Dynamic movement primitives are widely used for learning skills which can be demonstrated to a robot by a skilled human or controller. While their generalization capabilities and simple formulation make them very appealing to use, they possess no strong guarantees to satisfy operational safety constraints for a task. In this paper, we present constrained dynamic movement primitives (CDMP) which can allow for constraint satisfaction in the robot workspace. We present a formulation of a non-linear optimization to perturb the DMP forcing weights regressed by locally-weighted regression to admit a Zeroing Barrier Function (ZBF), which certifies workspace constraint satisfaction. We demonstrate the proposed CDMP under different constraints on the end-effector movement such as obstacle avoidance and workspace constraints on a physical robot. A video showing the implementation of the proposed algorithm using different manipulators in different environments could be found here https://youtu.be/hJegJJkJfys.
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Designing safety-critical control for robotic manipulators is challenging, especially in a cluttered environment. First, the actual trajectory of a manipulator might deviate from the planned one due to the complex collision environments and non-trivial dynamics, leading to collision; Second, the feasible space for the manipulator is hard to obtain since the explicit distance functions between collision meshes are unknown. By analyzing the relationship between the safe set and the controlled invariant set, this paper proposes a data-driven control barrier function (CBF) construction method, which extracts CBF from distance samples. Specifically, the CBF guarantees the controlled invariant property for considering the system dynamics. The data-driven method samples the distance function and determines the safe set. Then, the CBF is synthesized based on the safe set by a scenario-based sum of square (SOS) program. Unlike most existing linearization based approaches, our method reserves the volume of the feasible space for planning without approximation, which helps find a solution in a cluttered environment. The control law is obtained by solving a CBF-based quadratic program in real time, which works as a safe filter for the desired planning-based controller. Moreover, our method guarantees safety with the proven probabilistic result. Our method is validated on a 7-DOF manipulator in both real and virtual cluttered environments. The experiments show that the manipulator is able to execute tasks where the clearance between obstacles is in millimeters.
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将机器人放置在受控条件外,需要多功能的运动表示,使机器人能够学习新任务并使其适应环境变化。在工作区中引入障碍或额外机器人的位置,由于故障或运动范围限制导致的关节范围的修改是典型的案例,适应能力在安全地执行机器人任务的关键作用。已经提出了代表适应性运动技能的概率动态(PROMP),其被建模为轨迹的高斯分布。这些都是在分析讲道的,可以从少数演示中学习。然而,原始PROMP制定和随后的方法都仅为特定运动适应问题提供解决方案,例如障碍避免,以及普遍的,统一的适应概率方法缺失。在本文中,我们开发了一种用于调整PROMP的通用概率框架。我们统一以前的适应技术,例如,各种类型的避避,通过一个框架,互相避免,在一个框架中,并将它们结合起来解决复杂的机器人问题。另外,我们推导了新颖的适应技术,例如时间上未结合的通量和互相避免。我们制定适应作为约束优化问题,在那里我们最小化适应的分布与原始原始的分布之间的kullback-leibler发散,而我们限制了与不希望的轨迹相关的概率质量为低电平。我们展示了我们在双机器人手臂设置中的模拟平面机器人武器和7-DOF法兰卡 - Emika机器人的若干适应问题的方法。
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对于多面体之间的障碍物躲避开发的控制器是在狭小的空间导航一个具有挑战性的和必要的问题。传统的方法只能制定的避障问题,因为离线优化问题。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出用非光滑控制屏障功能多面体之间的避障,它可以实时与基于QP的优化问题来解决基于二元安全关键最优控制。一种双优化问题被引入到表示被施加到构造控制屏障功能多面体和用于双形式的拉格朗日函数之间的最小距离。我们验证了避开障碍物与在走廊环境受控的L形(沙发形)机器人建议的双配制剂。据我们所知,这是第一次,实时紧避障与非保守的演习是在移动沙发(钢琴)与非线性动力学问题来实现的。
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In this paper, we address the problem of safe trajectory planning for autonomous search and exploration in constrained, cluttered environments. Guaranteeing safe navigation is a challenging problem that has garnered significant attention. This work contributes a method that generates guaranteed safety-critical search trajectories in a cluttered environment. Our approach integrates safety-critical constraints using discrete control barrier functions (DCBFs) with ergodic trajectory optimization to enable safe exploration. Ergodic trajectory optimization plans continuous exploratory trajectories that guarantee full coverage of a space. We demonstrate through simulated and experimental results on a drone that our approach is able to generate trajectories that enable safe and effective exploration. Furthermore, we show the efficacy of our approach for safe exploration of real-world single- and multi- drone platforms.
