在本文中，我们展示了HS-BAN，Bangla语言的二进制类仇恨语音（HS）数据集组成，包括超过50,000名标签评论，其中包括40.17％的仇恨和休息是非仇恨的。在准备DataSet时，遵循严格和详细的注释指南，以减少人类注释偏见。 HS DataSet还预处理了语言上，以提取不同类型的俚语，目前人们使用符号，首字母缩略词或替代拼写来编写。这些俚语被进一步分为传统和非传统俚语列表，并包含在本文的结果中。我们探讨了传统的语言特征和基于神经网络的方法，为Bangla语言开发仇恨语音检测的基准系统。我们的实验结果表明，现有的单词嵌入模型培训的型号训练，而不是用正式文本接受培训的模型。我们的基准测试显示，FastText非正式单词嵌入顶部的BI-LSTM模型实现了86.78％F1分数。我们将使数据集提供可供公共使用。

社交媒体平台上的滥用内容的增长增加对在线用户的负面影响。对女同性恋，同性恋者，跨性别或双性恋者的恐惧，不喜欢，不适或不疑虑被定义为同性恋/转铁症。同性恋/翻译语音是一种令人反感的语言，可以总结为针对LGBT +人的仇恨语音，近年来越来越受到兴趣。在线同性恋恐惧症/ Transphobobia是一个严重的社会问题，可以使网上平台与LGBT +人有毒和不受欢迎，同时还试图消除平等，多样性和包容性。我们为在线同性恋和转鸟以及专家标记的数据集提供了新的分类分类，这将允许自动识别出具有同种异体/传递内容的数据集。我们受过教育的注释器并以综合的注释规则向他们提供，因为这是一个敏感的问题，我们以前发现未受训练的众包注释者因文化和其他偏见而诊断倡导性的群体。数据集包含15,141个注释的多语言评论。本文介绍了构建数据集，数据的定性分析和注册间协议的过程。此外，我们为数据集创建基线模型。据我们所知，我们的数据集是第一个已创建的数据集。警告：本文含有明确的同性恋，转基因症，刻板印象的明确陈述，这可能对某些读者令人痛苦。

Hope is characterized as openness of spirit toward the future, a desire, expectation, and wish for something to happen or to be true that remarkably affects human's state of mind, emotions, behaviors, and decisions. Hope is usually associated with concepts of desired expectations and possibility/probability concerning the future. Despite its importance, hope has rarely been studied as a social media analysis task. This paper presents a hope speech dataset that classifies each tweet first into "Hope" and "Not Hope", then into three fine-grained hope categories: "Generalized Hope", "Realistic Hope", and "Unrealistic Hope" (along with "Not Hope"). English tweets in the first half of 2022 were collected to build this dataset. Furthermore, we describe our annotation process and guidelines in detail and discuss the challenges of classifying hope and the limitations of the existing hope speech detection corpora. In addition, we reported several baselines based on different learning approaches, such as traditional machine learning, deep learning, and transformers, to benchmark our dataset. We evaluated our baselines using weighted-averaged and macro-averaged F1-scores. Observations show that a strict process for annotator selection and detailed annotation guidelines enhanced the dataset's quality. This strict annotation process resulted in promising performance for simple machine learning classifiers with only bi-grams; however, binary and multiclass hope speech detection results reveal that contextual embedding models have higher performance in this dataset.

Since a lexicon-based approach is more elegant scientifically, explaining the solution components and being easier to generalize to other applications, this paper provides a new approach for offensive language and hate speech detection on social media. Our approach embodies a lexicon of implicit and explicit offensive and swearing expressions annotated with contextual information. Due to the severity of the social media abusive comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese is the language used to validate the models. Nevertheless, our method may be applied to any other language. The conducted experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, outperforming the current baseline methods for the Portuguese language.

