Inspired by progress in large-scale language modeling, we apply a similar approach towards building a single generalist agent beyond the realm of text outputs. The agent, which we refer to as Gato, works as a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist policy. The same network with the same weights can play Atari, caption images, chat, stack blocks with a real robot arm and much more, deciding based on its context whether to output text, joint torques, button presses, or other tokens. In this report we describe the model and the data, and document the current capabilities of Gato.

Our situated environment is full of uncertainty and highly dynamic, thus hindering the widespread adoption of machine-led Intelligent Decision-Making (IDM) in real world scenarios. This means IDM should have the capability of continuously learning new skills and efficiently generalizing across wider applications. IDM benefits from any new approaches and theoretical breakthroughs that exhibit Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) breaking the barriers between tasks and applications. Recent research has well-examined neural architecture, Transformer, as a backbone foundation model and its generalization to various tasks, including computer vision, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning. We therefore argue that a foundation decision model (FDM) can be established by formulating various decision-making tasks as a sequence decoding task using the Transformer architecture; this would be a promising solution to advance the applications of IDM in more complex real world tasks. In this paper, we elaborate on how a foundation decision model improves the efficiency and generalization of IDM. We also discuss potential applications of a FDM in multi-agent game AI, production scheduling, and robotics tasks. Finally, through a case study, we demonstrate our realization of the FDM, DigitalBrain (DB1) with 1.2 billion parameters, which achieves human-level performance over 453 tasks, including text generation, images caption, video games playing, robotic control, and traveling salesman problems. As a foundation decision model, DB1 would be a baby step towards more autonomous and efficient real world IDM applications.

By transferring knowledge from large, diverse, task-agnostic datasets, modern machine learning models can solve specific downstream tasks either zero-shot or with small task-specific datasets to a high level of performance. While this capability has been demonstrated in other fields such as computer vision, natural language processing or speech recognition, it remains to be shown in robotics, where the generalization capabilities of the models are particularly critical due to the difficulty of collecting real-world robotic data. We argue that one of the keys to the success of such general robotic models lies with open-ended task-agnostic training, combined with high-capacity architectures that can absorb all of the diverse, robotic data. In this paper, we present a model class, dubbed Robotics Transformer, that exhibits promising scalable model properties. We verify our conclusions in a study of different model classes and their ability to generalize as a function of the data size, model size, and data diversity based on a large-scale data collection on real robots performing real-world tasks. The project's website and videos can be found at robotics-transformer.github.io

We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.

我们研究了复杂几何物体的机器人堆叠问题。我们提出了一个挑战和多样化的这些物体，这些物体被精心设计，以便要求超出简单的“拾取”解决方案之外的策略。我们的方法是加强学习（RL）方法与基于视觉的互动政策蒸馏和模拟到现实转移相结合。我们的学习政策可以有效地处理现实世界中的多个对象组合，并展示各种各样的堆叠技能。在一个大型的实验研究中，我们调查在模拟中学习这种基于视觉的基于视觉的代理的选择，以及对真实机器人的最佳转移产生了什么影响。然后，我们利用这些策略收集的数据并通过离线RL改善它们。我们工作的视频和博客文章作为补充材料提供。

来自科幻小说的普通愿景是机器人将有一天居住在我们的物理空间中，感知世界，才能协助我们的物理劳动力，并通过自然语言与我们沟通。在这里，我们研究如何使用虚拟环境的简化设计如何与人类自然交互的人工代理。我们表明，与自我监督学习的模拟世界中的人类交互的模仿学习足以产生我们称之为MIA的多模式互动剂，这成功与非对抗人类互动75％的时间。我们进一步确定了提高性能的架构和算法技术，例如分层动作选择。完全，我们的结果表明，模仿多模态，实时人类行为可以提供具有丰富的行为的富含性的令人生意的和令人惊讶的有效手段，然后可以为特定目的进行微调，从而铺设基础用于培训互动机器人或数字助理的能力。可以在https://youtu.be/zfgrif7my找到MIA的行为的视频

Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.