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This paper presents a safety-critical locomotion control framework for quadrupedal robots. Our goal is to enable quadrupedal robots to safely navigate in cluttered environments. To tackle this, we introduce exponential Discrete Control Barrier Functions (exponential DCBFs) with duality-based obstacle avoidance constraints into a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) with Whole-Body Control (WBC) framework for quadrupedal locomotion control. This enables us to use polytopes to describe the shapes of the robot and obstacles for collision avoidance while doing locomotion control of quadrupedal robots. Compared to most prior work, especially using CBFs, that utilize spherical and conservative approximation for obstacle avoidance, this work demonstrates a quadrupedal robot autonomously and safely navigating through very tight spaces in the real world. (Our open-source code is available at github.com/HybridRobotics/quadruped_nmpc_dcbf_duality, and the video is available at youtu.be/p1gSQjwXm1Q.)
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Learning-enabled control systems have demonstrated impressive empirical performance on challenging control problems in robotics, but this performance comes at the cost of reduced transparency and lack of guarantees on the safety or stability of the learned controllers. In recent years, new techniques have emerged to provide these guarantees by learning certificates alongside control policies -- these certificates provide concise, data-driven proofs that guarantee the safety and stability of the learned control system. These methods not only allow the user to verify the safety of a learned controller but also provide supervision during training, allowing safety and stability requirements to influence the training process itself. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of this rapidly developing field of certificate learning. We hope that this paper will serve as an accessible introduction to the theory and practice of certificate learning, both to those who wish to apply these tools to practical robotics problems and to those who wish to dive more deeply into the theory of learning for control.
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这项工作将控制屏障功能(CBF)与全身控制器结合在一起,以使MIT类人动物自我避免。现有的反应性控制器进行自我避免,不能保证无碰撞的轨迹,因为它们不利用机器人的完整动态,从而损害了运动学的可行性。相比之下,拟议的CBF-WBC控制器可以实时理解机器人的动力学不足,以确保无碰撞运动。该方法的有效性在模拟中得到了验证。首先,一个简单的手段实验表明,CBF-WBC使机器人的手能够偏离不可行的参考轨迹,以避免自我收集。其次,CBF-WBC与设计用于动态运动的线性模型预测控制器(LMPC)结合使用,并使用CBF-WBC来跟踪LMPC预测。质心动量任务还用于产生有助于人形运动和干扰恢复的手臂运动。步行实验表明,CBF允许质心动量任务产生可行的手臂运动,并在高级规划师提供的脚步位置或摇摆轨迹时避免腿部自我收获,对于真正的机器人来说是不可行的。
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控制屏障功能(CBFS)已成为强制执行控制系统安全的流行工具。CBFS通常用于二次程序配方(CBF-QP)作为安全关键限制。CBFS中的$ \ Mathcal {K} $函数通常需要手动调整,以平衡每个环境的性能和安全之间的权衡。然而,这个过程通常是启发式的并且可以对高相对度系统进行棘手。此外,它可以防止CBF-QP概括到现实世界中的不同环境。通过将CBF-QP的优化过程嵌入深度学习架构中的可差异化层,我们提出了一种可分辨率的优化的安全性关键控制框架,使得具有前向不变性的新环境的泛化。最后,我们在各种环境中使用2D双层集成器系统验证了所提出的控制设计。
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This paper provides an introduction and overview of recent work on control barrier functions and their use to verify and enforce safety properties in the context of (optimization based) safety-critical controllers. We survey the main technical results and discuss applications to several domains including robotic systems.
