本文介绍了一种扮演流行的第一人称射击（FPS）视频游戏的AI代理商的AI代理商;来自像素输入的全球攻势（CSGO）。代理人，一个深度神经网络，符合Deathmatch游戏模式内置AI内置AI的媒体难度的性能，同时采用人类的戏剧风格。与在游戏中的许多事先工作不同，CSGO没有API，因此算法必须培训并实时运行。这限制了可以生成的策略数据的数量，妨碍许多增强学习算法。我们的解决方案使用行为克隆 - 在从在线服务器上的人类播放（400万帧，大小与Imagenet相当的400万帧）上刮出的大型嘈杂数据集的行为克隆训练，以及一个较小的高质量专家演示数据集。这种比例是比FPS游戏中的模仿学习的先前工作的数量级。

在嘈杂的互联网规模数据集上进行了预测，已对具有广泛的文本，图像和其他模式能力的培训模型进行了大量研究。但是，对于许多顺序决策域，例如机器人技术，视频游戏和计算机使用，公开可用的数据不包含以相同方式训练行为先验所需的标签。我们通过半监督的模仿学习将互联网规模的预处理扩展到顺序的决策域，其中代理通过观看在线未标记的视频来学习行动。具体而言，我们表明，使用少量标记的数据，我们可以训练一个足够准确的反向动力学模型，可以标记一个巨大的未标记在线数据来源 - 在这里，在线播放Minecraft的在线视频 - 然后我们可以从中训练一般行为先验。尽管使用了本地人类界面（鼠标和键盘为20Hz），但我们表明，这种行为先验具有非平凡的零射击功能，并且可以通过模仿学习和加强学习，可以对其进行微调，以进行硬探索任务。不可能通过增强学习从头开始学习。对于许多任务，我们的模型都表现出人类水平的性能，我们是第一个报告可以制作钻石工具的计算机代理，这些工具可以花费超过20分钟（24,000个环境动作）的游戏玩法来实现。

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

Inspired by progress in large-scale language modeling, we apply a similar approach towards building a single generalist agent beyond the realm of text outputs. The agent, which we refer to as Gato, works as a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist policy. The same network with the same weights can play Atari, caption images, chat, stack blocks with a real robot arm and much more, deciding based on its context whether to output text, joint torques, button presses, or other tokens. In this report we describe the model and the data, and document the current capabilities of Gato.

深度加强学习（RL）的最新进展导致许多2人零和游戏中的相当大的进展，如去，扑克和星际争霸。这种游戏的纯粹对抗性质允许概念上简单地应用R1方法。然而，现实世界的设置是许多代理商，代理交互是复杂的共同利益和竞争方面的混合物。我们认为外交，一个旨在突出由多种代理交互导致的困境的7人棋盘游戏。它还具有大型组合动作空间和同时移动，这对RL算法具有具有挑战性。我们提出了一个简单但有效的近似最佳响应操作员，旨在处理大型组合动作空间并同时移动。我们还介绍了一系列近似虚构游戏的政策迭代方法。通过这些方法，我们成功地将RL申请到外交：我们认为我们的代理商令人信服地令人信服地表明，游戏理论均衡分析表明新过程产生了一致的改进。

Multi-agent artificial intelligence research promises a path to develop intelligent technologies that are more human-like and more human-compatible than those produced by "solipsistic" approaches, which do not consider interactions between agents. Melting Pot is a research tool developed to facilitate work on multi-agent artificial intelligence, and provides an evaluation protocol that measures generalization to novel social partners in a set of canonical test scenarios. Each scenario pairs a physical environment (a "substrate") with a reference set of co-players (a "background population"), to create a social situation with substantial interdependence between the individuals involved. For instance, some scenarios were inspired by institutional-economics-based accounts of natural resource management and public-good-provision dilemmas. Others were inspired by considerations from evolutionary biology, game theory, and artificial life. Melting Pot aims to cover a maximally diverse set of interdependencies and incentives. It includes the commonly-studied extreme cases of perfectly-competitive (zero-sum) motivations and perfectly-cooperative (shared-reward) motivations, but does not stop with them. As in real-life, a clear majority of scenarios in Melting Pot have mixed incentives. They are neither purely competitive nor purely cooperative and thus demand successful agents be able to navigate the resulting ambiguity. Here we describe Melting Pot 2.0, which revises and expands on Melting Pot. We also introduce support for scenarios with asymmetric roles, and explain how to integrate them into the evaluation protocol. This report also contains: (1) details of all substrates and scenarios; (2) a complete description of all baseline algorithms and results. Our intention is for it to serve as a reference for researchers using Melting Pot 2.0.

