This paper provides estimation and inference methods for an identified set's boundary (i.e., support function) where the selection among a very large number of covariates is based on modern regularized tools. I characterize the boundary using a semiparametric moment equation. Combining Neyman-orthogonality and sample splitting ideas, I construct a root-N consistent, uniformly asymptotically Gaussian estimator of the boundary and propose a multiplier bootstrap procedure to conduct inference. I apply this result to the partially linear model, the partially linear IV model and the average partial derivative with an interval-valued outcome.

This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In our leading example, we model CATE by interacting the base treatment variable with explanatory variables. The first step of our procedure is orthogonalization, where we partial out the controls and unit effects from the outcome and the base treatment and take the cross-fitted residuals. This step uses a novel generic cross-fitting method we design for weakly dependent time series and panel data. This method "leaves out the neighbors" when fitting nuisance components, and we theoretically power it by using Strassen's coupling. As a result, we can rely on any modern machine learning method in the first step, provided it learns the residuals well enough. Second, we construct an orthogonal (or residual) learner of CATE -- the Lasso CATE -- that regresses the outcome residual on the vector of interactions of the residualized treatment with explanatory variables. If the complexity of CATE function is simpler than that of the first-stage regression, the orthogonal learner converges faster than the single-stage regression-based learner. Third, we perform simultaneous inference on parameters of the CATE function using debiasing. We also can use ordinary least squares in the last two steps when CATE is low-dimensional. In heterogeneous panel data settings, we model the unobserved unit heterogeneity as a weakly sparse deviation from Mundlak (1978)'s model of correlated unit effects as a linear function of time-invariant covariates and make use of L1-penalization to estimate these models. We demonstrate our methods by estimating price elasticities of groceries based on scanner data. We note that our results are new even for the cross-sectional (i.i.d) case.

We study a double robust Bayesian inference procedure on the average treatment effect (ATE) under unconfoundedness. Our Bayesian approach involves a correction term for prior distributions adjusted by the propensity score. We prove asymptotic equivalence of our Bayesian estimator and efficient frequentist estimators by establishing a new semiparametric Bernstein-von Mises theorem under double robustness; i.e., the lack of smoothness of conditional mean functions can be compensated by high regularity of the propensity score and vice versa. Consequently, the resulting Bayesian point estimator internalizes the bias correction as the frequentist-type doubly robust estimator, and the Bayesian credible sets form confidence intervals with asymptotically exact coverage probability. In simulations, we find that this corrected Bayesian procedure leads to significant bias reduction of point estimation and accurate coverage of confidence intervals, especially when the dimensionality of covariates is large relative to the sample size and the underlying functions become complex. We illustrate our method in an application to the National Supported Work Demonstration.

We study estimation and testing in the Poisson regression model with noisy high dimensional covariates, which has wide applications in analyzing noisy big data. Correcting for the estimation bias due to the covariate noise leads to a non-convex target function to minimize. Treating the high dimensional issue further leads us to augment an amenable penalty term to the target function. We propose to estimate the regression parameter through minimizing the penalized target function. We derive the L1 and L2 convergence rates of the estimator and prove the variable selection consistency. We further establish the asymptotic normality of any subset of the parameters, where the subset can have infinitely many components as long as its cardinality grows sufficiently slow. We develop Wald and score tests based on the asymptotic normality of the estimator, which permits testing of linear functions of the members if the subset. We examine the finite sample performance of the proposed tests by extensive simulation. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, which motivated this work initially.

作为一种特殊的无限级矢量自回旋（VAR）模型，矢量自回归移动平均值（VARMA）模型比广泛使用的有限级var模型可以捕获更丰富的时间模式。然而，长期以来，其实用性一直受到其不可识别性，计算疾病性和解释相对难度的阻碍。本文介绍了一种新颖的无限级VAR模型，该模型不仅避免了VARMA模型的缺点，而且继承了其有利的时间模式。作为另一个有吸引力的特征，可以单独解释该模型的时间和横截面依赖性结构，因为它们的特征是不同的参数集。对于高维时间序列，这种分离激发了我们对确定横截面依赖性的参数施加稀疏性。结果，可以在不牺牲任何时间信息的情况下实现更高的统计效率和可解释性。我们为提出的模型引入了一个$ \ ell_1 $调查估计量，并得出相应的非反应误差边界。开发了有效的块坐标下降算法和一致的模型顺序选择方法。拟议方法的优点得到了模拟研究和现实世界的宏观经济数据分析的支持。

In non-smooth stochastic optimization, we establish the non-convergence of the stochastic subgradient descent (SGD) to the critical points recently called active strict saddles by Davis and Drusvyatskiy. Such points lie on a manifold $M$ where the function $f$ has a direction of second-order negative curvature. Off this manifold, the norm of the Clarke subdifferential of $f$ is lower-bounded. We require two conditions on $f$. The first assumption is a Verdier stratification condition, which is a refinement of the popular Whitney stratification. It allows us to establish a reinforced version of the projection formula of Bolte \emph{et.al.} for Whitney stratifiable functions, and which is of independent interest. The second assumption, termed the angle condition, allows to control the distance of the iterates to $M$. When $f$ is weakly convex, our assumptions are generic. Consequently, generically in the class of definable weakly convex functions, the SGD converges to a local minimizer.