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身体机器人的合作需要严格的安全保证,因为机器人和人类在共享工作区中工作。这封信提出了一个新颖的控制框架,以处理针对人类机器人互动的基于安全至关重要的位置的约束。所提出的方法基于入学控制,指数控制屏障功能(ECBF)和二次计划(QP),以在人与机器人之间的力相互作用期间达到合规性,同时保证安全约束。特别是,入学控制的配方被重写为二阶非线性控制系统,并且人与机器人之间的相互作用力被视为控制输入。通过使用欧洲央行-QP框架作为外部人类力量的补偿器,实时提供了用于入学控制的虚拟力反馈。因此,安全轨迹是从建议的低级控制器进行跟踪的建议的自适应入学控制方案中得出的。拟议方法的创新是,拟议的控制器将使机器人能够自然流动性遵守人类力量,而无需违反任何安全限制,即使在人类外部力量偶然迫使机器人违反约束的情况下。在对两链平面机器人操纵器的仿真研究中,我们的方法的有效性得到了证明。
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In this work, we propose a collision-free source seeking control framework for unicycle robots traversing an unknown cluttered environment. In this framework, the obstacle avoidance is guided by the control barrier functions (CBF) embedded in quadratic programming and the source seeking control relies solely on the use of on-board sensors that measure signal strength of the source. To tackle the mixed relative degree of the CBF, we proposed three different CBF, namely the zeroing control barrier functions (ZCBF), exponential control barrier functions (ECBF), and reciprocal control barrier functions (RCBF) that can directly be integrated with our recent gradient-ascent source-seeking control law. We provide rigorous analysis of the three different methods and show the efficacy of the approaches in simulations using Matlab, as well as, using a realistic dynamic environment with moving obstacles in Gazebo/ROS.
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本文着重于影响弹性的移动机器人的碰撞运动计划和控制的新兴范式转移,并开发了一个统一的层次结构框架,用于在未知和部分观察的杂物空间中导航。在较低级别上,我们开发了一种变形恢复控制和轨迹重新启动策略,该策略处理可能在本地运行时发生的碰撞。低级系统会积极检测碰撞(通过内部内置的移动机器人上的嵌入式霍尔效应传感器),使机器人能够从其内部恢复,并在本地调整后影响后的轨迹。然后,在高层,我们提出了一种基于搜索的计划算法,以确定如何最好地利用潜在的碰撞来改善某些指标,例如控制能量和计算时间。我们的方法建立在A*带有跳跃点的基础上。我们生成了一种新颖的启发式功能,并进行了碰撞检查和调整技术,从而使A*算法通过利用和利用可能的碰撞来更快地收敛到达目标。通过将全局A*算法和局部变形恢复和重新融合策略以及该框架的各个组件相结合而生成的整体分层框架在模拟和实验中都经过了广泛的测试。一项消融研究借鉴了与基于搜索的最先进的避免碰撞计划者(用于整体框架)的链接,以及基于搜索的避免碰撞和基于采样的碰撞 - 碰撞 - 全球规划师(对于更高的较高的碰撞 - 等级)。结果证明了我们的方法在未知环境中具有碰撞的运动计划和控制的功效,在2D中运行的一类撞击弹性机器人具有孤立的障碍物。
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Continuous formulations of trajectory planning problems have two main benefits. First, constraints are guaranteed to be satisfied at all times. Secondly, dynamic obstacles can be naturally considered with time. This paper introduces a novel B-spline based trajectory optimization method for multi-jointed robots that provides a continuous trajectory with guaranteed continuous constraints satisfaction. At the core of this method, B-spline basic operations, like addition, multiplication, and derivative, are rigorously defined and applied for problem formulation. B-spline unique characteristics, such as the convex hull and smooth curves properties, are utilized to reformulate the original continuous optimization problem into a finite-dimensional problem. Collision avoidance with static obstacles is achieved using the signed distance field, while that with dynamic obstacles is accomplished via constructing time-varying separating hyperplanes. Simulation results on various robots validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. In addition, this paper provides experimental validations with a 6-link FANUC robot avoiding static and moving obstacles.
