Traditional approaches to RL have focused on learning decision policies directly from episodic decisions, while slowly and implicitly learning the semantics of compositional representations needed for generalization. While some approaches have been adopted to refine representations via auxiliary self-supervised losses while simultaneously learning decision policies, learning compositional representations from hand-designed and context-independent self-supervised losses (multi-view) still adapts relatively slowly to the real world, which contains many non-IID subspaces requiring rapid distribution shift in both time and spatial attention patterns at varying levels of abstraction. In contrast, supervised language model cascades have shown the flexibility to adapt to many diverse manifolds, and hints of self-learning needed for autonomous task transfer. However, to date, transfer methods for language models like few-shot learning and fine-tuning still require human supervision and transfer learning using self-learning methods has been underexplored. We propose a self-supervised loss policy called contrastive distillation which manifests latent variables with high mutual information with both source and target tasks from weights to tokens. We show how this outperforms common methods of transfer learning and suggests a useful design axis of trading off compute for generalizability for online transfer. Contrastive distillation is improved through sampling from memory and suggests a simple algorithm for more efficiently sampling negative examples for contrastive losses than random sampling.

Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.

大型语言模型在各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的几次结果。但是，当知识是此类结果的关键时，就像问题回答和事实检查之类的任务一样，似乎需要存储知识的大量参数计数。众所周知，检索增强模型可以在不需要多个参数的情况下在知识密集的任务上表现出色，但是目前尚不清楚它们是否在几个弹药设置中工作。在这项工作中，我们介绍了地图集，这是一个经过精心设计和预先训练的增强语言模型，能够通过很少的培训示例学习知识密集型任务。我们对包括MMLU，苏格兰短裙和归类等各种任务进行评估，并研究文档索引内容的影响，表明它可以很容易地进行更新。值得注意的是，在自然问题上仅使用64个示例在自然问题上达到超过42 \％的准确性，尽管参数少了50倍，但比540B参数模型的表现优于540b参数模型。

In this work, we explore "prompt tuning," a simple yet effective mechanism for learning "soft prompts" to condition frozen language models to perform specific downstream tasks. Unlike the discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through backpropagation and can be tuned to incorporate signals from any number of labeled examples. Our end-to-end learned approach outperforms GPT-3's few-shot learning by a large margin. More remarkably, through ablations on model size using T5, we show that prompt tuning becomes more competitive with scale: as models exceed billions of parameters, our method "closes the gap" and matches the strong performance of model tuning (where all model weights are tuned). This finding is especially relevant because large models are costly to share and serve and the ability to reuse one frozen model for multiple downstream tasks can ease this burden. Our method can be seen as a simplification of the recently proposed "prefix tuning" of Li and Liang (2021) and we provide a comparison to this and other similar approaches. Finally, we show that conditioning a frozen model with soft prompts confers benefits in robustness to domain transfer and enables efficient "prompt ensembling." * Work done as a Google AI Resident.

人类可以利用先前的经验，并从少数示威活动中学习新颖的任务。与旨在通过更好的算法设计来快速适应的离线元强化学习相反，我们研究了建筑归纳偏见对少量学习能力的影响。我们提出了一个基于及时的决策变压器（提示-DT），该变压器利用了变压器体系结构和及时框架的顺序建模能力，以在离线RL中实现少量适应。我们设计了轨迹提示，其中包含少量演示的片段，并编码特定于任务的信息以指导策略生成。我们在五个Mujoco控制基准中进行的实验表明，提示-DT是一个强大的少数学习者，而没有对看不见的目标任务进行任何额外的填充。提示-DT的表现优于其变体和强大的元线RL基线，只有一个轨迹提示符只包含少量时间段。提示-DT也很健壮，可以提示长度更改并可以推广到分布（OOD）环境。

一个令人着迷的假设是，人类和动物的智力可以通过一些原则（而不是启发式方法的百科全书清单）来解释。如果这个假设是正确的，我们可以更容易地理解自己的智能并建造智能机器。就像物理学一样，原理本身不足以预测大脑等复杂系统的行为，并且可能需要大量计算来模拟人类式的智力。这一假设将表明，研究人类和动物所剥削的归纳偏见可以帮助阐明这些原则，并为AI研究和神经科学理论提供灵感。深度学习已经利用了几种关键的归纳偏见，这项工作考虑了更大的清单，重点是关注高级和顺序有意识的处理的工作。阐明这些特定原则的目的是，它们有可能帮助我们建立从人类的能力中受益于灵活分布和系统概括的能力的AI系统，目前，这是一个领域艺术机器学习和人类智力。

The past few years have seen rapid progress in combining reinforcement learning (RL) with deep learning. Various breakthroughs ranging from games to robotics have spurred the interest in designing sophisticated RL algorithms and systems. However, the prevailing workflow in RL is to learn tabula rasa, which may incur computational inefficiency. This precludes continuous deployment of RL algorithms and potentially excludes researchers without large-scale computing resources. In many other areas of machine learning, the pretraining paradigm has shown to be effective in acquiring transferable knowledge, which can be utilized for a variety of downstream tasks. Recently, we saw a surge of interest in Pretraining for Deep RL with promising results. However, much of the research has been based on different experimental settings. Due to the nature of RL, pretraining in this field is faced with unique challenges and hence requires new design principles. In this survey, we seek to systematically review existing works in pretraining for deep reinforcement learning, provide a taxonomy of these methods, discuss each sub-field, and bring attention to open problems and future directions.

