基于机器学习的数据驱动方法具有加速原子结构的计算分析。在这种情况下,可靠的不确定性估计对于评估对预测和实现决策的信心很重要。然而,机器学习模型可以产生严重校准的不确定性估计,因此仔细检测和处理不确定性至关重要。在这项工作中,我们扩展了一种消息,该消息通过神经网络,专门用于预测分子和材料的性质,具有校准的概率预测分布。本文提出的方法与先前的工作不同,通过考虑统一框架中的炼体和认知的不确定性,并通过重新校准未经证明数据的预测分布。通过计算机实验,我们表明我们的方法导致准确的模型,用于预测两种公共分子基准数据集,QM9和PC9的训练数据分布良好的分子形成能量。该方法提供了一种用于训练和评估神经网络集合模型的一般框架,该模型能够产生具有良好校准的不确定性估计的分子性质的准确预测。
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定量探索了量子化学参考数据的训练神经网络(NNS)预测的不确定性量化的价值。为此,适当地修改了Physnet NN的体系结构,并使用不同的指标评估所得模型,以量化校准,预测质量以及预测误差和预测的不确定性是否可以相关。 QM9数据库培训的结果以及分布内外的测试集的数据表明,错误和不确定性与线性无关。结果阐明了噪声和冗余使分子的性质预测复杂化,即使在发生变化的情况下,例如在两个原本相同的分子中的双键迁移 - 很小。然后将模型应用于互变异反应的真实数据库。分析特征空间中的成员之间的距离与其他参数结合在一起表明,训练数据集中的冗余信息会导致较大的差异和小错误,而存在相似但非特定的信息的存在会返回大错误,但差异很小。例如,这是对含硝基的脂肪族链的观察到的,尽管训练集包含了与芳香族分子结合的硝基组的几个示例,但这些预测很困难。这强调了训练数据组成的重要性,并提供了化学洞察力,以了解这如何影响ML模型的预测能力。最后,提出的方法可用于通过主动学习优化基于信息的化学数据库改进目标应用程序。
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Uncertainty quantification (UQ) has increasing importance in building robust high-performance and generalizable materials property prediction models. It can also be used in active learning to train better models by focusing on getting new training data from uncertain regions. There are several categories of UQ methods each considering different types of uncertainty sources. Here we conduct a comprehensive evaluation on the UQ methods for graph neural network based materials property prediction and evaluate how they truly reflect the uncertainty that we want in error bound estimation or active learning. Our experimental results over four crystal materials datasets (including formation energy, adsorption energy, total energy, and band gap properties) show that the popular ensemble methods for uncertainty estimation is NOT the best choice for UQ in materials property prediction. For the convenience of the community, all the source code and data sets can be accessed freely at \url{https://github.com/usccolumbia/materialsUQ}.
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Deep learning models that leverage large datasets are often the state of the art for modelling molecular properties. When the datasets are smaller (< 2000 molecules), it is not clear that deep learning approaches are the right modelling tool. In this work we perform an extensive study of the calibration and generalizability of probabilistic machine learning models on small chemical datasets. Using different molecular representations and models, we analyse the quality of their predictions and uncertainties in a variety of tasks (binary, regression) and datasets. We also introduce two simulated experiments that evaluate their performance: (1) Bayesian optimization guided molecular design, (2) inference on out-of-distribution data via ablated cluster splits. We offer practical insights into model and feature choice for modelling small chemical datasets, a common scenario in new chemical experiments. We have packaged our analysis into the DIONYSUS repository, which is open sourced to aid in reproducibility and extension to new datasets.