变形金刚用大型数据集的扩展能力彻底改变了视力和自然语言处理。但是在机器人的操作中，数据既有限又昂贵。我们仍然可以从具有正确的问题制定的变压器中受益吗？我们用Peract进行了调查，这是一种用于多任务6 DOF操纵的语言条件的行为结合剂。 Peract用感知器变压器编码语言目标和RGB-D Voxel观测值，并通过“检测下一个最佳素素动作”来输出离散的动作。与在2D图像上运行的框架不同，体素化的观察和动作空间为有效学习的6-DOF策略提供了强大的结构性先验。通过此公式，我们训练一个单个多任务变压器，用于18个RLBench任务（具有249个变体）和7个现实世界任务（具有18个变体），从每个任务仅几个演示。我们的结果表明，针对各种桌面任务，佩内的磨损明显优于非结构化图像到作用剂和3D Convnet基准。

Humans are excellent at understanding language and vision to accomplish a wide range of tasks. In contrast, creating general instruction-following embodied agents remains a difficult challenge. Prior work that uses pure language-only models lack visual grounding, making it difficult to connect language instructions with visual observations. On the other hand, methods that use pre-trained vision-language models typically come with divided language and visual representations, requiring designing specialized network architecture to fuse them together. We propose a simple yet effective model for robots to solve instruction-following tasks in vision-based environments. Our \ours method consists of a multimodal transformer that encodes visual observations and language instructions, and a policy transformer that predicts actions based on encoded representations. The multimodal transformer is pre-trained on millions of image-text pairs and natural language text, thereby producing generic cross-modal representations of observations and instructions. The policy transformer keeps track of the full history of observations and actions, and predicts actions autoregressively. We show that this unified transformer model outperforms all state-of-the-art pre-trained or trained-from-scratch methods in both single-task and multi-task settings. Our model also shows better model scalability and generalization ability than prior work.

大型语言模型可以编码有关世界的大量语义知识。这种知识对于旨在采取自然语言表达的高级，时间扩展的指示的机器人可能非常有用。但是，语言模型的一个重大弱点是，它们缺乏现实世界的经验，这使得很难利用它们在给定的体现中进行决策。例如，要求语言模型描述如何清洁溢出物可能会导致合理的叙述，但是它可能不适用于需要在特定环境中执行此任务的特定代理商（例如机器人）。我们建议通过预处理的技能来提供现实世界的基础，这些技能用于限制模型以提出可行且在上下文上适当的自然语言动作。机器人可以充当语​​言模型的“手和眼睛”，而语言模型可以提供有关任务的高级语义知识。我们展示了如何将低级技能与大语言模型结合在一起，以便语言模型提供有关执行复杂和时间扩展说明的过程的高级知识，而与这些技能相关的价值功能则提供了连接必要的基础了解特定的物理环境。我们在许多现实世界的机器人任务上评估了我们的方法，我们表明了对现实世界接地的需求，并且这种方法能够在移动操纵器上完成长远，抽象的自然语言指令。该项目的网站和视频可以在https://say-can.github.io/上找到。

Progress in continual reinforcement learning has been limited due to several barriers to entry: missing code, high compute requirements, and a lack of suitable benchmarks. In this work, we present CORA, a platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents that provides benchmarks, baselines, and metrics in a single code package. The benchmarks we provide are designed to evaluate different aspects of the continual RL challenge, such as catastrophic forgetting, plasticity, ability to generalize, and sample-efficient learning. Three of the benchmarks utilize video game environments (Atari, Procgen, NetHack). The fourth benchmark, CHORES, consists of four different task sequences in a visually realistic home simulator, drawn from a diverse set of task and scene parameters. To compare continual RL methods on these benchmarks, we prepare three metrics in CORA: Continual Evaluation, Isolated Forgetting, and Zero-Shot Forward Transfer. Finally, CORA includes a set of performant, open-source baselines of existing algorithms for researchers to use and expand on. We release CORA and hope that the continual RL community can benefit from our contributions, to accelerate the development of new continual RL algorithms.

