作为一种特殊的无限级矢量自回旋(VAR)模型,矢量自回归移动平均值(VARMA)模型比广泛使用的有限级var模型可以捕获更丰富的时间模式。然而,长期以来,其实用性一直受到其不可识别性,计算疾病性和解释相对难度的阻碍。本文介绍了一种新颖的无限级VAR模型,该模型不仅避免了VARMA模型的缺点,而且继承了其有利的时间模式。作为另一个有吸引力的特征,可以单独解释该模型的时间和横截面依赖性结构,因为它们的特征是不同的参数集。对于高维时间序列,这种分离激发了我们对确定横截面依赖性的参数施加稀疏性。结果,可以在不牺牲任何时间信息的情况下实现更高的统计效率和可解释性。我们为提出的模型引入了一个$ \ ell_1 $调查估计量,并得出相应的非反应误差边界。开发了有效的块坐标下降算法和一致的模型顺序选择方法。拟议方法的优点得到了模拟研究和现实世界的宏观经济数据分析的支持。
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This paper provides estimation and inference methods for an identified set's boundary (i.e., support function) where the selection among a very large number of covariates is based on modern regularized tools. I characterize the boundary using a semiparametric moment equation. Combining Neyman-orthogonality and sample splitting ideas, I construct a root-N consistent, uniformly asymptotically Gaussian estimator of the boundary and propose a multiplier bootstrap procedure to conduct inference. I apply this result to the partially linear model, the partially linear IV model and the average partial derivative with an interval-valued outcome.
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我们研究了张量张量的回归,其中的目标是将张量的响应与张量协变量与塔克等级参数张量/矩阵连接起来,而没有其内在等级的先验知识。我们提出了Riemannian梯度下降(RGD)和Riemannian Gauss-Newton(RGN)方法,并通过研究等级过度参数化的影响来应对未知等级的挑战。我们通过表明RGD和RGN分别线性地和四边形地收敛到两个等级的统计最佳估计值,从而为一般的张量调节回归提供了第一个收敛保证。我们的理论揭示了一种有趣的现象:Riemannian优化方法自然地适应了过度参数化,而无需修改其实施。我们还为低度多项式框架下的标量调整回归中的统计计算差距提供了第一个严格的证据。我们的理论证明了``统计计算差距的祝福''现象:在张张量的张量回归中,对于三个或更高的张紧器,在张张量的张量回归中,计算所需的样本量与中等级别相匹配的计算量相匹配。在考虑计算可行的估计器时,虽然矩阵设置没有此类好处。这表明中等等级的过度参数化本质上是``在张量调整的样本量三分或更高的样本大小上,三分或更高的样本量。最后,我们进行仿真研究以显示我们提出的方法的优势并证实我们的理论发现。
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In a high dimensional linear predictive regression where the number of potential predictors can be larger than the sample size, we consider using LASSO, a popular L1-penalized regression method, to estimate the sparse coefficients when many unit root regressors are present. Consistency of LASSO relies on two building blocks: the deviation bound of the cross product of the regressors and the error term, and the restricted eigenvalue of the Gram matrix of the regressors. In our setting where unit root regressors are driven by temporal dependent non-Gaussian innovations, we establish original probabilistic bounds for these two building blocks. The bounds imply that the rates of convergence of LASSO are different from those in the familiar cross sectional case. In practical applications given a mixture of stationary and nonstationary predictors, asymptotic guarantee of LASSO is preserved if all predictors are scale-standardized. In an empirical example of forecasting the unemployment rate with many macroeconomic time series, strong performance is delivered by LASSO when the initial specification is guided by macroeconomic domain expertise.
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The estimation of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) is an important learning task with a great variety of downstream applications, such as risk assessments in predictions and decision making. In this paper, we study functional regression of contextual CDFs where each data point is sampled from a linear combination of context dependent CDF basis functions. We propose functional ridge-regression-based estimation methods that estimate CDFs accurately everywhere. In particular, given $n$ samples with $d$ basis functions, we show estimation error upper bounds of $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{d/n})$ for fixed design, random design, and adversarial context cases. We also derive matching information theoretic lower bounds, establishing minimax optimality for CDF functional regression. Furthermore, we remove the burn-in time in the random design setting using an alternative penalized estimator. Then, we consider agnostic settings where there is a mismatch in the data generation process. We characterize the error of the proposed estimators in terms of the mismatched error, and show that the estimators are well-behaved under model mismatch. Finally, to complete our study, we formalize infinite dimensional models where the parameter space is an infinite dimensional Hilbert space, and establish self-normalized estimation error upper bounds for this setting.