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美国宇航局的全球生态系统动力学调查(GEDI)是一个关键的气候使命,其目标是推进我们对森林在全球碳循环中的作用的理解。虽然GEDI是第一个基于空间的激光器,明确优化,以测量地上生物质的垂直森林结构预测,这对广泛的观测和环境条件的大量波形数据的准确解释是具有挑战性的。在这里,我们提出了一种新颖的监督机器学习方法来解释GEDI波形和全球标注冠层顶部高度。我们提出了一种基于深度卷积神经网络(CNN)集合的概率深度学习方法,以避免未知效果的显式建模,例如大气噪声。该模型学会提取概括地理区域的强大特征,此外,产生可靠的预测性不确定性估计。最终,我们模型产生的全球顶棚顶部高度估计估计的预期RMSE为2.7米,低偏差。
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Advancements in neural machinery have led to a wide range of algorithmic solutions for molecular property prediction. Two classes of models in particular have yielded promising results: neural networks applied to computed molecular fingerprints or expert-crafted descriptors, and graph convolutional neural networks that construct a learned molecular representation by operating on the graph structure of the molecule.However, recent literature has yet to clearly determine which of these two methods is superior when generalizing to new chemical space. Furthermore, prior research has
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以知情方式监测和管理地球林是解决生物多样性损失和气候变化等挑战的重要要求。虽然森林评估的传统或空中运动提供了在区域一级分析的准确数据,但将其扩展到整个国家,以外的高度分辨率几乎不可能。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种贝叶斯深度学习方法,以10米的分辨率为全国范围的森林结构变量,使用自由可用的卫星图像作为输入。我们的方法将Sentinel-2光学图像和Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达图像共同变换为五种不同的森林结构变量的地图:95th高度百分位,平均高度,密度,基尼系数和分数盖。我们从挪威的41个机载激光扫描任务中培训和测试我们的模型,并证明它能够概括取消测试区域,从而达到11%和15%之间的归一化平均值误差,具体取决于变量。我们的工作也是第一个提出贝叶斯深度学习方法的工作,以预测具有良好校准的不确定性估计的森林结构变量。这些提高了模型的可信度及其适用于需要可靠的信心估计的下游任务,例如知情决策。我们提出了一组广泛的实验,以验证预测地图的准确性以及预测的不确定性的质量。为了展示可扩展性,我们为五个森林结构变量提供挪威地图。
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本文介绍了分类器校准原理和实践的简介和详细概述。校准的分类器正确地量化了与其实例明智的预测相关的不确定性或信心水平。这对于关键应用,最佳决策,成本敏感的分类以及某些类型的上下文变化至关重要。校准研究具有丰富的历史,其中几十年来预测机器学习作为学术领域的诞生。然而,校准兴趣的最近增加导致了新的方法和从二进制到多种子体设置的扩展。需要考虑的选项和问题的空间很大,并导航它需要正确的概念和工具集。我们提供了主要概念和方法的介绍性材料和最新的技术细节,包括适当的评分规则和其他评估指标,可视化方法,全面陈述二进制和多字数分类的HOC校准方法,以及几个先进的话题。
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可拍照的分子显示了可以使用光访问的两个或多个异构体形式。将这些异构体的电子吸收带分开是选择性解决特定异构体并达到高光稳态状态的关键,同时总体红色转移带来的吸收带可以限制因紫外线暴露而限制材料损害,并增加了光疗法应用中的渗透深度。但是,通过合成设计将这些属性工程为系统仍然是一个挑战。在这里,我们提出了一条数据驱动的发现管道,用于由数据集策划和使用高斯过程的多任务学习支撑的分子照片开关。在对电子过渡波长的预测中,我们证明了使用来自四个Photoswitch转变波长的标签训练的多输出高斯过程(MOGP)产生相对于单任务模型的最强预测性能,并且在操作上超过了时间依赖时间依赖性的密度理论(TD) -dft)就预测的墙壁锁定时间而言。我们通过筛选可商购的可拍摄分子库来实验验证我们提出的方法。通过此屏幕,我们确定了几个图案,这些基序显示了它们的异构体的分离电子吸收带,表现出红移的吸收,并且适用于信息传输和光电学应用。我们的策划数据集,代码以及所有型号均可在https://github.com/ryan-rhys/the-photoswitch-dataset上提供
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非常希望知道模型的预测是多么不确定,特别是对于复杂的模型和难以理解的模型,如深度学习。虽然在扩散加权MRI中使用深度学习方法,但事先作品没有解决模型不确定性的问题。在这里,我们提出了一种深入的学习方法来估计扩散张量并计算估计不确定性。数据相关的不确定性由网络直接计算,并通过损耗衰减学习。使用Monte Carlo辍学来计算模型不确定性。我们还提出了一种评估预测不确定性的质量的新方法。我们将新方法与标准最小二乘张量估计和基于引导的不确定性计算技术进行比较。我们的实验表明,当测量数量小时,深度学习方法更准确,并且其不确定性预测比标准方法更好地校准。我们表明,新方法计算的估计不确定性可以突出显示模型的偏置,检测域移位,并反映测量中的噪声强度。我们的研究表明了基于深度学习的扩散MRI分析中建模预测不确定性的重要性和实际价值。
