互联网连接系统的规模大大增加，这些系统比以往任何时候都更接触到网络攻击。网络攻击的复杂性和动态需要保护机制响应，自适应和可扩展。机器学习，或更具体地说，深度增强学习（DRL），方法已经广泛提出以解决这些问题。通过将深入学习纳入传统的RL，DRL能够解决复杂，动态，特别是高维的网络防御问题。本文提出了对为网络安全开发的DRL方法进行了调查。我们触及不同的重要方面，包括基于DRL的网络 - 物理系统的安全方法，自主入侵检测技术和基于多元的DRL的游戏理论模拟，用于防范策略对网络攻击。还给出了对基于DRL的网络安全的广泛讨论和未来的研究方向。我们预计这一全面审查提供了基础，并促进了未来的研究，探讨了越来越复杂的网络安全问题。

数字化和远程连接扩大了攻击面，使网络系统更脆弱。由于攻击者变得越来越复杂和资源丰富，仅仅依赖传统网络保护，如入侵检测，防火墙和加密，不足以保护网络系统。网络弹性提供了一种新的安全范式，可以使用弹性机制来补充保护不足。一种网络弹性机制（CRM）适应了已知的或零日威胁和实际威胁和不确定性，并对他们进行战略性地响应，以便在成功攻击时保持网络系统的关键功能。反馈架构在启用CRM的在线感应，推理和致动过程中发挥关键作用。强化学习（RL）是一个重要的工具，对网络弹性的反馈架构构成。它允许CRM提供有限或没有事先知识和攻击者的有限攻击的顺序响应。在这项工作中，我们审查了Cyber​​恢复力的RL的文献，并讨论了对三种主要类型的漏洞，即姿势有关，与信息相关的脆弱性的网络恢复力。我们介绍了三个CRM的应用领域：移动目标防御，防守网络欺骗和辅助人类安全技术。 RL算法也有漏洞。我们解释了RL的三个漏洞和目前的攻击模型，其中攻击者针对环境与代理商之间交换的信息：奖励，国家观察和行动命令。我们展示攻击者可以通过最低攻击努力来欺骗RL代理商学习邪恶的政策。最后，我们讨论了RL为基于RL的CRM的网络安全和恢复力和新兴应用的未来挑战。

互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战，例如频谱短缺问题，需要有效的频谱共享（SS）解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题，需要保护机制是自适应，可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习（ML）的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中，我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法，最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是，我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法，包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络，ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络，包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络，基于ML的LTE-U网络，基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题，包括主要用户仿真（PUE）攻击，频谱感测数据伪造（SSDF）攻击，干扰攻击，窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后，还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题，提供基础和促进未来的研究。

未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术，例如5G和5G网络，车辆网络，无人机（UAV）网络和物联网（IOT）。此外，未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定，以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法，例如单药强化学习（RL）或深入强化学习（DRL），以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是，这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模，而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习（MARL）允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境，还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果，MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率，并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中，我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是，我们提供了MARL的教程，以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是，我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后，我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问，传输电源控制，计算卸载，内容缓存，数据包路由，无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most important branches of AI. Due to its capacity for self-adaption and decision-making in dynamic environments, reinforcement learning has been widely applied in multiple areas, such as healthcare, data markets, autonomous driving, and robotics. However, some of these applications and systems have been shown to be vulnerable to security or privacy attacks, resulting in unreliable or unstable services. A large number of studies have focused on these security and privacy problems in reinforcement learning. However, few surveys have provided a systematic review and comparison of existing problems and state-of-the-art solutions to keep up with the pace of emerging threats. Accordingly, we herein present such a comprehensive review to explain and summarize the challenges associated with security and privacy in reinforcement learning from a new perspective, namely that of the Markov Decision Process (MDP). In this survey, we first introduce the key concepts related to this area. Next, we cover the security and privacy issues linked to the state, action, environment, and reward function of the MDP process, respectively. We further highlight the special characteristics of security and privacy methodologies related to reinforcement learning. Finally, we discuss the possible future research directions within this area.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.