几乎没有射击的内在学习（ICL）使预训练的语言模型能够通过为输入的一部分提供少量的培训示例来执行以前的任务，而无需任何基于梯度的培训。 ICL会产生大量的计算，内存和存储成本，因为它每次进行预测时都涉及处理所有培训示例。参数有效的微调（PEFT）（例如，适配器模块，提示调谐，稀疏更新方法等）提供了替代范式，其中训练了一组少量参数以启用模型来执行新任务。在本文中，我们严格地比较了几个ICL和PEFT，并证明后者提供了更好的准确性，并大大降低了计算成本。在此过程中，我们引入了一种称为（IA）$^3 $的新PEFT方法，该方法通过学习的向量来扩展激活，从而获得更强的性能，同时仅引入相对少量的新参数。我们还提出了一个基于称为T-FEW的T0模型的简单食谱，可以将其应用于新任务，而无需特定于任务的调整或修改。我们通过将T-FEW应用于木筏基准，首次实现超人性能，并以6％的绝对性能优于最先进的方法来验证T-FEW对完全看不见的任务的有效性。我们实验中使用的所有代码均可公开使用。

预先接受的语言模型实现了最先进的导致各种自然语言处理（NLP）任务。 GPT-3表明，缩放预先训练的语言模型可以进一步利用它们的巨大潜力。最近提出了一个名为Ernie 3.0的统一框架，以预先培训大型知识增强型号，并培训了具有10亿参数的模型。 Ernie 3.0在各种NLP任务上表现出最先进的模型。为了探讨缩放的表现，我们培养了百卢比的3.0泰坦参数型号，在PaddlePaddle平台上有高达260亿参数的泰坦。此外，我们设计了一种自我监督的对抗性损失和可控语言建模损失，以使ERNIE 3.0 TITAN产生可信和可控的文本。为了减少计算开销和碳排放，我们向Ernie 3.0泰坦提出了一个在线蒸馏框架，教师模型将同时教授学生和培训。埃塞尼3.0泰坦是迄今为止最大的中国密集预训练模型。经验结果表明，Ernie 3.0泰坦在68个NLP数据集中优于最先进的模型。

深度加强学习概括（RL）的研究旨在产生RL算法，其政策概括为在部署时间进行新的未经调整情况，避免对其培训环境的过度接受。如果我们要在现实世界的情景中部署强化学习算法，那么解决这一点至关重要，那么环境将多样化，动态和不可预测。该调查是这个新生领域的概述。我们为讨论不同的概括问题提供统一的形式主义和术语，在以前的作品上建立不同的概括问题。我们继续对现有的基准进行分类，以及用于解决泛化问题的当前方法。最后，我们提供了对现场当前状态的关键讨论，包括未来工作的建议。在其他结论之外，我们认为，采取纯粹的程序内容生成方法，基准设计不利于泛化的进展，我们建议快速在线适应和将RL特定问题解决作为未来泛化方法的一些领域，我们推荐在UniTexplorated问题设置中构建基准测试，例如离线RL泛化和奖励函数变化。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

关于信息检索的许多最新研究集中在如何从一项任务（通常具有丰富的监督数据）转移到有限的其他各种任务，并隐含地假设可以从一个任务概括到所有其余的任务。但是，这忽略了这样一个事实，即有许多多样化和独特的检索任务，每个任务都针对不同的搜索意图，查询和搜索域。在本文中，我们建议使用几乎没有散热的检索，每个任务都有一个简短的描述和一些示例。为了扩大一些示例的功能，我们提出了针对检索器（即将到来）的及时基本查询生成，该查询将大型语言模型（LLM）作为几个弹片查询生成器，并根据生成的数据创建特定于任务的检索器。通过LLM的概括能力提供动力，即要来源使得可以仅基于一些示例{没有自然问题或MS MARCO来训练％问题生成器或双重编码器，就可以仅基于一些示例{没有}来创建特定于任务的端到端检索。出乎意料的是，LLM提示不超过8个示例，允许双重编码器在MARCO（例如Colbert V2）上训练的大量工程模型平均在11个检索套件中超过1.2 NDCG。使用相同生成数据的进一步培训标准尺寸的重新级别可获得5.0点NDCG的改进。我们的研究确定，查询产生比以前观察到的更有效，尤其是在给出少量特定于任务知识的情况下。