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Supervised learning on molecules has incredible potential to be useful in chemistry, drug discovery, and materials science. Luckily, several promising and closely related neural network models invariant to molecular symmetries have already been described in the literature. These models learn a message passing algorithm and aggregation procedure to compute a function of their entire input graph. At this point, the next step is to find a particularly effective variant of this general approach and apply it to chemical prediction benchmarks until we either solve them or reach the limits of the approach. In this paper, we reformulate existing models into a single common framework we call Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) and explore additional novel variations within this framework. Using MPNNs we demonstrate state of the art results on an important molecular property prediction benchmark; these results are strong enough that we believe future work should focus on datasets with larger molecules or more accurate ground truth labels.Recently, large scale quantum chemistry calculation and molecular dynamics simulations coupled with advances in high throughput experiments have begun to generate data at an unprecedented rate. Most classical techniques do not make effective use of the larger amounts of data that are now available. The time is ripe to apply more powerful and flexible machine learning methods to these problems, assuming we can find models with suitable inductive biases. The symmetries of atomic systems suggest neural networks that operate on graph structured data and are invariant to graph isomorphism might also be appropriate for molecules. Sufficiently successful models could someday help automate challenging chemical search problems in drug discovery or materials science.In this paper, our goal is to demonstrate effective machine learning models for chemical prediction problems
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Deep neural networks (NNs) are powerful black box predictors that have recently achieved impressive performance on a wide spectrum of tasks. Quantifying predictive uncertainty in NNs is a challenging and yet unsolved problem. Bayesian NNs, which learn a distribution over weights, are currently the state-of-the-art for estimating predictive uncertainty; however these require significant modifications to the training procedure and are computationally expensive compared to standard (non-Bayesian) NNs. We propose an alternative to Bayesian NNs that is simple to implement, readily parallelizable, requires very little hyperparameter tuning, and yields high quality predictive uncertainty estimates. Through a series of experiments on classification and regression benchmarks, we demonstrate that our method produces well-calibrated uncertainty estimates which are as good or better than approximate Bayesian NNs. To assess robustness to dataset shift, we evaluate the predictive uncertainty on test examples from known and unknown distributions, and show that our method is able to express higher uncertainty on out-of-distribution examples. We demonstrate the scalability of our method by evaluating predictive uncertainty estimates on ImageNet.
