Since a lexicon-based approach is more elegant scientifically, explaining the solution components and being easier to generalize to other applications, this paper provides a new approach for offensive language and hate speech detection on social media. Our approach embodies a lexicon of implicit and explicit offensive and swearing expressions annotated with contextual information. Due to the severity of the social media abusive comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese is the language used to validate the models. Nevertheless, our method may be applied to any other language. The conducted experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, outperforming the current baseline methods for the Portuguese language.

Due to the severity of the social media offensive and hateful comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, this paper provides the first large-scale expert annotated corpus of Brazilian Instagram comments for hate speech and offensive language detection. The HateBR corpus was collected from the comment section of Brazilian politicians' accounts on Instagram and manually annotated by specialists, reaching a high inter-annotator agreement. The corpus consists of 7,000 documents annotated according to three different layers: a binary classification (offensive versus non-offensive comments), offensiveness-level classification (highly, moderately, and slightly offensive), and nine hate speech groups (xenophobia, racism, homophobia, sexism, religious intolerance, partyism, apology for the dictatorship, antisemitism, and fatphobia). We also implemented baseline experiments for offensive language and hate speech detection and compared them with a literature baseline. Results show that the baseline experiments on our corpus outperform the current state-of-the-art for the Portuguese language.

社交媒体平台上的滥用内容的增长增加对在线用户的负面影响。对女同性恋，同性恋者，跨性别或双性恋者的恐惧，不喜欢，不适或不疑虑被定义为同性恋/转铁症。同性恋/翻译语音是一种令人反感的语言，可以总结为针对LGBT +人的仇恨语音，近年来越来越受到兴趣。在线同性恋恐惧症/ Transphobobia是一个严重的社会问题，可以使网上平台与LGBT +人有毒和不受欢迎，同时还试图消除平等，多样性和包容性。我们为在线同性恋和转鸟以及专家标记的数据集提供了新的分类分类，这将允许自动识别出具有同种异体/传递内容的数据集。我们受过教育的注释器并以综合的注释规则向他们提供，因为这是一个敏感的问题，我们以前发现未受训练的众包注释者因文化和其他偏见而诊断倡导性的群体。数据集包含15,141个注释的多语言评论。本文介绍了构建数据集，数据的定性分析和注册间协议的过程。此外，我们为数据集创建基线模型。据我们所知，我们的数据集是第一个已创建的数据集。警告：本文含有明确的同性恋，转基因症，刻板印象的明确陈述，这可能对某些读者令人痛苦。

文本分类是具有各种有趣应用程序的典型自然语言处理或计算语言学任务。随着社交媒体平台上的用户数量的增加，数据加速促进了有关社交媒体文本分类（SMTC）或社交媒体文本挖掘的新兴研究。与英语相比，越南人是低资源语言之一，仍然没有集中精力并彻底利用。受胶水成功的启发，我们介绍了社交媒体文本分类评估（SMTCE）基准，作为各种SMTC任务的数据集和模型的集合。借助拟议的基准，我们实施和分析了各种基于BERT的模型（Mbert，XLM-R和Distilmbert）和基于单语的BERT模型（Phobert，Vibert，Vibert，Velectra和Vibert4news）的有效性SMTCE基准。单语模型优于多语言模型，并实现所有文本分类任务的最新结果。它提供了基于基准的多语言和单语言模型的客观评估，该模型将使越南语言中有关贝尔特兰的未来研究有利。

在网络和社交媒体上生成的大量数据增加了检测在线仇恨言论的需求。检测仇恨言论将减少它们对他人的负面影响和影响。在自然语言处理（NLP）域中的许多努力旨在宣传仇恨言论或检测特定的仇恨言论，如宗教，种族，性别或性取向。讨厌的社区倾向于使用缩写，故意拼写错误和他们的沟通中的编码词来逃避检测，增加了讨厌语音检测任务的更多挑战。因此，词表示将在检测仇恨言论中发挥越来越关的作用。本文研究了利用基于双向LSTM的深度模型中嵌入的域特定词语的可行性，以自动检测/分类仇恨语音。此外，我们调查转移学习语言模型（BERT）对仇恨语音问题作为二进制分类任务。实验表明，与双向LSTM基于LSTM的深层模型嵌入的域特异性词嵌入了93％的F1分数，而BERT在可用仇恨语音数据集中的组合平衡数据集上达到了高达96％的F1分数。

