游戏理论模拟,用于防范策略对网络攻击。还给出了对基于DRL的网络安全的广泛讨论和未来的研究方向。我们预计这一全面审查提供了基础,并促进了未来的研究,探讨了越来越复杂的网络安全问题。
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具有成本效益的资产管理是多个行业的兴趣领域。具体而言,本文开发了深入的加固学习(DRL)解决方案,以自动确定不断恶化的水管的最佳康复政策。我们在在线和离线DRL设置中处理康复计划的问题。在在线DRL中,代理与具有不同长度,材料和故障率特征的多个管道的模拟环境进行交互。我们使用深Q学习(DQN)训练代理商,以最低限度的平均成本和减少故障概率学习最佳政策。在离线学习中,代理使用静态数据,例如DQN重播数据,通过保守的Q学习算法学习最佳策略,而无需与环境进行进一步的交互。我们证明,基于DRL的政策改善了标准预防,纠正和贪婪的计划替代方案。此外,从固定的DQN重播数据集中学习超过在线DQN设置。结果保证,由大型国家和行动轨迹组成的水管的现有恶化概况为在离线环境中学习康复政策提供了宝贵的途径,而无需模拟器。
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小型无人驾驶飞机的障碍避免对于未来城市空袭(UAM)和无人机系统(UAS)交通管理(UTM)的安全性至关重要。有许多技术用于实时强大的无人机指导,但其中许多在离散的空域和控制中解决,这将需要额外的路径平滑步骤来为UA提供灵活的命令。为提供无人驾驶飞机的操作安全有效的计算指导,我们探讨了基于近端政策优化(PPO)的深增强学习算法的使用,以指导自主UA到其目的地,同时通过连续控制避免障碍物。所提出的场景状态表示和奖励功能可以将连续状态空间映射到连续控制,以便进行标题角度和速度。为了验证所提出的学习框架的性能,我们用静态和移动障碍进行了数值实验。详细研究了与环境和安全操作界限的不确定性。结果表明,该拟议的模型可以提供准确且强大的指导,并解决了99%以上的成功率的冲突。
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数字化和远程连接扩大了攻击面,使网络系统更脆弱。由于攻击者变得越来越复杂和资源丰富,仅仅依赖传统网络保护,如入侵检测,防火墙和加密,不足以保护网络系统。网络弹性提供了一种新的安全范式,可以使用弹性机制来补充保护不足。一种网络弹性机制(CRM)适应了已知的或零日威胁和实际威胁和不确定性,并对他们进行战略性地响应,以便在成功攻击时保持网络系统的关键功能。反馈架构在启用CRM的在线感应,推理和致动过程中发挥关键作用。强化学习(RL)是一个重要的工具,对网络弹性的反馈架构构成。它允许CRM提供有限或没有事先知识和攻击者的有限攻击的顺序响应。在这项工作中,我们审查了Cyber​​恢复力的RL的文献,并讨论了对三种主要类型的漏洞,即姿势有关,与信息相关的脆弱性的网络恢复力。我们介绍了三个CRM的应用领域:移动目标防御,防守网络欺骗和辅助人类安全技术。 RL算法也有漏洞。我们解释了RL的三个漏洞和目前的攻击模型,其中攻击者针对环境与代理商之间交换的信息:奖励,国家观察和行动命令。我们展示攻击者可以通过最低攻击努力来欺骗RL代理商学习邪恶的政策。最后,我们讨论了RL为基于RL的CRM的网络安全和恢复力和新兴应用的未来挑战。
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本文利用了强化学习和深度学习的最新发展来解决供应链库存管理(SCIM)问题,这是一个复杂的顺序决策问题,包括确定在给定时间范围内生产和运送到不同仓库的最佳产品数量。给出了随机两回波供应链环境的数学公式,该公式可以管理任意数量的仓库和产品类型。此外,开发了一个与深钢筋学习(DRL)算法接口的开源库,并公开可用于解决遇险问题。通过在合成生成的数据上进行了丰富的数值实验,比较了最新的DRL算法实现的性能。实验计划的设计和执行,包括供应链的不同结构,拓扑,需求,能力和成本。结果表明,PPO算法非常适合环境的不同特征。 VPG算法几乎总是会收敛到局部最大值,即使它通常达到可接受的性能水平。最后,A3C是最快的算法,但是就像VPG一样,与PPO相比,它从未取得最好的性能。总之,数值实验表明,DRL的性能始终如一,比标准的重新订购策略(例如静态(S,Q) - policy)更好。因此,它可以被认为是解决随机两回波问题的现实世界实例的实用和有效选择。
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Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.
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深度强化学习(DRL)赋予了各种人工智能领域,包括模式识别,机器人技术,推荐系统和游戏。同样,图神经网络(GNN)也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近,GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类:(1)算法增强,其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性; (2)特定于应用程序的增强,其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查,我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处,尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后,集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示,这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。
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由于数据量增加,金融业的快速变化已经彻底改变了数据处理和数据分析的技术,并带来了新的理论和计算挑战。与古典随机控制理论和解决财务决策问题的其他分析方法相比,解决模型假设的财务决策问题,强化学习(RL)的新发展能够充分利用具有更少模型假设的大量财务数据并改善复杂的金融环境中的决策。该调查纸目的旨在审查最近的资金途径的发展和使用RL方法。我们介绍了马尔可夫决策过程,这是许多常用的RL方法的设置。然后引入各种算法,重点介绍不需要任何模型假设的基于价值和基于策略的方法。连接是用神经网络进行的,以扩展框架以包含深的RL算法。我们的调查通过讨论了这些RL算法在金融中各种决策问题中的应用,包括最佳执行,投资组合优化,期权定价和对冲,市场制作,智能订单路由和Robo-Awaring。
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Reformulating the history matching problem from a least-square mathematical optimization problem into a Markov Decision Process introduces a method in which reinforcement learning can be utilized to solve the problem. This method provides a mechanism where an artificial deep neural network agent can interact with the reservoir simulator and find multiple different solutions to the problem. Such formulation allows for solving the problem in parallel by launching multiple concurrent environments enabling the agent to learn simultaneously from all the environments at once, achieving significant speed up.