The estimation of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) is an important learning task with a great variety of downstream applications, such as risk assessments in predictions and decision making. In this paper, we study functional regression of contextual CDFs where each data point is sampled from a linear combination of context dependent CDF basis functions. We propose functional ridge-regression-based estimation methods that estimate CDFs accurately everywhere. In particular, given $n$ samples with $d$ basis functions, we show estimation error upper bounds of $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{d/n})$ for fixed design, random design, and adversarial context cases. We also derive matching information theoretic lower bounds, establishing minimax optimality for CDF functional regression. Furthermore, we remove the burn-in time in the random design setting using an alternative penalized estimator. Then, we consider agnostic settings where there is a mismatch in the data generation process. We characterize the error of the proposed estimators in terms of the mismatched error, and show that the estimators are well-behaved under model mismatch. Finally, to complete our study, we formalize infinite dimensional models where the parameter space is an infinite dimensional Hilbert space, and establish self-normalized estimation error upper bounds for this setting.

基于中央限制定理（CLT）的置信区间是经典统计的基石。尽管仅渐近地有效，但它们是无处不在的，因为它们允许在非常弱的假设下进行统计推断，即使不可能进行非反应性推断，通常也可以应用于问题。本文引入了这种渐近置信区间的时间均匀类似物。为了详细说明，我们的方法采用置信序列（CS）的形式 - 随着时间的推移均匀有效的置信区间序列。 CSS在任意停止时间时提供有效的推断，与需要预先确定样本量的经典置信区间不同，因此没有受到“窥视”数据的惩罚。文献中现有的CSS是非肿瘤的，因此不享受上述渐近置信区间的广泛适用性。我们的工作通过给出“渐近CSS”的定义来弥合差距，并得出仅需要类似CLT的假设的通用渐近CS。虽然CLT在固定样本量下近似于高斯的样本平均值的分布，但我们使用强大的不变性原理（来自Komlos，Major和Tusnady的1970年代的开创性工作），按照整个样品平均过程均匀地近似于整个样品平均过程。隐性的高斯过程。我们通过在观察性研究中基于双重稳健的估计量来得出非参数渐近级别的CSS来证明它们的实用性，即使在固定的时间方案中，也可能不存在非催化方法（由于混淆偏见）。这些使双重强大的因果推断可以连续监测并自适应地停止。

我们研究了张量张量的回归，其中的目标是将张量的响应与张量协变量与塔克等级参数张量/矩阵连接起来，而没有其内在等级的先验知识。我们提出了Riemannian梯度下降（RGD）和Riemannian Gauss-Newton（RGN）方法，并通过研究等级过度参数化的影响来应对未知等级的挑战。我们通过表明RGD和RGN分别线性地和四边形地收敛到两个等级的统计最佳估计值，从而为一般的张量调节回归提供了第一个收敛保证。我们的理论揭示了一种有趣的现象：Riemannian优化方法自然地适应了过度参数化，而无需修改其实施。我们还为低度多项式框架下的标量调整回归中的统计计算差距提供了第一个严格的证据。我们的理论证明了``统计计算差距的祝福''现象：在张张量的张量回归中，对于三个或更高的张紧器，在张张量的张量回归中，计算所需的样本量与中等级别相匹配的计算量相匹配。在考虑计算可行的估计器时，虽然矩阵设置没有此类好处。这表明中等等级的过度参数化本质上是``在张量调整的样本量三分或更高的样本大小上，三分或更高的样本量。最后，我们进行仿真研究以显示我们提出的方法的优势并证实我们的理论发现。

In various fields of data science, researchers are often interested in estimating the ratio of conditional expectation functions (CEFR). Specifically in causal inference problems, it is sometimes natural to consider ratio-based treatment effects, such as odds ratios and hazard ratios, and even difference-based treatment effects are identified as CEFR in some empirically relevant settings. This chapter develops the general framework for estimation and inference on CEFR, which allows the use of flexible machine learning for infinite-dimensional nuisance parameters. In the first stage of the framework, the orthogonal signals are constructed using debiased machine learning techniques to mitigate the negative impacts of the regularization bias in the nuisance estimates on the target estimates. The signals are then combined with a novel series estimator tailored for CEFR. We derive the pointwise and uniform asymptotic results for estimation and inference on CEFR, including the validity of the Gaussian bootstrap, and provide low-level sufficient conditions to apply the proposed framework to some specific examples. We demonstrate the finite-sample performance of the series estimator constructed under the proposed framework by numerical simulations. Finally, we apply the proposed method to estimate the causal effect of the 401(k) program on household assets.