We demonstrate that scaling up language models greatly improves task-agnostic, few-shot performance, sometimes even becoming competitive with prior state-ofthe-art fine-tuning approaches. Specifically, we train GPT-3, an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, 10x more than any previous nonsparse language model, and test its performance in the few-shot setting. For all tasks, GPT-3 is applied without any gradient updates or fine-tuning, with tasks and few-shot demonstrations specified purely via text interaction with the model. GPT-3 achieves strong performance on many NLP datasets, including translation, question-answering, and cloze tasks. We also identify some datasets where GPT-3's few-shot learning still struggles, as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora.

近年来，变压器体系结构和变体在许多机器学习任务中取得了巨大的成功。这种成功与关注机制的处理能力和上下文相关权重的存在本质上相关。我们认为这些功能适合元强化学习算法的核心作用。实际上，元素代理需要从一系列轨迹来推断任务。此外，它需要一种快速适应策略来适应其政策，以适应新任务 - 可以使用自我注意机制来实现。在这项工作中，我们介绍了TRMRL（用于元强化学习的变压器），这是一种使用变压器体系结构模拟内存恢复机制的元代理。它将工作记忆的最新过去联系在一起，以通过变压器层递归地构建情节记忆。我们表明，自我发作计算共识表示，该表示将每一层的贝叶斯风险降至最低，并提供有意义的功能来计算最佳动作。我们在高维连续控制环境中进行了实验，以进行运动和灵活的操纵。结果表明，与这些环境中的基准相比，TRMRL提出了可比或上级渐近性能，样本效率和分布外的概括。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

本文介绍了学习迭代查询细化的元策略的设计代理的首先成功步骤。我们的方法使用机器读取来指导从聚合搜索结果中选择细化项。然后，使用简单但有效的搜索操作员能够赋予代理，以对查询和搜索结果发挥细粒度和透明控制。我们开发一种新颖的方式来发电综合搜索会话，它通过（自我）监督学习来利用基于变压器的语言模型的力量。我们还提出了一种强化学习代理，具有动态约束的动作，从划痕中了解互动搜索策略。我们使用传统的基于术语的BM25排名函数获得与最近神经方法相当的检索和回答质量性能。我们对搜索政策进行了深入的分析。

Inspired by progress in large-scale language modeling, we apply a similar approach towards building a single generalist agent beyond the realm of text outputs. The agent, which we refer to as Gato, works as a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist policy. The same network with the same weights can play Atari, caption images, chat, stack blocks with a real robot arm and much more, deciding based on its context whether to output text, joint torques, button presses, or other tokens. In this report we describe the model and the data, and document the current capabilities of Gato.

在流行媒体中，人造代理商的意识出现与同时实现人类或超人水平智力的那些相同的代理之间通常存在联系。在这项工作中，我们探讨了意识和智力之间这种看似直观的联系的有效性和潜在应用。我们通过研究与三种当代意识功能理论相关的认知能力：全球工作空间理论（GWT），信息生成理论（IGT）和注意力模式理论（AST）。我们发现，这三种理论都将有意识的功能专门与人类领域将军智力的某些方面联系起来。有了这个见解，我们转向人工智能领域（AI），发现尽管远未证明一般智能，但许多最先进的深度学习方法已经开始纳入三个功能的关键方面理论。确定了这一趋势后，我们以人类心理时间旅行的激励例子来提出方式，其中三种理论中每种理论的见解都可以合并为一个单一的统一和可实施的模型。鉴于三种功能理论中的每一种都可以通过认知能力来实现这一可能，因此，具有精神时间旅行的人造代理不仅具有比当前方法更大的一般智力，而且还与我们当前对意识功能作用的理解更加一致在人类中，这使其成为AI研究的有希望的近期目标。

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

深度神经语言模型的最新进展与大规模数据集的能力相结合，加速了自然语言生成系统的发展，这些系统在多种任务和应用程序上下文中产生流利和连贯的文本（在各种成功程度上）。但是，为所需的用户控制这些模型的输出仍然是一个开放的挑战。这不仅对于自定义生成语言的内容和样式至关重要，而且对于他们在现实世界中的安全可靠部署至关重要。我们提出了一项关于受约束神经语言生成的新兴主题的广泛调查，在该主题中，我们通过区分条件和约束（后者是在输出文本上而不是输入的可检验条件），正式定义和分类自然语言生成问题，目前是可检验的）约束文本生成任务，并查看受限文本生成的现有方法和评估指标。我们的目的是强调这个新兴领域的最新进展和趋势，以告知最有希望的方向和局限性，以推动受约束神经语言生成研究的最新作品。