经典信息提取技术包括建立有关事实的问题和答案。确实，主观信息提取系统在上下文中识别观点和感觉仍然是一个挑战。在基于情感的NLP任务中，在上下文中，最重要的是进攻或仇恨的意见，几乎没有资源来提取信息。为了填补这一重要差距，这篇简短的论文提供了一种新的跨语义和上下文进攻词典，该词典由明确的和隐性的进攻和宣誓的意见表达组成，在两个不同的类别中注释了两种不同的类别：依赖于上下文和与上下文无关的进攻。此外，我们还提供标记来识别仇恨言论。在表达级别评估注释方法，并达到了高通道的一致性。提供的进攻词典有葡萄牙语和英语语言。

讽刺可以被定义为说或写讽刺与一个人真正想表达的相反，通常是为了侮辱，刺激或娱乐某人。由于文本数据中讽刺性的性质晦涩难懂，因此检测到情感分析研究社区的困难和非常感兴趣。尽管讽刺检测的研究跨越了十多年，但最近已经取得了一些重大进步，包括在多模式环境中采用了无监督的预训练的预训练的变压器，并整合了环境以识别讽刺。在这项研究中，我们旨在简要概述英语计算讽刺研究的最新进步和趋势。我们描述了与讽刺有关的相关数据集，方法，趋势，问题，挑战和任务，这些数据集，趋势，问题，挑战和任务是无法检测到的。我们的研究提供了讽刺数据集，讽刺特征及其提取方法以及各种方法的性能分析，这些表可以帮助相关领域的研究人员了解当前的讽刺检测中最新实践。

随着社交媒体平台影响的增长，滥用的影响变得越来越有影响力。自动检测威胁和滥用语言的重要性不能高估。但是，大多数现有的研究和最先进的方法都以英语为目标语言，对低资产品语言的工作有限。在本文中，我们介绍了乌尔都语的两项滥用和威胁性语言检测的任务，该任务在全球范围内拥有超过1.7亿扬声器。两者都被视为二进制分类任务，其中需要参与系统将乌尔都语中的推文分类为两个类别，即：（i）第一个任务的滥用和不滥用，以及（ii）第二次威胁和不威胁。我们提供两个手动注释的数据集，其中包含标有（i）滥用和非虐待的推文，以及（ii）威胁和无威胁。滥用数据集在火车零件中包含2400个注释的推文，测试部分中包含1100个注释的推文。威胁数据集在火车部分中包含6000个注释的推文，测试部分中包含3950个注释的推文。我们还为这两个任务提供了逻辑回归和基于BERT的基线分类器。在这项共同的任务中，来自六个国家的21个团队注册参加了参与（印度，巴基斯坦，中国，马来西亚，阿拉伯联合酋长国和台湾），有10个团队提交了子任务A的奔跑，这是虐待语言检测，9个团队提交了他们的奔跑对于正在威胁语言检测的子任务B，七个团队提交了技术报告。最佳性能系统达到子任务A的F1得分值为0.880，子任务为0.545。对于两个子任务，基于M-Bert的变压器模型都表现出最佳性能。

Hope is characterized as openness of spirit toward the future, a desire, expectation, and wish for something to happen or to be true that remarkably affects human's state of mind, emotions, behaviors, and decisions. Hope is usually associated with concepts of desired expectations and possibility/probability concerning the future. Despite its importance, hope has rarely been studied as a social media analysis task. This paper presents a hope speech dataset that classifies each tweet first into "Hope" and "Not Hope", then into three fine-grained hope categories: "Generalized Hope", "Realistic Hope", and "Unrealistic Hope" (along with "Not Hope"). English tweets in the first half of 2022 were collected to build this dataset. Furthermore, we describe our annotation process and guidelines in detail and discuss the challenges of classifying hope and the limitations of the existing hope speech detection corpora. In addition, we reported several baselines based on different learning approaches, such as traditional machine learning, deep learning, and transformers, to benchmark our dataset. We evaluated our baselines using weighted-averaged and macro-averaged F1-scores. Observations show that a strict process for annotator selection and detailed annotation guidelines enhanced the dataset's quality. This strict annotation process resulted in promising performance for simple machine learning classifiers with only bi-grams; however, binary and multiclass hope speech detection results reveal that contextual embedding models have higher performance in this dataset.