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本文介绍了可怜的高阶控制屏障功能(CBF),即结束于最终的可训练以及学习系统。CBFS通常是过于保守的,同时保证安全。在这里,我们通过使用环境依赖性软化它们的定义来解决它们的保守性,而不会损失安全保证,并将其嵌入到可分辨率的二次方案中。这些新颖的安全层称为巴里斯网,可以与任何基于神经网络的控制器结合使用,并且可以通过梯度下降训练。Barriernet允许神经控制器的安全约束适应改变环境。我们在一系列控制问题上进行评估,例如2D和3D空间中的交通合并和机器人导航,并与最先进的方法相比,证明其有效性。
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在粗糙的地形上的动态运动需要准确的脚部放置,避免碰撞以及系统的动态不足的计划。在存在不完美且常常不完整的感知信息的情况下,可靠地优化此类动作和互动是具有挑战性的。我们提出了一个完整的感知,计划和控制管道,可以实时优化机器人所有自由度的动作。为了减轻地形所带来的数值挑战,凸出不平等约束的顺序被提取为立足性可行性的局部近似值,并嵌入到在线模型预测控制器中。每个高程映射预先计算了步骤性分类,平面分割和签名的距离场,以最大程度地减少优化过程中的计算工作。多次射击,实时迭代和基于滤波器的线路搜索的组合用于可靠地以高速率解决该法式问题。我们在模拟中的间隙,斜率和踏上石头的情况下验证了所提出的方法,并在Anymal四倍的平台上进行实验,从而实现了最新的动态攀登。
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本文涉及专业示范的学习安全控制法。我们假设系统动态和输出测量图的适当模型以及相应的错误界限。我们首先提出强大的输出控制屏障功能(ROCBF)作为保证安全的手段,通过控制安全集的前向不变性定义。然后,我们提出了一个优化问题,以从展示安全系统行为的专家演示中学习RocBF,例如,从人类运营商收集的数据。随着优化问题,我们提供可验证条件,可确保获得的Rocbf的有效性。这些条件在数据的密度和学习函数的LipsChitz和Lipshitz和界限常数上说明,以及系统动态和输出测量图的模型。当ROCBF的参数化是线性的,然后,在温和的假设下,优化问题是凸的。我们在自动驾驶模拟器卡拉验证了我们的调查结果,并展示了如何从RGB相机图像中学习安全控制法。
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作为自动驾驶系统的核心部分,运动计划已受到学术界和行业的广泛关注。但是,由于非体力学动力学,尤其是在存在非结构化的环境和动态障碍的情况下,没有能够有效的轨迹计划解决方案能够为空间周期关节优化。为了弥合差距,我们提出了一种多功能和实时轨迹优化方法,该方法可以在任意约束下使用完整的车辆模型生成高质量的可行轨迹。通过利用类似汽车的机器人的差异平坦性能,我们使用平坦的输出来分析所有可行性约束,以简化轨迹计划问题。此外,通过全尺寸多边形实现避免障碍物,以产生较少的保守轨迹,并具有安全保证,尤其是在紧密约束的空间中。我们通过最先进的方法介绍了全面的基准测试,这证明了所提出的方法在效率和轨迹质量方面的重要性。现实世界实验验证了我们算法的实用性。我们将发布我们的代码作为开源软件包,目的是参考研究社区。
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通常,可以将最佳运动计划作为本地和全球执行。在这样的计划中,支持本地或全球计划技术的选择主要取决于环境条件是动态的还是静态的。因此,最适当的选择是与全球计划一起使用本地计划或本地计划。当设计最佳运动计划是本地或全球的时,要记住的关键指标是执行时间,渐近最优性,对动态障碍的快速反应。与其他方法相比,这种计划方法可以更有效地解决上述目标指标,例如路径计划,然后进行平滑。因此,这项研究的最重要目标是分析相关文献,以了解运动计划,特别轨迹计划,问题,当应用于实时生成最佳轨迹的多局部航空车(MAV),影响力(MAV)时如何提出问题。列出的指标。作为研究的结果,轨迹计划问题被分解为一组子问题,详细列出了解决每个问题的方法列表。随后,总结了2010年至2022年最突出的结果,并以时间表的形式呈现。
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基于控制屏障功能(CBF)的安全过滤器已成为自治系统安全至关重要控制的实用工具。这些方法通过价值函数编码安全性,并通过对该值函数的时间导数施加限制来执行安全。但是,在存在输入限制的情况下合成并非过于保守的有效CBF是一个臭名昭著的挑战。在这项工作中,我们建议使用正式验证方法提炼候选CBF,以获得有效的CBF。特别是,我们使用基于动态编程(DP)的可及性分析更新专家合成或备份CBF。我们的框架RefineCBF保证,在每次DP迭代中,获得的CBF至少与先前的迭代一样安全,并收集到有效的CBF。因此,RefineCBF可用于机器人系统。我们证明了我们在模拟中使用各种CBF合成技术来增强安全性和/或降低一系列非线性控制型系统系统的保守性的实用性。
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