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在过去几十年中,已经提出了各种方法,用于估计回归设置中的预测间隔,包括贝叶斯方法,集合方法,直接间隔估计方法和保形预测方法。重要问题是这些方法的校准:生成的预测间隔应该具有预定义的覆盖水平,而不会过于保守。在这项工作中,我们从概念和实验的角度审查上述四类方法。结果来自各个域的基准数据集突出显示从一个数据集中的性能的大波动。这些观察可能归因于违反某些类别的某些方法所固有的某些假设。我们说明了如何将共形预测用作提供不具有校准步骤的方法的方法的一般校准程序。
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在回归设置中量化不确定性的许多方法中,指定完整量子函数具有吸引力,随着量级可用于解释和评估。预测每个输入的真实条件定量的模型,在所有量化水平上都具有潜在的不确定性的正确和有效的表示。为实现这一目标,许多基于当前的分位式的方法侧重于优化所谓的弹球损失。然而,这种损失限制了适用的回归模型的范围,限制了靶向许多所需特性的能力(例如校准,清晰度,中心间隔),并且可能产生差的条件量数。在这项工作中,我们开发了满足这些缺点的新分位式方法。特别是,我们提出了可以适用于任何类别的回归模型的方法,允许在校准和清晰度之间选择权衡,优化校准中心间隔,并产生更准确的条件定位。我们对我们的方法提供了彻底的实验评估,其中包括核融合中的高维不确定性量化任务。
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The accurate prediction of physicochemical properties of chemical compounds in mixtures (such as the activity coefficient at infinite dilution $\gamma_{ij}^\infty$) is essential for developing novel and more sustainable chemical processes. In this work, we analyze the performance of previously-proposed GNN-based models for the prediction of $\gamma_{ij}^\infty$, and compare them with several mechanistic models in a series of 9 isothermal studies. Moreover, we develop the Gibbs-Helmholtz Graph Neural Network (GH-GNN) model for predicting $\ln \gamma_{ij}^\infty$ of molecular systems at different temperatures. Our method combines the simplicity of a Gibbs-Helmholtz-derived expression with a series of graph neural networks that incorporate explicit molecular and intermolecular descriptors for capturing dispersion and hydrogen bonding effects. We have trained this model using experimentally determined $\ln \gamma_{ij}^\infty$ data of 40,219 binary-systems involving 1032 solutes and 866 solvents, overall showing superior performance compared to the popular UNIFAC-Dortmund model. We analyze the performance of GH-GNN for continuous and discrete inter/extrapolation and give indications for the model's applicability domain and expected accuracy. In general, GH-GNN is able to produce accurate predictions for extrapolated binary-systems if at least 25 systems with the same combination of solute-solvent chemical classes are contained in the training set and a similarity indicator above 0.35 is also present. This model and its applicability domain recommendations have been made open-source at https://github.com/edgarsmdn/GH-GNN.
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尽管对安全机器学习的重要性,但神经网络的不确定性量化远未解决。估计神经不确定性的最先进方法通常是混合的,将参数模型与显式或隐式(基于辍学的)合并结合。我们采取另一种途径,提出一种新颖的回归任务的不确定量化方法,纯粹是非参数的。从技术上讲,它通过基于辍学的子网分布来捕获梯级不确定性。这是通过一个新目标来实现的,这使得标签分布与模型分布之间的Wasserstein距离最小化。广泛的经验分析表明,在生产更准确和稳定的不确定度估计方面,Wasserstein丢失在香草测试数据以及在分类转移的情况下表现出最先进的方法。
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在三维分子结构上运行的计算方法有可能解决生物学和化学的重要问题。特别地,深度神经网络的重视,但它们在生物分子结构域中的广泛采用受到缺乏系统性能基准或统一工具包的限制,用于与分子数据相互作用。为了解决这个问题,我们呈现Atom3D,这是一个新颖的和现有的基准数据集的集合,跨越几个密钥的生物分子。我们为这些任务中的每一个实施多种三维分子学习方法,并表明它们始终如一地提高了基于单维和二维表示的方法的性能。结构的具体选择对于性能至关重要,具有涉及复杂几何形状的任务的三维卷积网络,在需要详细位置信息的系统中表现出良好的图形网络,以及最近开发的设备越多的网络显示出显着承诺。我们的结果表明,许多分子问题符合三维分子学习的增益,并且有可能改善许多仍然过分曝光的任务。为了降低进入并促进现场进一步发展的障碍,我们还提供了一套全面的DataSet处理,模型培训和在我们的开源ATOM3D Python包中的评估工具套件。所有数据集都可以从https://www.atom3d.ai下载。