已经开发了许多方法，以通过消除社交媒体平台的庸俗，令人反感和激烈的评论来监测现代岁月中的消极性传播。然而，存在相对较少的研究，这些研究会收敛于拥抱积极性，加强在线论坛中的支持性和放心内容。因此，我们建议创建英国kannada希望语音数据集，Kanhope并比较几个实验来基准数据集。 DataSet由6,176个用户生成的评论组成，代码混合kannada从YouTube刮擦并手动注释为轴承希望语音或不希望的演讲。此外，我们介绍了DC-BERT4HOPE，一种使用Kanhope的英语翻译进行额外培训的双通道模型，以促进希望语音检测。该方法实现了0.756的加权F1分数，更好的其他模型。从此，卡霍普旨在促进坎卡达的研究，同时促进研究人员，以鼓励，积极和支持的在线内容中务实的方法。

In this paper, we present a study of regret and its expression on social media platforms. Specifically, we present a novel dataset of Reddit texts that have been classified into three classes: Regret by Action, Regret by Inaction, and No Regret. We then use this dataset to investigate the language used to express regret on Reddit and to identify the domains of text that are most commonly associated with regret. Our findings show that Reddit users are most likely to express regret for past actions, particularly in the domain of relationships. We also found that deep learning models using GloVe embedding outperformed other models in all experiments, indicating the effectiveness of GloVe for representing the meaning and context of words in the domain of regret. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the nature and prevalence of regret on social media, as well as the potential of deep learning and word embeddings for analyzing and understanding emotional language in online text. These findings have implications for the development of natural language processing algorithms and the design of social media platforms that support emotional expression and communication.

The sentiment analysis task has various applications in practice. In the sentiment analysis task, words and phrases that represent positive and negative emotions are important. Finding out the words that represent the emotion from the text can improve the performance of the classification models for the sentiment analysis task. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines the emotion lexicon with the classification model to enhance the accuracy of the models. Our experimental results show that the emotion lexicon combined with the classification model improves the performance of models.

在自然语言处理中，已证明使用预训练的语言模型可以在许多下游任务（例如情感分析，作者识别等）中获得最先进的结果。在这项工作中，我们解决了这些方法从文本中使用的人格分类。着眼于Myers-Briggs（MBTI）人格模型，我们描述了一系列实验，其中众所周知的双向编码器表示来自变形金刚（BERT）模型的模型进行微调以执行MBTI分类。我们的主要发现表明，当前方法在多种评估方案中基于词袋和静态单词嵌入方式大大优于众所周知的文本分类模型，并且通常在该领域的先前工作都优于先前的工作。

随着移动计算和网络技术的快速增长，令人反感的语言在社交网络平台上变得更加普遍。由于本地语言的令人反感语言识别对于中等社交媒体内容至关重要，因此在本文中，我们使用三种Dravidian语言，即Malayalam，Tamil和Kannada，这些语言遭到资源。我们在EACL 2021的Fire 2020- Hasoc-DravidiancodeMix和Dravidianlangtech提供了一个评估任务，旨在提供一个比较不同方法对此问题的框架。本文介绍了数据创建，定义任务，列出参与系统，并讨论各种方法。

Numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based approaches have been proposed to utilize textual data from social media for anti-social behavior analysis like cyberbullying, fake news detection, and identification of hate speech mainly for highly-resourced languages such as English. However, despite having a lot of diversity and millions of native speakers, some languages like Bengali are under-resourced, which is due to a lack of computational resources for natural language processing (NLP). Similar to other languages, Bengali social media contents also include images along with texts (e.g., multimodal memes are posted by embedding short texts into images on Facebook). Therefore, only the textual data is not enough to judge them since images might give extra context to make a proper judgement. This paper is about hate speech detection from multimodal Bengali memes and texts. We prepared the only multimodal hate speech dataset for-a-kind of problem for Bengali, which we use to train state-of-the-art neural architectures (e.g., Bi-LSTM/Conv-LSTM with word embeddings, ConvNets + pre-trained language models, e.g., monolingual Bangla BERT, multilingual BERT-cased/uncased, and XLM-RoBERTa) to jointly analyze textual and visual information for hate speech detection. Conv-LSTM and XLM-RoBERTa models performed best for texts, yielding F1 scores of 0.78 and 0.82, respectively. As of memes, ResNet-152 and DenseNet-161 models yield F1 scores of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. As for multimodal fusion, XLM-RoBERTa + DenseNet-161 performed the best, yielding an F1 score of 0.83. Our study suggests that text modality is most useful for hate speech detection, while memes are moderately useful.

对仇恨言论和冒犯性语言（HOF）的认可通常是作为一项分类任务，以决定文本是否包含HOF。我们研究HOF检测是否可以通过考虑HOF和类似概念之间的关系来获利：（a）HOF与情感分析有关，因为仇恨言论通常是负面陈述并表达了负面意见； （b）这与情绪分析有关，因为表达的仇恨指向作者经历（或假装体验）愤怒的同时经历（或旨在体验）恐惧。 （c）最后，HOF的一个构成要素是提及目标人或群体。在此基础上，我们假设HOF检测在与这些概念共同建模时，在多任务学习设置中进行了改进。我们将实验基于这些概念的现有数据集（情感，情感，HOF的目标），并在Hasoc Fire 2021英语子任务1A中评估我们的模型作为参与者（作为IMS-Sinai团队）。基于模型选择实验，我们考虑了多个可用的资源和共享任务的提交，我们发现人群情绪语料库，Semeval 2016年情感语料库和犯罪2019年目标检测数据的组合导致F1 =。 79在基于BERT的多任务多任务学习模型中，与Plain Bert的.7895相比。在HASOC 2019测试数据上，该结果更为巨大，而F1中的增加2pp和召回大幅增加。在两个数据集（2019，2021）中，HOF类的召回量尤其增加（2019年数据的6pp和2021数据的3pp），表明MTL具有情感，情感和目标识别是适合的方法可能部署在社交媒体平台中的预警系统。