文本分类是具有各种有趣应用程序的典型自然语言处理或计算语言学任务。随着社交媒体平台上的用户数量的增加，数据加速促进了有关社交媒体文本分类（SMTC）或社交媒体文本挖掘的新兴研究。与英语相比，越南人是低资源语言之一，仍然没有集中精力并彻底利用。受胶水成功的启发，我们介绍了社交媒体文本分类评估（SMTCE）基准，作为各种SMTC任务的数据集和模型的集合。借助拟议的基准，我们实施和分析了各种基于BERT的模型（Mbert，XLM-R和Distilmbert）和基于单语的BERT模型（Phobert，Vibert，Vibert，Velectra和Vibert4news）的有效性SMTCE基准。单语模型优于多语言模型，并实现所有文本分类任务的最新结果。它提供了基于基准的多语言和单语言模型的客观评估，该模型将使越南语言中有关贝尔特兰的未来研究有利。

已经开发了许多方法，以通过消除社交媒体平台的庸俗，令人反感和激烈的评论来监测现代岁月中的消极性传播。然而，存在相对较少的研究，这些研究会收敛于拥抱积极性，加强在线论坛中的支持性和放心内容。因此，我们建议创建英国kannada希望语音数据集，Kanhope并比较几个实验来基准数据集。 DataSet由6,176个用户生成的评论组成，代码混合kannada从YouTube刮擦并手动注释为轴承希望语音或不希望的演讲。此外，我们介绍了DC-BERT4HOPE，一种使用Kanhope的英语翻译进行额外培训的双通道模型，以促进希望语音检测。该方法实现了0.756的加权F1分数，更好的其他模型。从此，卡霍普旨在促进坎卡达的研究，同时促进研究人员，以鼓励，积极和支持的在线内容中务实的方法。

随着移动计算和网络技术的快速增长，令人反感的语言在社交网络平台上变得更加普遍。由于本地语言的令人反感语言识别对于中等社交媒体内容至关重要，因此在本文中，我们使用三种Dravidian语言，即Malayalam，Tamil和Kannada，这些语言遭到资源。我们在EACL 2021的Fire 2020- Hasoc-DravidiancodeMix和Dravidianlangtech提供了一个评估任务，旨在提供一个比较不同方法对此问题的框架。本文介绍了数据创建，定义任务，列出参与系统，并讨论各种方法。

The sentiment analysis task has various applications in practice. In the sentiment analysis task, words and phrases that represent positive and negative emotions are important. Finding out the words that represent the emotion from the text can improve the performance of the classification models for the sentiment analysis task. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines the emotion lexicon with the classification model to enhance the accuracy of the models. Our experimental results show that the emotion lexicon combined with the classification model improves the performance of models.

随着社交媒体平台影响的增长，滥用的影响变得越来越有影响力。自动检测威胁和滥用语言的重要性不能高估。但是，大多数现有的研究和最先进的方法都以英语为目标语言，对低资产品语言的工作有限。在本文中，我们介绍了乌尔都语的两项滥用和威胁性语言检测的任务，该任务在全球范围内拥有超过1.7亿扬声器。两者都被视为二进制分类任务，其中需要参与系统将乌尔都语中的推文分类为两个类别，即：（i）第一个任务的滥用和不滥用，以及（ii）第二次威胁和不威胁。我们提供两个手动注释的数据集，其中包含标有（i）滥用和非虐待的推文，以及（ii）威胁和无威胁。滥用数据集在火车零件中包含2400个注释的推文，测试部分中包含1100个注释的推文。威胁数据集在火车部分中包含6000个注释的推文，测试部分中包含3950个注释的推文。我们还为这两个任务提供了逻辑回归和基于BERT的基线分类器。在这项共同的任务中，来自六个国家的21个团队注册参加了参与（印度，巴基斯坦，中国，马来西亚，阿拉伯联合酋长国和台湾），有10个团队提交了子任务A的奔跑，这是虐待语言检测，9个团队提交了他们的奔跑对于正在威胁语言检测的子任务B，七个团队提交了技术报告。最佳性能系统达到子任务A的F1得分值为0.880，子任务为0.545。对于两个子任务，基于M-Bert的变压器模型都表现出最佳性能。

我们介绍了在Fire 2021举行的Dravidian-Codemix共享任务的结果，是代码混合文本中的Dravidian语言的情绪分析轨道。我们描述了任务，其组织和提交的系统。这种共享任务是去年的Dravidian-Codemix共享任务的延续，在火灾2020举行。今年的任务包括在令牌内部和令互相互补级别的代码混合。此外，除了泰米尔和马拉雅拉姆，还介绍。我们收到了22种Tamil-English，15个用于Malayalam-English系统的系统和15个用于Kannada-English。Tamil-English，Malayalam-English和Kannada-English的顶级系统分别获得加权平均F1分，分别为0.711,0.804和0.630分。总之，提交的质量和数量表明，在这种域中的代码混合设置和最先进状态下对Dravidian语言有很大的兴趣仍然需要更多的改进。