了解现代机器学习设置中的概括一直是统计学习理论的主要挑战之一。在这种情况下，近年来见证了各种泛化范围的发展，表明了不同的复杂性概念，例如数据样本和算法输出之间的相互信息，假设空间的可压缩性以及假设空间的分形维度。尽管这些界限从不同角度照亮了手头的问题，但它们建议的复杂性概念似乎似乎无关，从而限制了它们的高级影响。在这项研究中，我们通过速率理论的镜头证明了新的概括界定，并明确地将相互信息，可压缩性和分形维度的概念联系起来。我们的方法包括（i）通过使用源编码概念来定义可压缩性的广义概念，（ii）表明“压缩错误率”可以与预期和高概率相关。我们表明，在“无损压缩”设置中，我们恢复并改善了现有的基于信息的界限，而“有损压缩”方案使我们能够将概括与速率延伸维度联系起来，这是分形维度的特定概念。我们的结果为概括带来了更统一的观点，并打开了几个未来的研究方向。

我们在分布式框架中得出最小值测试错误，其中数据被分成多个机器，并且它们与中央机器的通信仅限于$ b $位。我们研究了高斯白噪声下的$ d $ - 和无限维信号检测问题。我们还得出达到理论下限的分布式测试算法。我们的结果表明，分布式测试受到从根本上不同的现象，这些现象在分布式估计中未观察到。在我们的发现中，我们表明，可以访问共享随机性的测试协议在某些制度中的性能比不进行的测试协议可以更好地表现。我们还观察到，即使仅使用单个本地计算机上可用的信息，一致的非参数分布式测试始终是可能的，即使只有$ 1 $的通信和相应的测试优于最佳本地测试。此外，我们还得出了自适应非参数分布测试策略和相应的理论下限。

合奏方法（例如随机森林）由于其高预测精度而在应用中很受欢迎。现有文献将随机的森林预测视为无限顺序不完整的U统计量，以量化其不确定性。但是，这些方法集中在每棵树的小次采样大小上，这在理论上是有效但实际上有限的。本文基于不完整的U统计数据，开发了公正的方差估计器，该估计量可以与整体样本量相当，从而使统计推断在更广泛的实际应用中成为可能。仿真结果表明，我们的估计量没有额外的计算成本，估计器的偏见和更准确的覆盖率。我们还提出了一项局部平滑过程，以减少估计器的变化，当树木数量相对较小时，该过程显示出改善的数值性能。此外，我们研究了在特定方案下提出的方差估计器的比率一致性。特别是，我们开发了一种新的“双U统计”公式，以分析估算器差异的HOFFING分解。

贝叶斯神经网络试图将神经网络的强大预测性能与与贝叶斯架构预测产出相关的不确定性的正式量化相结合。然而，它仍然不清楚如何在升入网络的输出空间时，如何赋予网络的参数。提出了一种可能的解决方案，使用户能够为手头的任务提供适当的高斯过程协方差函数。我们的方法构造了网络参数的先前分配，称为ridgelet，它近似于网络的输出空间中的Posited高斯过程。与神经网络和高斯过程之间的连接的现有工作相比，我们的分析是非渐近的，提供有限的样本大小的错误界限。这建立了贝叶斯神经网络可以近似任何高斯过程，其协方差函数是足够规律的任何高斯过程。我们的实验评估仅限于概念验证，在那里我们证明ridgele先前可以在可以提供合适的高斯过程的回归问题之前出现非结构化。

DECIASED机器学习（DML）提供了一种有吸引力的方法来估计观察环境中的治疗效果，在这种情况下，因果参数的识别需要有条件的独立性或不符的假设，因为它可以灵活地控制大量的协变量。本文提供了新的有限样本保证，可保证对高维DML的关节推断，从而界定了估计量的有限样本分布与其渐近高斯近似相距多远。这些保证对应用研究人员很有用，因为它们可以提供距离标称级别的联合置信带覆盖范围的距离。在许多情况下，高维因果参数可能引起人们的关注，例如许多治疗概况的吃量，或者在许多结果上进行治疗的食品。我们还涵盖了无限维度参数，例如对潜在结果的整个边际分布的影响。本文中的有限样本保证补充了DML估计量的一致性和渐近正态性的现有结果，DML估计量是渐近的，或仅处理一维情况。