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电子密度$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$是用密度泛函理论(dft)计算地面能量的基本变量。除了总能量之外,$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$分布和$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$的功能通常用于捕获电子规模以功能材料和分子中的关键物理化学现象。方法提供对$ \ rho(\ vec {r})的可紊乱系统,其具有少量计算成本的复杂无序系统可以是对材料相位空间的加快探索朝向具有更好功能的新材料的逆设计的游戏更换者。我们为预测$ \ rho(\ vec {r})$。该模型基于成本图形神经网络,并且在作为消息传递图的一部分的特殊查询点顶点上预测了电子密度,但仅接收消息。该模型在多个数据组中进行测试,分子(QM9),液体乙烯碳酸酯电解质(EC)和Lixniymnzco(1-Y-Z)O 2锂离子电池阴极(NMC)。对于QM9分子,所提出的模型的准确性超过了从DFT获得的$ \ Rho(\ vec {r})$中的典型变异性,以不同的交换相关功能,并显示超出最先进的准确性。混合氧化物(NMC)和电解质(EC)数据集更好的精度甚至更好。线性缩放模型同时探测成千上万点的能力允许计算$ \ Rho(\ vec {r})$的大型复杂系统,比DFT快于允许筛选无序的功能材料。
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Trainable evaluation metrics for machine translation (MT) exhibit strong correlation with human judgements, but they are often hard to interpret and might produce unreliable scores under noisy or out-of-domain data. Recent work has attempted to mitigate this with simple uncertainty quantification techniques (Monte Carlo dropout and deep ensembles), however these techniques (as we show) are limited in several ways -- for example, they are unable to distinguish between different kinds of uncertainty, and they are time and memory consuming. In this paper, we propose more powerful and efficient uncertainty predictors for MT evaluation, and we assess their ability to target different sources of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. To this end, we develop and compare training objectives for the COMET metric to enhance it with an uncertainty prediction output, including heteroscedastic regression, divergence minimization, and direct uncertainty prediction. Our experiments show improved results on uncertainty prediction for the WMT metrics task datasets, with a substantial reduction in computational costs. Moreover, they demonstrate the ability of these predictors to address specific uncertainty causes in MT evaluation, such as low quality references and out-of-domain data.
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计算催化和机器学习社区在开发用于催化剂发现和设计的机器学习模型方面取得了长足的进步。然而,跨越催化的化学空间的一般机器学习潜力仍然无法触及。一个重大障碍是在广泛的材料中获得访问培训数据的访问。缺乏数据的一类重要材料是氧化物,它抑制模型无法更广泛地研究氧气进化反应和氧化物电催化。为了解决这个问题,我们开发了开放的催化剂2022(OC22)数据集,包括62,521个密度功能理论(DFT)放松(〜9,884,504个单点计算),遍及一系列氧化物材料,覆盖范围,覆盖率和吸附物( *H, *o, *o, *o, *o, *o, * n, *c, *ooh, *oh, *oh2, *o2, *co)。我们定义广义任务,以预测催化过程中适用的总系统能量,发展几个图神经网络的基线性能(Schnet,Dimenet ++,Forcenet,Spinconv,Painn,Painn,Gemnet-DT,Gemnet-DT,Gemnet-OC),并提供预先定义的数据集分割以建立明确的基准,以实现未来的努力。对于所有任务,我们研究组合数据集是否会带来更好的结果,即使它们包含不同的材料或吸附物。具体而言,我们在Open Catalyst 2020(OC20)数据集和OC22上共同训练模型,或OC22上的微调OC20型号。在最一般的任务中,Gemnet-OC看到通过微调来提高了约32%的能量预测,通过联合训练的力预测提高了约9%。令人惊讶的是,OC20和较小的OC22数据集的联合培训也将OC20的总能量预测提高了约19%。数据集和基线模型是开源的,公众排行榜将遵循,以鼓励社区的持续发展,以了解总能源任务和数据。
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