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我们在分布式框架中得出最小值测试错误,其中数据被分成多个机器,并且它们与中央机器的通信仅限于$ b $位。我们研究了高斯白噪声下的$ d $ - 和无限维信号检测问题。我们还得出达到理论下限的分布式测试算法。我们的结果表明,分布式测试受到从根本上不同的现象,这些现象在分布式估计中未观察到。在我们的发现中,我们表明,可以访问共享随机性的测试协议在某些制度中的性能比不进行的测试协议可以更好地表现。我们还观察到,即使仅使用单个本地计算机上可用的信息,一致的非参数分布式测试始终是可能的,即使只有$ 1 $的通信和相应的测试优于最佳本地测试。此外,我们还得出了自适应非参数分布测试策略和相应的理论下限。
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我们考虑一个高维模型,其中观察到时间和空间的变量。该模型由包含时间滞后的时空回归和因变量的空间滞后组成。与古典空间自回归模型不同,我们不依赖于预定的空间交互矩阵,但从数据中推断所有空间交互。假设稀疏性,我们通过惩罚一组Yule-Walker方程来估计完全数据驱动的空间和时间依赖。这种正则化可以留下非结构化,但我们还提出了当观察结果源自空间网格(例如卫星图像)时定制的收缩程序。推导有限的样本误差界限,并且在渐近框架中建立估计一致性,其中样本大小和空间单元的数量共同偏离。外源性变量也可以包括在内。与竞争程序相比,仿真练习表现出强大的有限样本性能。作为一个实证应用,我们模型卫星测量了伦敦的No2浓度。我们的方法通过竞争力的基准提供预测,我们发现了强烈的空间互动的证据。
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主题模型为学习,提取和发现大型文本语料库中的潜在结构提供了有用的文本挖掘工具。尽管已经为主题建模提出了大量方法,但文献缺乏是对潜在主题估计的统计识别性和准确性的正式理论研究。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于特定的集成可能性的潜在主题的最大似然估计量(MLE),该主题自然地与该概念相连,在计算几何学中,体积最小化。我们的理论介绍了主题模型可识别性的一组新几何条件,这些条件比常规的可分离性条件弱,这些条件通常依赖于纯主题文档或锚定词的存在。较弱的条件允许更广泛的调查,因此可能会更加富有成果的研究。我们对拟议的估计器进行有限样本误差分析,并讨论我们的结果与先前研究的结果之间的联系。我们以使用模拟和真实数据集的实证研究结论。
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合奏方法(例如随机森林)由于其高预测精度而在应用中很受欢迎。现有文献将随机的森林预测视为无限顺序不完整的U统计量,以量化其不确定性。但是,这些方法集中在每棵树的小次采样大小上,这在理论上是有效但实际上有限的。本文基于不完整的U统计数据,开发了公正的方差估计器,该估计量可以与整体样本量相当,从而使统计推断在更广泛的实际应用中成为可能。仿真结果表明,我们的估计量没有额外的计算成本,估计器的偏见和更准确的覆盖率。我们还提出了一项局部平滑过程,以减少估计器的变化,当树木数量相对较小时,该过程显示出改善的数值性能。此外,我们研究了在特定方案下提出的方差估计器的比率一致性。特别是,我们开发了一种新的“双U统计”公式,以分析估算器差异的HOFFING分解。
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我们介绍和分析了多元奇异频谱分析(MSSA)的变体,这是一种流行的时间序列方法,用于启用和预测多元时间序列。在我们介绍的时空因素模型下,给定$ n $时间序列和$ t $观测时间序列,我们为插补和样本外预测均有效地扩展为$ 1 / \ sqrt,为预测和样本预测有效地缩放均值{\ min(n,t)t} $。这是一个改进:(i)$ 1 /\ sqrt {t} $ SSA的错误缩放,MSSA限制对单变量时间序列; (ii)$ 1/\ min(n,t)$对于不利用数据中时间结构的矩阵估计方法的错误缩放。我们引入的时空模型包括:谐波,多项式,可区分的周期函数和持有人连续函数的任何有限总和和产物。在时空因素模型下,我们的样本外预测结果可能对在线学习具有独立的兴趣。从经验上讲,在基准数据集上,我们的MSSA变体通过最先进的神经网络时间序列方法(例如,DEEPAR,LSTM)竞争性能,并且明显优于诸如矢量自动化(VAR)之类的经典方法。最后,我们提出了MSSA的扩展:(i)估计时间序列的时变差异的变体; (ii)一种张量变体,对于$ n $和$ t $的某些制度具有更好的样本复杂性。
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This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In our leading example, we model CATE by interacting the base treatment variable with explanatory variables. The first step of our procedure is orthogonalization, where we partial out the controls and unit effects from the outcome and the base treatment and take the cross-fitted residuals. This step uses a novel generic cross-fitting method we design for weakly dependent time series and panel data. This method "leaves out the neighbors" when fitting nuisance components, and we theoretically power it by using Strassen's coupling. As a result, we can rely on any modern machine learning method in the first step, provided it learns the residuals well enough. Second, we construct an orthogonal (or residual) learner of CATE -- the Lasso CATE -- that regresses the outcome residual on the vector of interactions of the residualized treatment with explanatory variables. If the