随着数字时代的出现，由于技术进步，每天的任务都是自动化的。但是，技术尚未为人们提供足够的工具和保障措施。随着互联网连接全球越来越多的设备，确保连接设备的问题以均匀的螺旋速率增长。数据盗窃，身份盗窃，欺诈交易，密码妥协和系统漏洞正在成为常规的日常新闻。最近的人工智能进步引起了网络攻击的激烈威胁。 AI几乎应用于不同科学和工程的每个领域。 AI的干预不仅可以使特定任务自动化，而且可以提高效率。因此，很明显，如此美味的传播对网络犯罪分子来说是非常开胃的。因此，传统的网络威胁和攻击现在是``智能威胁''。本文讨论了网络安全和网络威胁，以及传统和智能的防御方式，以防止网络攻击。最终，结束讨论，以潜在的潜在前景结束讨论AI网络安全。

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

深度强化学习（DRL）赋予了各种人工智能领域，包括模式识别，机器人技术，推荐系统和游戏。同样，图神经网络（GNN）也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近，GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类：（1）算法增强，其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性； （2）特定于应用程序的增强，其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查，我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处，尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后，集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示，这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。

医学事物互联网（IOMT）允许使用传感器收集生理数据，然后将其传输到远程服务器，这使医生和卫生专业人员可以连续，永久地分析这些数据，并在早期阶段检测疾病。但是，使用无线通信传输数据将其暴露于网络攻击中，并且该数据的敏感和私人性质可能代表了攻击者的主要兴趣。在存储和计算能力有限的设备上使用传统的安全方法无效。另一方面，使用机器学习进行入侵检测可以对IOMT系统的要求提供适应性的安全响应。在这种情况下，对基于机器学习（ML）的入侵检测系统如何解决IOMT系统中的安全性和隐私问题的全面调查。为此，提供了IOMT的通用三层体系结构以及IOMT系统的安全要求。然后，出现了可能影响IOMT安全性的各种威胁，并确定基于ML的每个解决方案中使用的优势，缺点，方法和数据集。最后，讨论了在IOMT的每一层中应用ML的一些挑战和局限性，这些挑战和局限性可以用作未来的研究方向。

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.

5G建筑和深度学习的融合在无线通信和人工智能领域都获得了许多研究兴趣。这是因为深度学习技术已被确定为构成5G体系结构的5G技术的潜在驱动力。因此，关于5G架构和深度学习的融合进行了广泛的调查。但是，大多数现有的调查论文主要集中于深度学习如何与特定的5G技术融合，因此，不涵盖5G架构的全部范围。尽管最近有一份调查文件似乎很强大，但对该论文的评论表明，它的结构不佳，无法专门涵盖深度学习和5G技术的收敛性。因此，本文概述了关键5G技术和深度学习的融合。讨论了这种融合面临的挑战。此外，还讨论了对未来6G体系结构的简要概述，以及如何与深度学习进行融合。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

Reinforcement learning allows machines to learn from their own experience. Nowadays, it is used in safety-critical applications, such as autonomous driving, despite being vulnerable to attacks carefully crafted to either prevent that the reinforcement learning algorithm learns an effective and reliable policy, or to induce the trained agent to make a wrong decision. The literature about the security of reinforcement learning is rapidly growing, and some surveys have been proposed to shed light on this field. However, their categorizations are insufficient for choosing an appropriate defense given the kind of system at hand. In our survey, we do not only overcome this limitation by considering a different perspective, but we also discuss the applicability of state-of-the-art attacks and defenses when reinforcement learning algorithms are used in the context of autonomous driving.

使用人工智能（AI）赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增，为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习（ML）基础的服务。然而，这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战：（i）由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本，（ii）通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近，鉴于这些限制，一种新兴的新兴技术，包括联合学习（FL），以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型，可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源，在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中，我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外，提出了一个广泛的研究，详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用，并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效，其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代（B5G）和第六代（6G）通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术，这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后，我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。

Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.

防御网络攻击的计算机网络需要及时应对警报和威胁情报。关于如何响应的决定涉及基于妥协指标的多个节点跨多个节点协调动作，同时最大限度地减少对网络操作的中断。目前，PlayBooks用于自动化响应过程的部分，但通常将复杂的决策留给人类分析师。在这项工作中，我们在大型工业控制网络中提出了一种深度增强学习方法，以便在大型工业控制网络中进行自主反应和恢复。我们提出了一种基于关注的神经结构，其在保护下灵活地灵活。要培训和评估自治防御者代理，我们提出了一个适合加强学习的工业控制网络仿真环境。实验表明，学习代理可以有效减轻在执行前几个月几个月的可观察信号的进步。所提出的深度加强学习方法优于模拟中完全自动化的Playbook方法，采取更少的破坏性动作，同时在网络上保留更多节点。学习的政策对攻击者行为的变化也比PlayBook方法更加强大。