非常希望知道模型的预测是多么不确定,特别是对于复杂的模型和难以理解的模型,如深度学习。虽然在扩散加权MRI中使用深度学习方法,但事先作品没有解决模型不确定性的问题。在这里,我们提出了一种深入的学习方法来估计扩散张量并计算估计不确定性。数据相关的不确定性由网络直接计算,并通过损耗衰减学习。使用Monte Carlo辍学来计算模型不确定性。我们还提出了一种评估预测不确定性的质量的新方法。我们将新方法与标准最小二乘张量估计和基于引导的不确定性计算技术进行比较。我们的实验表明,当测量数量小时,深度学习方法更准确,并且其不确定性预测比标准方法更好地校准。我们表明,新方法计算的估计不确定性可以突出显示模型的偏置,检测域移位,并反映测量中的噪声强度。我们的研究表明了基于深度学习的扩散MRI分析中建模预测不确定性的重要性和实际价值。
translated by 谷歌翻译
基于机器学习的数据驱动方法具有加速原子结构的计算分析。在这种情况下,可靠的不确定性估计对于评估对预测和实现决策的信心很重要。然而,机器学习模型可以产生严重校准的不确定性估计,因此仔细检测和处理不确定性至关重要。在这项工作中,我们扩展了一种消息,该消息通过神经网络,专门用于预测分子和材料的性质,具有校准的概率预测分布。本文提出的方法与先前的工作不同,通过考虑统一框架中的炼体和认知的不确定性,并通过重新校准未经证明数据的预测分布。通过计算机实验,我们表明我们的方法导致准确的模型,用于预测两种公共分子基准数据集,QM9和PC9的训练数据分布良好的分子形成能量。该方法提供了一种用于训练和评估神经网络集合模型的一般框架,该模型能够产生具有良好校准的不确定性估计的分子性质的准确预测。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在深度学习方法的输出中测量不确定性在几种方面有用,例如协助解释产出,帮助对最终用户建立信心,并改善网络的培训和性能。已经提出了几种不同的方法来估计不确定性,包括分别使用测试时间辍学和增强的认知(与所使用的模型有关)和Aleatoric(与数据有关的模型有关)。这些不确定性源不仅不同,而且还受参数设置(例如,辍学率或类型和增强级别)的约束,它们建立了更加不同的不确定性类别。这项工作调查了不确定性与这些类别的不同之处以及空间模式的不同,以解决它们是否提供在使用不确定性时应捕获的有用信息的问题。我们采取了良好的特征性的挑战数据集,以证明不同类别的不确定性的大小和空间模式都存在实质性差异,并讨论了这些类别在各种用例中的含义。
translated by 谷歌翻译
以知情方式监测和管理地球林是解决生物多样性损失和气候变化等挑战的重要要求。虽然森林评估的传统或空中运动提供了在区域一级分析的准确数据,但将其扩展到整个国家,以外的高度分辨率几乎不可能。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种贝叶斯深度学习方法,以10米的分辨率为全国范围的森林结构变量,使用自由可用的卫星图像作为输入。我们的方法将Sentinel-2光学图像和Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达图像共同变换为五种不同的森林结构变量的地图:95th高度百分位,平均高度,密度,基尼系数和分数盖。我们从挪威的41个机载激光扫描任务中培训和测试我们的模型,并证明它能够概括取消测试区域,从而达到11%和15%之间的归一化平均值误差,具体取决于变量。我们的工作也是第一个提出贝叶斯深度学习方法的工作,以预测具有良好校准的不确定性估计的森林结构变量。这些提高了模型的可信度及其适用于需要可靠的信心估计的下游任务,例如知情决策。我们提出了一组广泛的实验,以验证预测地图的准确性以及预测的不确定性的质量。为了展示可扩展性,我们为五个森林结构变量提供挪威地图。
translated by 谷歌翻译
美国宇航局的全球生态系统动力学调查(GEDI)是一个关键的气候使命,其目标是推进我们对森林在全球碳循环中的作用的理解。虽然GEDI是第一个基于空间的激光器,明确优化,以测量地上生物质的垂直森林结构预测,这对广泛的观测和环境条件的大量波形数据的准确解释是具有挑战性的。在这里,我们提出了一种新颖的监督机器学习方法来解释GEDI波形和全球标注冠层顶部高度。我们提出了一种基于深度卷积神经网络(CNN)集合的概率深度学习方法,以避免未知效果的显式建模,例如大气噪声。该模型学会提取概括地理区域的强大特征,此外,产生可靠的预测性不确定性估计。最终,我们模型产生的全球顶棚顶部高度估计估计的预期RMSE为2.7米,低偏差。
translated by 谷歌翻译
敏感性张量成像(STI)是一种新兴的磁共振成像技术,它以二阶张量模型来表征各向异性组织磁敏感性。 STI有可能为白质纤维途径的重建以及在MM分辨率下的大脑中的髓磷脂变化的检测提供信息,这对于理解健康和患病大脑的大脑结构和功能具有很大的价值。但是,STI在体内的应用受到了繁琐且耗时的采集要求,以测量易感性引起的MR相变为多个(通常超过六个)的头部方向。由于头圈的物理限制,头部旋转角的限制增强了这种复杂性。结果,STI尚未广泛应用于体内研究。在这项工作中,我们通过为STI的图像重建算法提出利用数据驱动的先验来解决这些问题。我们的方法称为DEEPSTI,通过深层神经网络隐式地了解了数据,该网络近似于STI的正常器函数的近端操作员。然后,使用学习的近端网络对偶极反转问题进行迭代解决。使用模拟和体内人类数据的实验结果表明,根据重建张量图,主要特征向量图和拖拉术结果,对最先进的算法的改进很大六个不同的方向。值得注意的是,我们的方法仅在人体内的一个方向上实现了有希望的重建结果,我们证明了该技术在估计多发性硬化症患者中估计病变易感性各向异性的潜在应用。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在过去几十年中,已经提出了各种方法,用于估计回归设置中的预测间隔,包括贝叶斯方法,集合方法,直接间隔估计方法和保形预测方法。重要问题是这些方法的校准:生成的预测间隔应该具有预定义的覆盖水平,而不会过于保守。在这项工作中,我们从概念和实验的角度审查上述四类方法。结果来自各个域的基准数据集突出显示从一个数据集中的性能的大波动。这些观察可能归因于违反某些类别的某些方法所固有的某些假设。我们说明了如何将共形预测用作提供不具有校准步骤的方法的方法的一般校准程序。
translated by 谷歌翻译
现代深层神经网络在医学图像分割任务中取得了显着进展。然而,最近观察到他们倾向于产生过于自信的估计,即使在高度不确定性的情况下,导致校准差和不可靠的模型。在这项工作中,我们介绍了错误的预测(MEEP)的最大熵,分割网络的培训策略,这些网络选择性地惩罚过度自信预测,仅关注错误分类的像素。特别是,我们设计了一个正规化术语,鼓励出于错误的预测,增加了复杂场景中的网络不确定性。我们的方法对于神经结构不可知,不会提高模型复杂性,并且可以与多分割损耗功能耦合。我们在两个具有挑战性的医学图像分割任务中将拟议的策略基准:脑磁共振图像(MRI)中的白质超强度病变,心脏MRI中的心房分段。实验结果表明,具有标准分割损耗的耦合MEEP不仅可以改善模型校准,而且还导致分割质量。