complexity of CATE function is simpler than that of the first-stage regression, the orthogonal learner converges faster than the single-stage regression-based learner. Third, we perform simultaneous inference on parameters of the CATE function using debiasing. We also can use ordinary least squares in the last two steps when CATE is low-dimensional. In heterogeneous panel data settings, we model the unobserved unit heterogeneity as a weakly sparse deviation from Mundlak (1978)'s model of correlated unit effects as a linear function of time-invariant covariates and make use of L1-penalization to estimate these models. We demonstrate our methods by estimating price elasticities of groceries based on scanner data. We note that our results are new even for the cross-sectional (i.i.d) case.
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我们建议基于张量CP分解模拟矩阵时间序列。而不是使用作为估计CP分解的标准做法的迭代算法,我们提出了一种基于由底层过程的串行依赖结构构成的广义特征分析的新的和单遍估计过程。新程序的一个关键思想是将在具有全排序矩阵的秩减少矩阵方面将概要的矩阵预定为下方,以避免以前的前者的复杂性可以为零,有限和无限。在没有实践性的情况下,在一般环境下建立了渐近理论。例如,图2示出了CP - 分解中的所有组件系数矢量,根据时间序列尺寸与样本大小之间的相对大小一致地估计CP分解中的所有组件系数矢量。建议的模型和估计方法进一步用模拟和真实数据说明;显示有效维度降低模型和预测矩阵时间序列。
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在本文中,我们提出{\ it \下划线{r} ecursive} {\ it \ usef \ undesline {i} mortance} {\ it \ it \ usew supsline {s} ketching} algorithM squares {\ it \下划线{o} ptimization}(risro)。 Risro的关键步骤是递归重要性草图,这是一个基于确定性设计的递归投影的新素描框架,它与文献中的随机素描\ Citep {Mahoney2011 randomized,Woodruff2014sketching}有很大不同。在这个新的素描框架下,可以重新解释文献中的几种现有算法,而Risro比它们具有明显的优势。 Risro易于实现,并在计算上有效,其中每次迭代中的核心过程是解决降低尺寸最小二乘问题的问题。我们在某些轻度条件下建立了Risro的局部二次线性和二次收敛速率。我们还发现了Risro与Riemannian Gauss-Newton算法在固定等级矩阵上的联系。在机器学习和统计数据中的两种应用中,RISRO的有效性得到了证明:低级别矩阵痕量回归和相位检索。仿真研究证明了Risro的出色数值性能。
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In a mixed generalized linear model, the objective is to learn multiple signals from unlabeled observations: each sample comes from exactly one signal, but it is not known which one. We consider the prototypical problem of estimating two statistically independent signals in a mixed generalized linear model with Gaussian covariates. Spectral methods are a popular class of estimators which output the top two eigenvectors of a suitable data-dependent matrix. However, despite the wide applicability, their design is still obtained via heuristic considerations, and the number of samples $n$ needed to guarantee recovery is super-linear in the signal dimension $d$. In this paper, we develop exact asymptotics on spectral methods in the challenging proportional regime in which $n, d$ grow large and their ratio converges to a finite constant. By doing so, we are able to optimize the design of the spectral method, and combine it with a simple linear estimator, in order to minimize the estimation error. Our characterization exploits a mix of tools from random matrices, free probability and the theory of approximate message passing algorithms. Numerical simulations for mixed linear regression and phase retrieval display the advantage enabled by our analysis over existing designs of spectral methods.