In a mixed generalized linear model, the objective is to learn multiple signals from unlabeled observations: each sample comes from exactly one signal, but it is not known which one. We consider the prototypical problem of estimating two statistically independent signals in a mixed generalized linear model with Gaussian covariates. Spectral methods are a popular class of estimators which output the top two eigenvectors of a suitable data-dependent matrix. However, despite the wide applicability, their design is still obtained via heuristic considerations, and the number of samples $n$ needed to guarantee recovery is super-linear in the signal dimension $d$. In this paper, we develop exact asymptotics on spectral methods in the challenging proportional regime in which $n, d$ grow large and their ratio converges to a finite constant. By doing so, we are able to optimize the design of the spectral method, and combine it with a simple linear estimator, in order to minimize the estimation error. Our characterization exploits a mix of tools from random matrices, free probability and the theory of approximate message passing algorithms. Numerical simulations for mixed linear regression and phase retrieval display the advantage enabled by our analysis over existing designs of spectral methods.

我们研究了私人（DP）随机优化（SO），其中包含非Lipschitz连续的离群值和损失函数的数据。迄今为止，DP上的绝大多数工作，因此假设损失是Lipschitz（即随机梯度均匀边界），并且它们的误差界限与损失的Lipschitz参数。尽管此假设很方便，但通常是不现实的：在需要隐私的许多实际问题中，数据可能包含异常值或无限制，导致某些随机梯度具有较大的规范。在这种情况下，Lipschitz参数可能过于较大，从而导致空虚的多余风险范围。因此，在最近的工作[WXDX20，KLZ22]上，我们做出了较弱的假设，即随机梯度已经限制了$ k $ - them-th Moments for Boy $ k \ geq 2 $。与DP Lipschitz上的作品相比，我们的多余风险量表与$ k $ 3的时刻限制，而不是损失的Lipschitz参数，从而在存在异常值的情况下允许速度明显更快。对于凸面和强烈凸出损失函数，我们提供了第一个渐近最佳的过量风险范围（最多可对数因素）。此外，与先前的作品[WXDX20，KLZ22]相反，我们的边界不需要损失函数是可区分的/平滑的。我们还设计了一种加速算法，该算法在线性时间内运行并提高了（与先前的工作相比），并且几乎最佳的过量风险因平滑损失而产生。此外，我们的工作是第一个解决非convex non-lipschitz损失功能的工作，以满足近端不平等现象。这涵盖了一些类别的神经网，以及其他实用模型。我们的近端PL算法几乎具有最佳的多余风险，几乎与强凸的下限相匹配。最后，我们提供了算法的洗牌DP变化，这些变化不需要受信任的策展人（例如，用于分布式学习）。

在本文中，我们研究了强大的马尔可夫决策过程（MDPS）的最佳稳健策略和价值功能的非反应性和渐近性能，其中仅从生成模型中求解了最佳的稳健策略和价值功能。尽管在KL不确定性集和$（s，a）$ - 矩形假设的设置中限制了以前专注于可靠MDP的非反应性能的工作，但我们改善了它们的结果，还考虑了其​​他不确定性集，包括$ L_1 $和$ L_1 $和$ \ chi^2 $球。我们的结果表明，当我们假设$（s，a）$ - 矩形在不确定性集上时，示例复杂度大约为$ \ widetilde {o} \ left（\ frac {| \ mathcal {| \ mathcal {s} |^2 | \ mathcal { a} |} {\ varepsilon^2 \ rho^2（1- \ gamma）^4} \ right）$。此外，我们将结果从$（s，a）$ - 矩形假设扩展到$ s $矩形假设。在这种情况下，样本复杂性随选择不确定性集而变化，通常比$（s，a）$矩形假设下的情况大。此外，我们还表明，在$（s，a）$和$ s $ retectangular的假设下，从理论和经验的角度来看，最佳的鲁棒值函数是渐近的正常，典型的速率$ \ sqrt {n} $。

当我们对优化模型中的不确定参数进行观察以及对协变量的同时观察时，我们研究了数据驱动决策的优化。鉴于新的协变量观察，目标是选择一个决定以此观察为条件的预期成本的决定。我们研究了三个数据驱动的框架，这些框架将机器学习预测模型集成在随机编程样本平均值近似（SAA）中，以近似解决该问题的解决方案。 SAA框架中的两个是新的，并使用了场景生成的剩余预测模型的样本外残差。我们研究的框架是灵活的，并且可以容纳参数，非参数和半参数回归技术。我们在数据生成过程，预测模型和随机程序中得出条件，在这些程序下，这些数据驱动的SaaS的解决方案是一致且渐近最佳的，并且还得出了收敛速率和有限的样本保证。计算实验验证了我们的理论结果，证明了我们数据驱动的公式比现有方法的潜在优势（即使预测模型被误解了），并说明了我们在有限的数据制度中新的数据驱动配方的好处。

Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.