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Configurable software systems are employed in many important application domains. Understanding the performance of the systems under all configurations is critical to prevent potential performance issues caused by misconfiguration. However, as the number of configurations can be prohibitively large, it is not possible to measure the system performance under all configurations. Thus, a common approach is to build a prediction model from a limited measurement data to predict the performance of all configurations as scalar values. However, it has been pointed out that there are different sources of uncertainty coming from the data collection or the modeling process, which can make the scalar predictions not certainly accurate. To address this problem, we propose a Bayesian deep learning based method, namely BDLPerf, that can incorporate uncertainty into the prediction model. BDLPerf can provide both scalar predictions for configurations' performance and the corresponding confidence intervals of these scalar predictions. We also develop a novel uncertainty calibration technique to ensure the reliability of the confidence intervals generated by a Bayesian prediction model. Finally, we suggest an efficient hyperparameter tuning technique so as to train the prediction model within a reasonable amount of time whilst achieving high accuracy. Our experimental results on 10 real-world systems show that BDLPerf achieves higher accuracy than existing approaches, in both scalar performance prediction and confidence interval estimation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
分配转移或培训数据和部署数据之间的不匹配是在高风险工业应用中使用机器学习的重要障碍,例如自动驾驶和医学。这需要能够评估ML模型的推广以及其不确定性估计的质量。标准ML基线数据集不允许评估这些属性,因为培训,验证和测试数据通常相同分布。最近,已经出现了一系列专用基准测试,其中包括分布匹配和转移的数据。在这些基准测试中,数据集在任务的多样性以及其功能的数据模式方面脱颖而出。虽然大多数基准测试由2D图像分类任务主导,但Shifts包含表格天气预测,机器翻译和车辆运动预测任务。这使得可以评估模型的鲁棒性属性,并可以得出多种工业规模的任务以及通用或直接适用的特定任务结论。在本文中,我们扩展了偏移数据集,其中两个数据集来自具有高社会重要性的工业高风险应用程序。具体而言,我们考虑了3D磁共振脑图像中白质多发性硬化病变的分割任务以及海洋货物容器中功耗的估计。两项任务均具有无处不在的分配变化和由于错误成本而构成严格的安全要求。这些新数据集将使研究人员能够进一步探索新情况下的强大概括和不确定性估计。在这项工作中,我们提供了两个任务的数据集和基线结果的描述。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度展开是一种基于深度学习的图像重建方法,它弥合了基于模型和纯粹的基于深度学习的图像重建方法之间的差距。尽管深层展开的方法实现了成像问题的最新性能,并允许将观察模型纳入重建过程,但它们没有提供有关重建图像的任何不确定性信息,这严重限制了他们在实践中的使用,尤其是用于安全 - 关键成像应用。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于学习的图像重建框架,该框架将观察模型纳入重建任务中,并能够基于深层展开和贝叶斯神经网络来量化认知和核心不确定性。我们证明了所提出的框架在磁共振成像和计算机断层扫描重建问题上的不确定性表征能力。我们研究了拟议框架提供的认知和态度不确定性信息的特征,以激发未来的研究利用不确定性信息来开发更准确,健壮,可信赖,不确定性,基于学习的图像重建和成像问题的分析方法。我们表明,所提出的框架可以提供不确定性信息,同时与最新的深层展开方法实现可比的重建性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文介绍了分类器校准原理和实践的简介和详细概述。校准的分类器正确地量化了与其实例明智的预测相关的不确定性或信心水平。这对于关键应用,最佳决策,成本敏感的分类以及某些类型的上下文变化至关重要。校准研究具有丰富的历史,其中几十年来预测机器学习作为学术领域的诞生。然而,校准兴趣的最近增加导致了新的方法和从二进制到多种子体设置的扩展。需要考虑的选项和问题的空间很大,并导航它需要正确的概念和工具集。我们提供了主要概念和方法的介绍性材料和最新的技术细节,包括适当的评分规则和其他评估指标,可视化方法,全面陈述二进制和多字数分类的HOC校准方法,以及几个先进的话题。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Objective: Imbalances of the electrolyte concentration levels in the body can lead to catastrophic consequences, but accurate and accessible measurements could improve patient outcomes. While blood tests provide accurate measurements, they are invasive and the laboratory analysis can be slow or inaccessible. In contrast, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a widely adopted tool which is quick and simple to acquire. However, the problem of estimating continuous electrolyte concentrations directly from ECGs is not well-studied. We therefore investigate if regression methods can be used for accurate ECG-based prediction of electrolyte concentrations. Methods: We explore the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) for this task. We analyze the regression performance across four electrolytes, utilizing a novel dataset containing over 290000 ECGs. For improved understanding, we also study the full spectrum from continuous predictions to binary classification of extreme concentration levels. To enhance clinical usefulness, we finally extend to a probabilistic regression approach and evaluate different uncertainty