在本文中，我们展示了HS-BAN，Bangla语言的二进制类仇恨语音（HS）数据集组成，包括超过50,000名标签评论，其中包括40.17％的仇恨和休息是非仇恨的。在准备DataSet时，遵循严格和详细的注释指南，以减少人类注释偏见。 HS DataSet还预处理了语言上，以提取不同类型的俚语，目前人们使用符号，首字母缩略词或替代拼写来编写。这些俚语被进一步分为传统和非传统俚语列表，并包含在本文的结果中。我们探讨了传统的语言特征和基于神经网络的方法，为Bangla语言开发仇恨语音检测的基准系统。我们的实验结果表明，现有的单词嵌入模型培训的型号训练，而不是用正式文本接受培训的模型。我们的基准测试显示，FastText非正式单词嵌入顶部的BI-LSTM模型实现了86.78％F1分数。我们将使数据集提供可供公共使用。

与普通人群相比，跨性别社区在心理健康状况中遇到巨大差异。解释跨性别者发布的社会中间数据可能会帮助我们更好地了解这些性少数群体的情感并采用早期干预措施。在这项研究中，我们将跨性别者发表的300个社交媒体评论分类为负面，积极和中立的情绪。使用5个机器学习算法和2种深神经网络，以基于带注释的数据来构建情感分析分类器。结果表明，我们的注释是可靠的，在所有三个类别中，Cohen的Kappa得分高0.8。LSTM模型的准确性超过0.85，AUC的最佳性能为0.876。我们的下一步将重点介绍在较大的注释数据集上使用高级自然语言处理算法。

Target-specific stance detection on social media, which aims at classifying a textual data instance such as a post or a comment into a stance class of a target issue, has become an emerging opinion mining paradigm of importance. An example application would be to overcome vaccine hesitancy in combating the coronavirus pandemic. However, existing stance detection strategies rely merely on the individual instances which cannot always capture the expressed stance of a given target. In response, we address a new task called conversational stance detection which is to infer the stance towards a given target (e.g., COVID-19 vaccination) when given a data instance and its corresponding conversation thread. To tackle the task, we first propose a benchmarking conversational stance detection (CSD) dataset with annotations of stances and the structures of conversation threads among the instances based on six major social media platforms in Hong Kong. To infer the desired stances from both data instances and conversation threads, we propose a model called Branch-BERT that incorporates contextual information in conversation threads. Extensive experiments on our CSD dataset show that our proposed model outperforms all the baseline models that do not make use of contextual information. Specifically, it improves the F1 score by 10.3% compared with the state-of-the-art method in the SemEval-2016 Task 6 competition. This shows the potential of incorporating rich contextual information on detecting target-specific stances on social media platforms and implies a more practical way to construct future stance detection tasks.

信息通过社交媒体平台的传播可以创造可能对弱势社区的环境和社会中某些群体的沉默。为了减轻此类情况，已经开发了几种模型来检测仇恨和冒犯性言论。由于在社交媒体平台中检测仇恨和冒犯性演讲可能会错误地将个人排除在社交媒体平台之外，从而减少信任，因此有必要创建可解释和可解释的模型。因此，我们基于在Twitter数据上培训的XGBOOST算法建立了一个可解释且可解释的高性能模型。对于不平衡的Twitter数据，XGBoost在仇恨言语检测上的表现优于LSTM，Autogluon和ULMFIT模型，F1得分为0.75，而0.38和0.37分别为0.37和0.38。当我们将数据放到三个单独的类别的大约5000个推文中时，XGBoost的性能优于LSTM，Autogluon和Ulmfit；仇恨言语检测的F1分别为0.79和0.69、0.77和0.66。 XGBOOST在下采样版本中的进攻性语音检测中的F1得分分别为0.83和0.88、0.82和0.79，XGBOOST的表现也比LSTM，Autogluon和Ulmfit更好。我们在XGBoost模型的输出上使用Shapley添加说明（SHAP），以使其与Black-Box模型相比，与LSTM，Autogluon和Ulmfit相比，它可以解释和解释。