人类可以利用先前的经验，并从少数示威活动中学习新颖的任务。与旨在通过更好的算法设计来快速适应的离线元强化学习相反，我们研究了建筑归纳偏见对少量学习能力的影响。我们提出了一个基于及时的决策变压器（提示-DT），该变压器利用了变压器体系结构和及时框架的顺序建模能力，以在离线RL中实现少量适应。我们设计了轨迹提示，其中包含少量演示的片段，并编码特定于任务的信息以指导策略生成。我们在五个Mujoco控制基准中进行的实验表明，提示-DT是一个强大的少数学习者，而没有对看不见的目标任务进行任何额外的填充。提示-DT的表现优于其变体和强大的元线RL基线，只有一个轨迹提示符只包含少量时间段。提示-DT也很健壮，可以提示长度更改并可以推广到分布（OOD）环境。

在人类环境中，预计在简单的自然语言指导下，机器人将完成各种操纵任务。然而，机器人的操纵极具挑战性，因为它需要精细颗粒的运动控制，长期记忆以及对以前看不见的任务和环境的概括。为了应对这些挑战，我们提出了一种基于统一的变压器方法，该方法考虑了多个输入。特别是，我们的变压器体系结构集成了（i）自然语言指示和（ii）多视图场景观察，而（iii）跟踪观察和动作的完整历史。这种方法使历史和指示之间的学习依赖性可以使用多个视图提高操纵精度。我们评估我们的方法在具有挑战性的RLBench基准和现实世界机器人方面。值得注意的是，我们的方法扩展到74个不同的RLBench任务，并超越了最新的现状。我们还解决了指导条件的任务，并证明了对以前看不见的变化的出色概括。

在嘈杂的互联网规模数据集上进行了预测，已对具有广泛的文本，图像和其他模式能力的培训模型进行了大量研究。但是，对于许多顺序决策域，例如机器人技术，视频游戏和计算机使用，公开可用的数据不包含以相同方式训练行为先验所需的标签。我们通过半监督的模仿学习将互联网规模的预处理扩展到顺序的决策域，其中代理通过观看在线未标记的视频来学习行动。具体而言，我们表明，使用少量标记的数据，我们可以训练一个足够准确的反向动力学模型，可以标记一个巨大的未标记在线数据来源 - 在这里，在线播放Minecraft的在线视频 - 然后我们可以从中训练一般行为先验。尽管使用了本地人类界面（鼠标和键盘为20Hz），但我们表明，这种行为先验具有非平凡的零射击功能，并且可以通过模仿学习和加强学习，可以对其进行微调，以进行硬探索任务。不可能通过增强学习从头开始学习。对于许多任务，我们的模型都表现出人类水平的性能，我们是第一个报告可以制作钻石工具的计算机代理，这些工具可以花费超过20分钟（24,000个环境动作）的游戏玩法来实现。

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

Developing robots that are capable of many skills and generalization to unseen scenarios requires progress on two fronts: efficient collection of large and diverse datasets, and training of high-capacity policies on the collected data. While large datasets have propelled progress in other fields like computer vision and natural language processing, collecting data of comparable scale is particularly challenging for physical systems like robotics. In this work, we propose a framework to bridge this gap and better scale up robot learning, under the lens of multi-task, multi-scene robot manipulation in kitchen environments. Our framework, named CACTI, has four stages that separately handle data collection, data augmentation, visual representation learning, and imitation policy training. In the CACTI framework, we highlight the benefit of adapting state-of-the-art models for image generation as part of the augmentation stage, and the significant improvement of training efficiency by using pretrained out-of-domain visual representations at the compression stage. Experimentally, we demonstrate that 1) on a real robot setup, CACTI enables efficient training of a single policy capable of 10 manipulation tasks involving kitchen objects, and robust to varying layouts of distractor objects; 2) in a simulated kitchen environment, CACTI trains a single policy on 18 semantic tasks across up to 50 layout variations per task. The simulation task benchmark and augmented datasets in both real and simulated environments will be released to facilitate future research.