estimates. Results: We find that the performance varies significantly between different electrolytes, which is clinically justified in the interplay of electrolytes and their manifestation in the ECG. We also compare the regression accuracy with that of traditional machine learning models, demonstrating superior performance of DNNs. Conclusion: Discretization can lead to good classification performance, but does not help solve the original problem of predicting continuous concentration levels. While probabilistic regression demonstrates potential practical usefulness, the uncertainty estimates are not particularly well-calibrated. Significance: Our study is a first step towards accurate and reliable ECG-based prediction of electrolyte concentration levels.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Objective: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated promise in automated cardiac magnetic resonance image segmentation. However, when using CNNs in a large real-world dataset, it is important to quantify segmentation uncertainty and identify segmentations which could be problematic. In this work, we performed a systematic study of Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods for estimating uncertainty in segmentation neural networks. Methods: We evaluated Bayes by Backprop, Monte Carlo Dropout, Deep Ensembles, and Stochastic Segmentation Networks in terms of segmentation accuracy, probability calibration, uncertainty on out-of-distribution images, and segmentation quality control. Results: We observed that Deep Ensembles outperformed the other methods except for images with heavy noise and blurring distortions. We showed that Bayes by Backprop is more robust to noise distortions while Stochastic Segmentation Networks are more resistant to blurring distortions. For segmentation quality control, we showed that segmentation uncertainty is correlated with segmentation accuracy for all the methods. With the incorporation of uncertainty estimates, we were able to reduce the percentage of poor segmentation to 5% by flagging 31--48% of the most uncertain segmentations for manual review, substantially lower than random review without using neural network uncertainty (reviewing 75--78% of all images). Conclusion: This work provides a comprehensive evaluation of uncertainty estimation methods and showed that Deep Ensembles outperformed other methods in most cases. Significance: Neural network uncertainty measures can help identify potentially inaccurate segmentations and alert users for manual review.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文表明,球形卷积神经网络(S-CNN)在估算从扩散MRI(DMRI)的组织微结构的标量参数时,比常规完全连接的网络(FCN)具有不同的优势。这样的微观结构参数对于识别病理学和量化其程度很有价值。但是,当前的临床实践通常获取仅由6个扩散加权图像(DWI)组成的DMRI数据,从而限制了估计的微观结构指数的准确性和精度。已经提出了机器学习(ML)来应对这一挑战。但是,现有的基于ML的方法对于不同的DMRI梯度采样方案并不强大,它们也不是旋转等效的。对抽样方案缺乏鲁棒性需要为每个方案培训一个新的网络,从而使来自多个来源的数据分析变得复杂。缺乏旋转模棱两可的可能结果是,训练数据集必须包含各种微叠加方向。在这里,我们显示球形CNN代表了一种引人注目的替代方案,该替代方案对新的采样方案以及提供旋转模棱两可。我们表明可以利用后者以减少所需的训练数据点的数量。
translated by 谷歌翻译
尽管对安全机器学习的重要性,但神经网络的不确定性量化远未解决。估计神经不确定性的最先进方法通常是混合的,将参数模型与显式或隐式(基于辍学的)合并结合。我们采取另一种途径,提出一种新颖的回归任务的不确定量化方法,纯粹是非参数的。从技术上讲,它通过基于辍学的子网分布来捕获梯级不确定性。这是通过一个新目标来实现的,这使得标签分布与模型分布之间的Wasserstein距离最小化。广泛的经验分析表明,在生产更准确和稳定的不确定度估计方面,Wasserstein丢失在香草测试数据以及在分类转移的情况下表现出最先进的方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