为了解决检测到令人反感的评论/帖子的难题，这些评论/帖子具有很多非正式的，非结构化，错误的和码混合，我们在本研究论文中介绍了两种发明方法。社交媒体平台上的攻击性评论/帖子，可以影响个人，团体或未成年人。为了对两个受欢迎的Dravidian语言，泰米尔和马拉雅拉姆分类，作为哈索克的一部分 - Dravidiancodemix Fire 2021共享任务，我们采用了两个基于变压器的原型，该原型成功地站在前8名以获得所有任务。可以查看和使用我们方法的代码。

在网络和社交媒体上生成的大量数据增加了检测在线仇恨言论的需求。检测仇恨言论将减少它们对他人的负面影响和影响。在自然语言处理（NLP）域中的许多努力旨在宣传仇恨言论或检测特定的仇恨言论，如宗教，种族，性别或性取向。讨厌的社区倾向于使用缩写，故意拼写错误和他们的沟通中的编码词来逃避检测，增加了讨厌语音检测任务的更多挑战。因此，词表示将在检测仇恨言论中发挥越来越关的作用。本文研究了利用基于双向LSTM的深度模型中嵌入的域特定词语的可行性，以自动检测/分类仇恨语音。此外，我们调查转移学习语言模型（BERT）对仇恨语音问题作为二进制分类任务。实验表明，与双向LSTM基于LSTM的深层模型嵌入的域特异性词嵌入了93％的F1分数，而BERT在可用仇恨语音数据集中的组合平衡数据集上达到了高达96％的F1分数。

The widespread of offensive content online, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying, is a global phenomenon. This has sparked interest in the artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) communities, motivating the development of various systems trained to detect potentially harmful content automatically. These systems require annotated datasets to train the machine learning (ML) models. However, with a few notable exceptions, most datasets on this topic have dealt with English and a few other high-resource languages. As a result, the research in offensive language identification has been limited to these languages. This paper addresses this gap by tackling offensive language identification in Sinhala, a low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 17 million people in Sri Lanka. We introduce the Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset (SOLD) and present multiple experiments on this dataset. SOLD is a manually annotated dataset containing 10,000 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive at both sentence-level and token-level, improving the explainability of the ML models. SOLD is the first large publicly available offensive language dataset compiled for Sinhala. We also introduce SemiSOLD, a larger dataset containing more than 145,000 Sinhala tweets, annotated following a semi-supervised approach.

自2020年初以来，Covid-19-19造成了全球重大影响。这给社会带来了很多困惑，尤其是由于错误信息通过社交媒体传播。尽管已经有几项与在社交媒体数据中发现错误信息有关的研究，但大多数研究都集中在英语数据集上。印度尼西亚的COVID-19错误信息检测的研究仍然很少。因此，通过这项研究，我们收集和注释印尼语的数据集，并通过考虑该推文的相关性来构建用于检测COVID-19错误信息的预测模型。数据集构造是由一组注释者进行的，他们标记了推文数据的相关性和错误信息。在这项研究中，我们使用印度培训预培训的语言模型提出了两阶段分类器模型，以进行推文错误信息检测任务。我们还尝试了其他几种基线模型进行文本分类。实验结果表明，对于相关性预测，BERT序列分类器的组合和用于错误信息检测的BI-LSTM的组合优于其他机器学习模型，精度为87.02％。总体而言，BERT利用率有助于大多数预测模型的更高性能。我们发布了高质量的Covid-19错误信息推文语料库，用高通道一致性表示。

The shift of public debate to the digital sphere has been accompanied by a rise in online hate speech. While many promising approaches for hate speech classification have been proposed, studies often focus only on a single language, usually English, and do not address three key concerns: post-deployment performance, classifier maintenance and infrastructural limitations. In this paper, we introduce a new human-in-the-loop BERT-based hate speech classification pipeline and trace its development from initial data collection and annotation all the way to post-deployment. Our classifier, trained using data from our original corpus of over 422k examples, is specifically developed for the inherently multilingual setting of Switzerland and outperforms with its F1 score of 80.5 the currently best-performing BERT-based multilingual classifier by 5.8 F1 points in German and 3.6 F1 points in French. Our systematic evaluations over a 12-month period further highlight the vital importance of continuous, human-in-the-loop classifier maintenance to ensure robust hate speech classification post-deployment.