智能代理人应该有能力利用先前学习的任务中的知识，以便快速有效地学习新任务。元学习方法已成为实现这一目标的流行解决方案。然而，迄今为止，元强化学习（META-RL）算法仅限于具有狭窄任务分布的简单环境。此外，预处理的范式随后进行了微调以适应新任务，这是一种简单而有效的解决方案，这些解决方案是监督和自我监督的学习。这使质疑元学习方法的好处在加强学习中的好处，这通常是以高复杂性为代价的。因此，我们研究了包括Procgen，rlbench和Atari在内的各种基于视觉的基准测试中的元RL方法，在这些基准测试中，对完全新颖的任务进行了评估。我们的发现表明，当对不同任务（而不是相同任务的不同变化）评估元学习方法时，对新任务进行微调的多任务预处理也相同或更好，或者更好，比用meta进行元数据。测试时间适应。这对于将来的研究令人鼓舞，因为多任务预处理往往比Meta-RL更简单和计算更便宜。从这些发现中，我们主张评估未来的Meta-RL方法在更具挑战性的任务上，并包括以简单但强大的基线进行微调预处理。

与人类在环境中共存的通用机器人必须学会将人类语言与其在一系列日常任务中有用的看法和行动联系起来。此外，他们需要获取各种曲目的一般专用技能，允许通过遵循无约束语言指示来组成长地平任务。在本文中，我们呈现了凯文（从语言和愿景撰写的行动），是一个露天模拟基准，用于学习Long-Horizo​​ n语言条件的任务。我们的目的是使可以开发能够通过船上传感器解决许多机器人操纵任务的代理商，并且仅通过人类语言指定。 Calvin任务在序列长度，动作空间和语言方面更复杂，而不是现有的视觉和语言任务数据集，并支持灵活的传感器套件规范。我们评估零拍摄的代理商以新颖的语言指示以及新的环境和对象。我们表明，基于多语境模仿学习的基线模型在凯文中表现不佳，表明有很大的空间，用于开发创新代理，了解学习将人类语言与这款基准相关的世界模型。

While large-scale sequence modeling from offline data has led to impressive performance gains in natural language and image generation, directly translating such ideas to robotics has been challenging. One critical reason for this is that uncurated robot demonstration data, i.e. play data, collected from non-expert human demonstrators are often noisy, diverse, and distributionally multi-modal. This makes extracting useful, task-centric behaviors from such data a difficult generative modeling problem. In this work, we present Conditional Behavior Transformers (C-BeT), a method that combines the multi-modal generation ability of Behavior Transformer with future-conditioned goal specification. On a suite of simulated benchmark tasks, we find that C-BeT improves upon prior state-of-the-art work in learning from play data by an average of 45.7%. Further, we demonstrate for the first time that useful task-centric behaviors can be learned on a real-world robot purely from play data without any task labels or reward information. Robot videos are best viewed on our project website: https://play-to-policy.github.io

我们调查视觉跨实施的模仿设置，其中代理商学习来自其他代理的视频（例如人类）的策略，示范相同的任务，但在其实施例中具有缺点差异 - 形状，动作，终效应器动态等。在这项工作中，我们证明可以从对这些差异强大的跨实施例证视频自动发现和学习基于视觉的奖励功能。具体而言，我们介绍了一种用于跨实施的跨实施的自我监督方法（XIRL），它利用时间周期 - 一致性约束来学习深度视觉嵌入，从而从多个专家代理的示范的脱机视频中捕获任务进度，每个都执行相同的任务不同的原因是实施例差异。在我们的工作之前，从自我监督嵌入产生奖励通常需要与参考轨迹对齐，这可能难以根据STARK实施例的差异来获取。我们凭经验显示，如果嵌入式了解任务进度，则只需在学习的嵌入空间中占据当前状态和目标状态之间的负距离是有用的，作为培训与加强学习的培训政策的奖励。我们发现我们的学习奖励功能不仅适用于在训练期间看到的实施例，而且还概括为完全新的实施例。此外，在将现实世界的人类示范转移到模拟机器人时，我们发现XIRL比当前最佳方法更具样本。 https://x-irl.github.io提供定性结果，代码和数据集