There are two major types of uncertainty one can model. Aleatoric uncertainty captures noise inherent in the observations. On the other hand, epistemic uncertainty accounts for uncertainty in the model -uncertainty which can be explained away given enough data. Traditionally it has been difficult to model epistemic uncertainty in computer vision, but with new Bayesian deep learning tools this is now possible. We study the benefits of modeling epistemic vs. aleatoric uncertainty in Bayesian deep learning models for vision tasks. For this we present a Bayesian deep learning framework combining input-dependent aleatoric uncertainty together with epistemic uncertainty. We study models under the framework with per-pixel semantic segmentation and depth regression tasks. Further, our explicit uncertainty formulation leads to new loss functions for these tasks, which can be interpreted as learned attenuation. This makes the loss more robust to noisy data, also giving new state-of-the-art results on segmentation and depth regression benchmarks.
translated by 谷歌翻译
不确定性量化对于机器人感知至关重要,因为过度自信或点估计人员可以导致环境和机器人侵犯和损害。在本文中,我们评估了单视图监督深度学习中的不确定量化的可扩展方法,特别是MC辍学和深度集成。特别是对于MC辍学,我们探讨了阵列在架构中不同级别的效果。我们表明,在编码器的所有层中添加丢失会带来比文献中的其他变化更好的结果。此配置类似地执行与Deep Ensembles具有更低的内存占用,这是相关的简单。最后,我们探讨了伪RGBD ICP的深度不确定性,并展示其估计具有实际规模的准确的双视图相对运动的可能性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Uncertainty quantification (UQ) has increasing importance in building robust high-performance and generalizable materials property prediction models. It can also be used in active learning to train better models by focusing on getting new training data from uncertain regions. There are several categories of UQ methods each considering different types of uncertainty sources. Here we conduct a comprehensive evaluation on the UQ methods for graph neural network based materials property prediction and evaluate how they truly reflect the uncertainty that we want in error bound estimation or active learning. Our experimental results over four crystal materials datasets (including formation energy, adsorption energy, total energy, and band gap properties) show that the popular ensemble methods for uncertainty estimation is NOT the best choice for UQ in materials property prediction. For the convenience of the community, all the source code and data sets can be accessed freely at \url{https://github.com/usccolumbia/materialsUQ}.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Over the years, Machine Learning models have been successfully employed on neuroimaging data for accurately predicting brain age. Deviations from the healthy brain aging pattern are associated to the accelerated brain aging and brain abnormalities. Hence, efficient and accurate diagnosis techniques are required for eliciting accurate brain age estimations. Several contributions have been reported in the past for this purpose, resorting to different data-driven modeling methods. Recently, deep neural networks (also referred to as deep learning) have become prevalent in manifold neuroimaging studies, including brain age estimation. In this review, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the literature related to the adoption of deep learning for brain age estimation with neuroimaging data. We detail and analyze different deep learning architectures used for this application, pausing at research works published to date quantitatively exploring their application. We also examine different brain age estimation frameworks, comparatively exposing their advantages and weaknesses. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook towards future directions that should be followed by prospective studies. The ultimate goal of this paper is to establish a common and informed reference for newcomers and experienced researchers willing to approach brain age estimation by using deep learning models
translated by 谷歌翻译