Starcraft II（SC2）对强化学习（RL）提出了巨大的挑战，其中主要困难包括巨大的状态空间，不同的动作空间和长期的视野。在这项工作中，我们研究了《星际争霸II》全长游戏的一系列RL技术。我们研究了涉及提取的宏观活动和神经网络的层次结构的层次RL方法。我们研究了课程转移培训程序，并在具有4个GPU和48个CPU线的单台计算机上训练代理。在64x64地图并使用限制性单元上，我们对内置AI的获胜率达到99％。通过课程转移学习算法和战斗模型的混合物，我们在最困难的非作战水平内置AI（7级）中获得了93％的胜利率。在本文的扩展版本中，我们改进了架构，以针对作弊水平训练代理商，并在8级，9级和10级AIS上达到胜利率，为96％，97％和94 ％， 分别。我们的代码在https://github.com/liuruoze/hiernet-sc2上。为了为我们的工作以及研究和开源社区提供基线，我们将其复制了一个缩放版本的Mini-Alphastar（MAS）。 MAS的最新版本为1.07，可以在具有564个动作的原始动作空间上进行培训。它旨在通过使超参数可调节来在单个普通机器上进行训练。然后，我们使用相同的资源将我们的工作与MAS进行比较，并表明我们的方法更有效。迷你α的代码在https://github.com/liuruoze/mini-alphastar上。我们希望我们的研究能够阐明对SC2和其他大型游戏有效增强学习的未来研究。

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players. ALE presents significant research challenges for reinforcement learning, model learning, model-based planning, imitation learning, transfer learning, and intrinsic motivation. Most importantly, it provides a rigorous testbed for evaluating and comparing approaches to these problems. We illustrate the promise of ALE by developing and benchmarking domain-independent agents designed using well-established AI techniques for both reinforcement learning and planning. In doing so, we also propose an evaluation methodology made possible by ALE, reporting empirical results on over 55 different games. All of the software, including the benchmark agents, is publicly available.

We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.

深度强化学习（RL）的进展是通过用于培训代理商的具有挑战性的基准的可用性来驱动。但是，社区广泛采用的基准未明确设计用于评估RL方法的特定功能。虽然存在用于评估RL的特定打开问题的环境（例如探索，转移学习，无监督环境设计，甚至语言辅助RL），但一旦研究超出证明，通常难以将这些更富有，更复杂的环境 - 概念结果。我们展示了一个强大的沙箱框架，用于易于设计新颖的RL环境。 Minihack是一个停止商店，用于RL实验，环境包括从小房间到复杂的，程序生成的世界。通过利用来自Nethack的全套实体和环境动态，MiniHack是最富有的基网上的视频游戏之一，允许设计快速方便的定制RL测试台。使用这种沙箱框架，可以轻松设计新颖的环境，可以使用人类可读的描述语言或简单的Python接口来设计。除了各种RL任务和基线外，Minihack还可以包装现有的RL基准，并提供无缝添加额外复杂性的方法。

The increasing complexity of gameplay mechanisms in modern video games is leading to the emergence of a wider range of ways to play games. The variety of possible play-styles needs to be anticipated by designers, through automated tests. Reinforcement Learning is a promising answer to the need of automating video game testing. To that effect one needs to train an agent to play the game, while ensuring this agent will generate the same play-styles as the players in order to give meaningful feedback to the designers. We present CARMI: a Configurable Agent with Relative Metrics as Input. An agent able to emulate the players play-styles, even on previously unseen levels. Unlike current methods it does not rely on having full trajectories, but only summary data. Moreover it only requires little human data, thus compatible with the constraints of modern video game production. This novel agent could be used to investigate behaviors and balancing during the production of a video game with a realistic amount of training time.

随着alphago的突破，人机游戏的AI已经成为一个非常热门的话题，吸引了世界各地的研究人员，这通常是测试人工智能的有效标准。已经开发了各种游戏AI系统（AIS），如Plibratus，Openai Five和AlphaStar，击败了专业人员。在本文中，我们调查了最近的成功游戏AIS，覆盖棋盘游戏AIS，纸牌游戏AIS，第一人称射击游戏AIS和实时战略游戏AIS。通过这项调查，我们1）比较智能决策领域的不同类型游戏之间的主要困难; 2）说明了开发专业水平AIS的主流框架和技术; 3）提高当前AIS中的挑战或缺点，以实现智能决策; 4）试图提出奥运会和智能决策技巧的未来趋势。最后，我们希望这篇简短的审查可以为初学者提供介绍，激发了在游戏中AI提交的研究人员的见解。