在线仇恨言论的扩散需要创建可以检测毒性的算法。过去的大多数研究都集中在这一发现作为分类任务上，但是分配绝对毒性标签通常很棘手。因此，过去很少有作品将相同的任务转变为回归。本文显示了拼图的最近发布的毒性严重性测量数据集上对不同变压器和传统机器学习模型的比较评估。我们进一步使用解释性分析来证明模型预测的问题。

Due to the severity of the social media offensive and hateful comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, this paper provides the first large-scale expert annotated corpus of Brazilian Instagram comments for hate speech and offensive language detection. The HateBR corpus was collected from the comment section of Brazilian politicians' accounts on Instagram and manually annotated by specialists, reaching a high inter-annotator agreement. The corpus consists of 7,000 documents annotated according to three different layers: a binary classification (offensive versus non-offensive comments), offensiveness-level classification (highly, moderately, and slightly offensive), and nine hate speech groups (xenophobia, racism, homophobia, sexism, religious intolerance, partyism, apology for the dictatorship, antisemitism, and fatphobia). We also implemented baseline experiments for offensive language and hate speech detection and compared them with a literature baseline. Results show that the baseline experiments on our corpus outperform the current state-of-the-art for the Portuguese language.

Numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based approaches have been proposed to utilize textual data from social media for anti-social behavior analysis like cyberbullying, fake news detection, and identification of hate speech mainly for highly-resourced languages such as English. However, despite having a lot of diversity and millions of native speakers, some languages like Bengali are under-resourced, which is due to a lack of computational resources for natural language processing (NLP). Similar to other languages, Bengali social media contents also include images along with texts (e.g., multimodal memes are posted by embedding short texts into images on Facebook). Therefore, only the textual data is not enough to judge them since images might give extra context to make a proper judgement. This paper is about hate speech detection from multimodal Bengali memes and texts. We prepared the only multimodal hate speech dataset for-a-kind of problem for Bengali, which we use to train state-of-the-art neural architectures (e.g., Bi-LSTM/Conv-LSTM with word embeddings, ConvNets + pre-trained language models, e.g., monolingual Bangla BERT, multilingual BERT-cased/uncased, and XLM-RoBERTa) to jointly analyze textual and visual information for hate speech detection. Conv-LSTM and XLM-RoBERTa models performed best for texts, yielding F1 scores of 0.78 and 0.82, respectively. As of memes, ResNet-152 and DenseNet-161 models yield F1 scores of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. As for multimodal fusion, XLM-RoBERTa + DenseNet-161 performed the best, yielding an F1 score of 0.83. Our study suggests that text modality is most useful for hate speech detection, while memes are moderately useful.

讽刺可以被定义为说或写讽刺与一个人真正想表达的相反，通常是为了侮辱，刺激或娱乐某人。由于文本数据中讽刺性的性质晦涩难懂，因此检测到情感分析研究社区的困难和非常感兴趣。尽管讽刺检测的研究跨越了十多年，但最近已经取得了一些重大进步，包括在多模式环境中采用了无监督的预训练的预训练的变压器，并整合了环境以识别讽刺。在这项研究中，我们旨在简要概述英语计算讽刺研究的最新进步和趋势。我们描述了与讽刺有关的相关数据集，方法，趋势，问题，挑战和任务，这些数据集，趋势，问题，挑战和任务是无法检测到的。我们的研究提供了讽刺数据集，讽刺特征及其提取方法以及各种方法的性能分析，这些表可以帮助相关领域的研究人员了解当前的讽刺检测中最新实践。

社交媒体职位的情感分析和各种营销和情感目的的评论正在获得认可。随着各种母语中的代码混合含量的增加，需要康复研究来产生有前途的结果。这篇研究论文以广泛的Dravidian语言kannada，泰米尔和马拉雅拉姆的语义混合社交媒体评论的情感分析，对这项研究赋予了这项研究。它描述了Dravidian-Codemix在Fire 2021通过使用预先训练的模型如Ulmfit和Multi语言BERT在代码混合数据集，音译（TRAAI）上的训练型模型，英文翻译（TRAA）的培训模型来描述TRAI数据和所有三个的结合。结果记录在本研究论文中，最佳型号分别在泰米尔，克南纳和马拉雅拉姆任务中站在4号，第5和第10位。