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The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
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道路维护规划是道路资产管理的一个组成部分。维护和康复(M&R)实践中的主要挑战之一是确定维护类型和时间。本研究提出了一种基于长期路面性能(LTPP)数据库的强化学习(RL)的框架,以确定M&R实践的类型和时间。首先以所提出的算法开发预测DNN模型,其用作RL算法的环境。对于RL模型的策略估计,开发了DQN和PPO模型。然而,由于更好的收敛性和更高的样本效率,终点被选中了PPO。本研究中使用的指标是国际粗糙度指数(IRI)和车辙深度(RD)。最初,我们将裂化度量(cm)视为第三指示器,但是由于与其他指标相比的数据少得多,因此被排除在外,导致结果的准确性较低。此外,在成本效益计算(奖励)中,我们考虑了M&R治疗的经济和环境影响。使用Palate 2.0软件评估了成本和环境影响。我们的方法是在德克萨斯州德克萨斯州的23公里长的六车道高速公路的假设案例研究中进行了测试。结果提出了一个20年的M&R计划,其中道路状况保持在出色的条件范围。由于道路的早期阶段处于良好的服务水平,因此在第一年不需要重型维护实践。后来,经过重型的M&R作用,有几个1-2岁的治疗方法。所有这些都表明拟议的计划具有逻辑结果。决策者和运输机构可以使用此计划进行更好的维护实践,以防止预算浪费,同时最大限度地减少环境影响。
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这篇科学论文提出了一种新型的投资组合优化模型,使用改进的深钢筋学习算法。优化模型的目标函数是投资组合累积回报的期望和价值的加权总和。所提出的算法基于参与者 - 批判性架构,其中关键网络的主要任务是使用分位数回归学习投资组合累积返回的分布,而Actor网络通过最大化上述目标函数来输出最佳投资组合权重。同时,我们利用线性转换功能来实现资产短销售。最后,使用了一种称为APE-X的多进程方法来加速深度强化学习训练的速度。为了验证我们提出的方法,我们对两个代表性的投资组合进行了重新测试,并观察到这项工作中提出的模型优于基准策略。
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防御网络攻击的计算机网络需要及时应对警报和威胁情报。关于如何响应的决定涉及基于妥协指标的多个节点跨多个节点协调动作,同时最大限度地减少对网络操作的中断。目前,PlayBooks用于自动化响应过程的部分,但通常将复杂的决策留给人类分析师。在这项工作中,我们在大型工业控制网络中提出了一种深度增强学习方法,以便在大型工业控制网络中进行自主反应和恢复。我们提出了一种基于关注的神经结构,其在保护下灵活地灵活。要培训和评估自治防御者代理,我们提出了一个适合加强学习的工业控制网络仿真环境。实验表明,学习代理可以有效减轻在执行前几个月几个月的可观察信号的进步。所提出的深度加强学习方法优于模拟中完全自动化的Playbook方法,采取更少的破坏性动作,同时在网络上保留更多节点。学习的政策对攻击者行为的变化也比PlayBook方法更加强大。
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软件测试活动旨在找到软件产品的可能缺陷,并确保该产品满足其预期要求。一些软件测试接近的方法缺乏自动化或部分自动化,这增加了测试时间和整体软件测试成本。最近,增强学习(RL)已成功地用于复杂的测试任务中,例如游戏测试,回归测试和测试案例优先级,以自动化该过程并提供持续的适应。从业者可以通过从头开始实现RL算法或使用RL框架来使用RL。开发人员已广泛使用这些框架来解决包括软件测试在内的各个领域中的问题。但是,据我们所知,尚无研究从经验上评估RL框架中实用算法的有效性和性能。在本文中,我们凭经验研究了精心选择的RL算法在两个重要的软件测试任务上的应用:在连续集成(CI)和游戏测试的上下文中测试案例的优先级。对于游戏测试任务,我们在简单游戏上进行实验,并使用RL算法探索游戏以检测错误。结果表明,一些选定的RL框架,例如Tensorforce优于文献的最新方法。为了确定测试用例的优先级,我们在CI环境上运行实验,其中使用来自不同框架的RL算法来对测试用例进行排名。我们的结果表明,在某些情况下,预实算算法之间的性能差异很大,激励了进一步的研究。此外,建议对希望选择RL框架的研究人员进行一些基准问题的经验评估,以确保RL算法按预期执行。
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Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most important branches of AI. Due to its capacity for self-adaption and decision-making in dynamic environments, reinforcement learning has been widely applied in multiple areas, such as healthcare, data markets, autonomous driving, and robotics. However, some of these applications and systems have been shown to be vulnerable to security or privacy attacks, resulting in unreliable or unstable services. A large number of studies have focused on these security and privacy problems in reinforcement learning. However, few surveys have provided a systematic review and comparison of existing problems and state-of-the-art solutions to keep up with the pace of emerging threats. Accordingly, we herein present such a comprehensive review to explain and summarize the challenges associated with security and privacy in reinforcement learning from a new perspective, namely that of the Markov Decision Process (MDP). In this survey, we first introduce the key concepts related to this area. Next, we cover the security and privacy issues linked to the state, action, environment, and reward function of the MDP process, respectively. We further highlight the special characteristics of security and privacy methodologies related to reinforcement learning. Finally, we discuss the possible future research directions within this area.
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Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.
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