在游戏中，就像在其他许多领域一样，设计验证和测试是一个巨大的挑战，因为系统的大小和手动测试变得不可行。本文提出了一种新方法来自动游戏验证和测试。我们的方法利用了数据驱动的模仿学习技术，这几乎不需要精力和时间，并且对机器学习或编程不了解，设计师可以使用该技术有效地训练游戏测试剂。我们通过与行业专家的用户研究一起研究了方法的有效性。调查结果表明，我们的方法确实是一种有效的游戏验证方法，并且数据驱动的编程将是减少努力和提高现代游戏测试质量的有用帮助。该调查还突出了一些开放挑战。在最新文献的帮助下，我们分析了确定的挑战，并提出了适合支持和最大化我们方法实用性的未来研究方向。

Progress in continual reinforcement learning has been limited due to several barriers to entry: missing code, high compute requirements, and a lack of suitable benchmarks. In this work, we present CORA, a platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents that provides benchmarks, baselines, and metrics in a single code package. The benchmarks we provide are designed to evaluate different aspects of the continual RL challenge, such as catastrophic forgetting, plasticity, ability to generalize, and sample-efficient learning. Three of the benchmarks utilize video game environments (Atari, Procgen, NetHack). The fourth benchmark, CHORES, consists of four different task sequences in a visually realistic home simulator, drawn from a diverse set of task and scene parameters. To compare continual RL methods on these benchmarks, we prepare three metrics in CORA: Continual Evaluation, Isolated Forgetting, and Zero-Shot Forward Transfer. Finally, CORA includes a set of performant, open-source baselines of existing algorithms for researchers to use and expand on. We release CORA and hope that the continual RL community can benefit from our contributions, to accelerate the development of new continual RL algorithms.

深度强化学习（RL）导致了许多最近和开创性的进步。但是，这些进步通常以培训的基础体系结构的规模增加以及用于训练它们的RL算法的复杂性提高，而均以增加规模的成本。这些增长反过来又使研究人员更难迅速原型新想法或复制已发表的RL算法。为了解决这些问题，这项工作描述了ACME，这是一个用于构建新型RL算法的框架，这些框架是专门设计的，用于启用使用简单的模块化组件构建的代理，这些组件可以在各种执行范围内使用。尽管ACME的主要目标是为算法开发提供一个框架，但第二个目标是提供重要或最先进算法的简单参考实现。这些实现既是对我们的设计决策的验证，也是对RL研究中可重复性的重要贡献。在这项工作中，我们描述了ACME内部做出的主要设计决策，并提供了有关如何使用其组件来实施各种算法的进一步详细信息。我们的实验为许多常见和最先进的算法提供了基准，并显示了如何为更大且更复杂的环境扩展这些算法。这突出了ACME的主要优点之一，即它可用于实现大型，分布式的RL算法，这些算法可以以较大的尺度运行，同时仍保持该实现的固有可读性。这项工作提出了第二篇文章的版本，恰好与模块化的增加相吻合，对离线，模仿和从演示算法学习以及作为ACME的一部分实现的各种新代理。

Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years, however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations; without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction and computer games to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this paper, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications and highlight current and future research directions.

In fighting games, individual players of the same skill level often exhibit distinct strategies from one another through their gameplay. Despite this, the majority of AI agents for fighting games have only a single strategy for each "level" of difficulty. To make AI opponents more human-like, we'd ideally like to see multiple different strategies at each level of difficulty, a concept we refer to as "multidimensional" difficulty. In this paper, we introduce a diversity-based deep reinforcement learning approach for generating a set of agents of similar difficulty that utilize diverse strategies. We find this approach outperforms a baseline trained with specialized, human-authored reward functions in both diversity and performance.

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.

与人类合作需要迅速适应他们的个人优势，缺点和偏好。遗憾的是，大多数标准的多智能经纪增强学习技术，如自助（SP）或人口剧（PP），产生培训合作伙伴的代理商，并且对人类不完全概括。或者，研究人员可以使用行为克隆收集人体数据，培训人类模型，然后使用该模型培训“人类感知”代理（“行为克隆播放”或BCP）。虽然这种方法可以改善代理商的概括到新的人类共同球员，但它涉及首先收集大量人体数据的繁重和昂贵的步骤。在这里，我们研究如何培训与人类合作伙伴合作的代理的问题，而无需使用人类数据。我们认为这个问题的症结是制作各种培训伙伴。从竞争域中取得成功的多智能经纪人方法绘制灵感，我们发现令人惊讶的简单方法非常有效。我们培养我们的代理商合作伙伴作为对自行发行代理人口的最佳反应及其过去培训的过去检查点，这是我们呼叫虚构共同扮演（FCP）的方法。我们的实验专注于两位运动员协作烹饪模拟器，最近被提议作为与人类协调的挑战问题。我们发现，与新的代理商和人类合作伙伴配对时，FCP代理商会显着高于SP，PP和BCP。此外，人类还报告了强烈的主观偏好，以与所有基线与FCP代理合作。