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本文为信号去噪提供了一般交叉验证框架。然后将一般框架应用于非参数回归方法,例如趋势过滤和二元推车。然后显示所得到的交叉验证版本以获得最佳调谐的类似物所熟知的几乎相同的收敛速度。没有任何先前的趋势过滤或二元推车的理论分析。为了说明框架的一般性,我们还提出并研究了两个基本估算器的交叉验证版本;套索用于高维线性回归和矩阵估计的奇异值阈值阈值。我们的一般框架是由Chatterjee和Jafarov(2015)的想法的启发,并且可能适用于使用调整参数的广泛估算方法。
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套索是一种高维回归的方法,当时,当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时,通常使用它。由于两个基本原因,经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型:$(1)$正规风险是非平滑的; $(2)$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果,标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面,套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大,$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量:在这里,我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限,它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序,我们研究了借助拉索的分布,并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。
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We study estimation and testing in the Poisson regression model with noisy high dimensional covariates, which has wide applications in analyzing noisy big data. Correcting for the estimation bias due to the covariate noise leads to a non-convex target function to minimize. Treating the high dimensional issue further leads us to augment an amenable penalty term to the target function. We propose to estimate the regression parameter through minimizing the penalized target function. We derive the L1 and L2 convergence rates of the estimator and prove the variable selection consistency. We further establish the asymptotic normality of any subset of the parameters, where the subset can have infinitely many components as long as its cardinality grows sufficiently slow. We develop Wald and score tests based on the asymptotic normality of the estimator, which permits testing of linear functions of the members if the subset. We examine the finite sample performance of the proposed tests by extensive simulation. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, which motivated this work initially.
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找到给定矩阵的独特低维分解的问题是许多领域的基本和经常发生的问题。在本文中,我们研究了寻求一个唯一分解的问题,以\ mathbb {r} ^ {p \ times n} $ in \ mathbb {p \ time n} $。具体来说,我们考虑$ y = ax \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ {p \ time n} $,其中矩阵$ a \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ {p \ times r} $具有全列等级,带有$ r <\ min \ {n,p \} $,矩阵$ x \ in \ mathbb {r} ^ {r \ times n} $是元素 - 方向稀疏。我们证明,可以唯一确定$ y $的稀疏分解,直至某些内在签名排列。我们的方法依赖于解决在单位球体上限制的非凸优化问题。我们对非透露优化景观的几何分析表明,任何{\ em strict}本地解决方案靠近地面真相解决方案,可以通过任何二阶序列算法遵循的简单数据驱动初始化恢复。最后,我们用数值实验证实了这些理论结果。
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In non-smooth stochastic optimization, we establish the non-convergence of the stochastic subgradient descent (SGD) to the critical points recently called active strict saddles by Davis and Drusvyatskiy. Such points lie on a manifold $M$ where the function $f$ has a direction of second-order negative curvature. Off this manifold, the norm of the Clarke subdifferential of $f$ is lower-bounded. We require two conditions on $f$. The first assumption is a Verdier stratification condition, which is a refinement of the popular Whitney stratification. It allows us to establish a reinforced version of the projection formula of Bolte \emph{et.al.} for Whitney stratifiable functions, and which is of independent interest. The second assumption, termed the angle condition, allows to control the distance of the iterates to $M$. When $f$ is weakly convex, our assumptions are generic. Consequently, generically in the class of definable weakly convex functions, the SGD converges to a local minimizer.
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高维非正交掺入张量的CP分解是许多学科的广泛应用的重要问题。然而,以前的理论保证的工作通常在CP组分的基础载体上承担限制性的不连贯条件。在本文中,我们提出了新的计算高效的复合PCA和并发正交化算法,以便在轻度不连结条件下的理论保证。复合PCA将主成分或奇异值分解应用于张量数据的矩阵,以获得奇异矢量,然后在第一步骤中获得的奇异载体的基质折叠。它可以用作Tensor CP分解的任何迭代优化方案的初始化。并发正交化算法通过将突起同时施加到其他模式中的其他模式所产生的空格的正交补充,迭代地估计张量的每个模式的基础向量。旨在改善具有低或中等高CP等级的张量的交替的最小二乘估计器和其他形式的高阶正交迭代,并且当任何给定的初始估计器的错误被小常数界定时,它保证快速收敛。我们的理论调查为两种提出的算法提供了估算准确性和收敛速率。我们对合成数据的实施表明了我们对现有方法的方法的显着实际优势。
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